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Esta tesis se estructura bajo la forma de dos ensayos independientes, aunque en esencia ambos tratan de evaluar lo mismo: la eficiencia económica en estructuras productivas. El primer ensayo titulado 'Análisis Coste-Beneficio para el proyecto de construcción de una terminal de contenedores' trata de determinar la rentabilidad económica global de un proyecto de inversión pública, en concreto, la construcción de una terminal de contenedores dentro de unas instalaciones portuarias en las que existe un problema de congestión. El segundo de los ensayos se titula 'Determinantes de la Eficiencia Técnica e Impacto de la Competencia en las Empresas Manufactureras Españolas' y trata, en primer lugar, de estudiar los determinantes que afectan a la variabilidad de la eficiencia técnica de las empresas manufactureras españolas durante la década de los años 90, a partir de un modelo de fronteras estocásticas. En una segunda parte del trabajo se estudia la relación entre los niveles de eficiencia técnica de las empresas y sus cuotas del mercado, demostrando que en aquellos mercados tradicionalmente concentrados y con comportamientos más cooperativos, el efecto de la eficiencia técnica sobre las cuotas de mercado de las empresas es más débil que en aquellos sectores más atomizados y con comportamientos más competitivos.

Esta tesis está organizada en tres ensayos de investigación que se pueden leer independientemente. En el primer ensayo estudiamos la actuación óptima de las autoridades de política de la competencia frente a distintos tipos de restricciones verticales en la distribución que pueden convenir a un fabricante monopolista. En el segundo ensayo, presentamos un modelo de diferenciación horizontal de producto de corte clásico y hacemos un estudio experimental sobre el mismo para contrastarlo. En el tercer ensayo, proponemos un modelo de competencia monopolística que permite estudiar la intervención pública optima en este tipo de mercados, considerando distintos pesos en la función de coste social, costes de entrada endógenos, inversión pública en infraestructuras, y regiones con distintas características.

We analyze experimental results obtained from the ultimatum game framed as a situation of salary negotiation. First, we frame ultimatum bargaining as a situation of salary negotiation. Second, we introduce a real task which has to be performed by employee-subjects as a consequence of accepting a given salary. We show that real effort raises salaries. In fact, this result is due to both higher salary offers by employers and higher rejection rates by employees. Besides, we study gender differences in individual decision making under uncertainty using the lottery panel test introduced in Sabater-Grande and Georgantzís (2002). Regarding risk aversion, our results confirm that female subjects are more risk averse than males. Regarding sensitivity to risk, female subjects are less attracted than men by the linear risk premia used in the design of the four panels. Our evidence suggests that gender and risk-related effects in ultimatum bargaining can and should be disentangled as two separate idiosyncratic dimensions. Specifically, although we confirm the broadly accepted result that females are more risk averse than males, we find that offers made by females are lower than those posted by male subjects. In fact, the gender effect becomes stronger once risk attitudes are accounted for. Gender effects are found to depend also on cultural differences. In sessions with Greek and Spanish subjects we obtain gender differences of the same sign and similar sizes, whereas British females' behavior differs from that of males only in the case of employee subjects and in the opposite direction to the gender effect reported on subjects from the two Mediterranean countries.

The aim of this thesis is to propose and illustrate an alternative approach to economic modeling and policy design that is grounded in the innovative field of agent-based computational economics (ACE). The recent crisis pointed out the fundamental role played by macroeconomic policy design in order to preserve social welfare, and the consequent necessity of understanding the effects of coordinated policy measures on the economic system. Classic approaches to macroeconomic modeling, mainly represented by dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, have been recently criticized for they difficulties in explaining many economic phenomena. The absence of interaction among heterogeneous agents, along with their strong rationality, are two of the main of criticisms that emerged, among others. Actually, decentralized market economies consist of large numbers of economic agents involved in local interactions and the aggregated macroeconomic trends should be considered as the result of these local interactions. The approach of agent-based computational economics consists in designing economic models able to reproduce the complicated dynamics of recurrent chains connecting agent behaviors, interaction networks, and to explain the global outcomes emerging from the bottom-up. The work presented in this thesis tries to understand the feedback between the microstructure of the economic model and the macrostructure of policy design, investigating the effects of different policy measures on agents behaviors and interactions. In particular, the attention is focused on modeling the relation between the financial and the real sides of the economy, linking the financial markets and the credit sector to the markets of goods and labor. The model complexity is increasing with the different chapters. The agent-based models presented in the first part evolve to a more complex object in the second part, becoming a sort of complete ``artificial economy''. The problems tackled in the thesis are various and go from the investigation of the equity premium puzzle, to study of the effects of classic monetary policy rules (as the Taylor rule) or to the study of the macroeconomic implications of bank's capital requirement or quantitative easing.

There are several arguments why the economic analysis of gambling seems to be very interesting. Gambling is a very important economic industry from which either local or national governments obtain resources due to some sort of fiscal imposition on gambling participation. On the other hand, the consumption of gambling seems to violate the premises of economic theory (risk aversion, maximizing and rational conduct). The empirical literature on this field has tried to answer several questions that might be summarized as follows: Who does gamble? Why do people gamble? And, how do game features, such as the rules or the prize structure, affect the demand for gambling? This thesis tries to shed more light on the questions identified above, focusing on the particular case of state-operated lotteries and football pools in Spain. Specifically, we are interested in examining what aspects drive gamblers' participation in Spanish lottery markets and spending on lotteries, focusing on network externalities in consumer spending on closely related lottery goods. Next, we study the demand for a particular game, paying attention to the factors that explain why individuals bet, especially, those that refer to the design of the game and the structure of prizes. Finally, the analysis of the main economic determinants of demand for gambling is extended to football pools as a particular form of sports gambling. In addition to these empirical exercises, this study contributes to the economics of gambling by briefly reviewing the theoretical work and empirical highlights from the previous analysis of the demand for lottery.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O fenômeno social que se desenhou na esfera da educação infantil nos últimos anos, provocado muito pelo aumento do número de crianças em unidades educacionais, traz a emergência de repensar o fazer pedagógico e a atuação do profissional da educação infantil, buscando compreender a criança pequena como um ator social. Embora o debate sobre a finalidade da educação infantil tenha se intensificado quanto a ser sua tarefa ensinar e reproduzir o modelo de currículo por disciplinas, de outra parte, acentua-se a defesa por uma educação infantil comprometida com a brincadeira e a cultura infantil, como expresso nas atuais Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para Educação Infantil, de 2009. Neste sentido, com a contribuição de teóricos das áreas da educação, psicologia e sociologia e a partir da análise documental de parte da produção do conhecimento produzida na Creche UFF, este trabalho busca identificar e compreender como o brincar se apresenta em 35 produções elaboradas a partir e por essa unidade de educação infantil. Para tanto, tem como metodologia a análise documental, visando a pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, à luz do paradigma interpretativo. Esta pesquisa contribui com o reconhecimento da identidade dessa unidade de educação infantil, quando articula atividade de ensino, pesquisa e extensão para alunos dos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação e professores pesquisadores e, consequentemente, contribui para o diálogo e formação dos profissionais das variadas áreas do conhecimento que se dedicam a estudos da infância. Também com propostas curriculares na perspectiva de um trabalho pedagógico com as crianças no sentido de valorizar a brincadeira como algo próprio da cultura infantil. Além disso, busca proporcionar para estudiosos um repensar a respeito da importância dessa Unidade Universitária Federal de Educação Infantil como um campo de formação profissional e produção do conhecimento sobre a infância / The social phenomenon which was drawn in the field of early childhood education in recent years caused a lot by the increase in the number of children in educational units, brings the emergence of rethinking concepts and methods of pedagogical doing and the performance of the professional of early childhood education, aiming to understand the young child as a social actor. Although the debate about the purpose of early childhood education has intensified as to be its task to teach and make the curriculum model by subjects, on the other hand it is stressed the necessity for a childhood education committed to the childrens play and their culture, as expressed in the current National Curriculum Guidelines for early childhood education (2009). This way, with the contribution of the oreticals and from the documentary analysis of part of the production of knowledge of Nursery, this work seeks to identify and understand how the play is presented in the productions of knowledge produced from and by this unit of childhood education. To do so, there will be as methodology the documental analysis aiming the research of qualitative nature, in the light of the interpretative paradigm. This research aims to contribute to the recognition of the identity of this unit of childhood education, when it provides teaching, research and extension for students and teachers and consequently contributes to the dialogue and the training of professionals of different areas of knowledge that are dedicated to the studies about childhood. And also with the curricular proposal which offers a differential for the prospect of pedagogical work with children with the purpose of giving value to the childrens play as proper of the childrens culture

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2903.pdf: 3905005 bytes, checksum: 05bfea92a2f3b2466c3e3be6ec9e7bf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-12 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The Nova Escola magazine is edited by Victor Civita Fundation and counts with subsidies from the Federal Government and from private enterprises. His publications contemplate many subjects related to Education, using for this several forms: interviews, articles, experiential accounts, suggestions for class activities, well succeeded projects presentation, reports, etc. The magazine launching was in 1986, period in which the country redemocratization was trying to be consolidated, with the goals of informing and updating the Brazilian teacher. From 1998, the Nova Escola team started to organize the Victor Civita Prize: Mark 10 Educator , which elects the ones who developed good quality experiences of teaching/learning . Therefore, it becomes opportune to investigate how a magazine, which has a large circulation in the educational field, which receives subsidies from the Federal Government, which is distributed without costs to the whole Brazilian public schools, which considers itself as a necessary instrument so improvements in education can be effective, which calls itself a educational magazine , which is destined for those who educates , and which concedes prizes to the teachers that deserve mark 10, operates in the patterns construction of being teacher . Considering, therefore, the Nova Escola magazine as a communication support integrant of the culture industry, which broadcasts, through its content, the ideas of his producers and his consumers, we elaborated the following research question: how the Nova Escola magazine effected in the ideal patterns construction of being a teacher ? Thus, we have as goals: to map, in the period from 1986 to 2006, the predominant themes in the Nova Escola magazine reports; to establish an interface between the approached themes and the historical context in which the publication occurred; and to analyze the Basic Education teacher representation suggested and/or enrolled in the winner projects of Victor Civita Prize. The mapping register included seven distinct fields, organized in chronological order: magazine number; report title followed by the lead; author/reporter; section in which the report was published; and the following categories: educational experiences, teaching and learning processes, educational policy, and teacher professionalization. From this mapping, the reports that related the projects of the Mark 10 Educator , elected by Victor Civita Prize of each year, were analyzed. To the consecution of the proposed analysis, we elected as references the texts from authors who investigate the facts and historical process of the post-military dictatorship period in Brazil, as well as researches about the teacher identity construction and theoretical studies about culture industry, semi-formation and damaged education, elaborated by the Critical Theory philosophers. In the face of the obtained data, we can detach that the teaching projects sent by those who were elected mark 10 educator are divulged as patterns of being teacher once they develop the educational experiences that are propagated as ideals by the magazine. Those experiences are divulged as imperative prescriptions to the Basic Education teacher who also intend to become a mark 10 educator . / A revista Nova Escola é editada pela Fundação Victor Civita e conta com subsídios do Governo Federal e de iniciativas particulares. Suas publicações contemplam diversos assuntos relacionados à Educação, utilizando variadas formas: entrevistas, artigos, relatos de experiências, sugestões para atividades em sala de aula, projetos que tiveram bons resultados, reportagens etc. O lançamento da revista aconteceu em 1986, período em que se tentava consolidar a redemocratização do país, com o objetivo de informar e atualizar o professor brasileiro. A partir de 1998, a equipe de Nova Escola passou a organizar o Prêmio Victor Civita: Educador Nota 10 , que elege os que desenvolveram experiências de ensino/aprendizagem de boa qualidade . Sendo assim, torna-se oportuno investigar como uma revista, que possui ampla circulação nos meios educacionais, que recebe subsídios do Governo Federal, que é distribuída gratuitamente a todas as escolas públicas brasileiras, que se coloca como um instrumento necessário para que as melhorias na educação possam se efetivar, que se denomina uma revista de educação , que se destina para quem educa e que concede prêmios aos professores que merecem nota 10 , operou na fabricação de modelos do ser professor . Considerando, portanto, a revista Nova Escola um veículo de comunicação, integrante da indústria cultural, que propaga, através de seu conteúdo, as ideias de seus produtores e de seus consumidores, elaboramos a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como a revista Nova Escola operou na fabricação de modelos ideais de ser professor ? Sendo assim, temos como objetivos: mapear, no período de 1986 a 2006, os temas predominantes nas reportagens da revista Nova Escola ; estabelecer uma interface entre os temas abordados e o contexto histórico em que as publicações ocorreram; e analisar as representações de professor da educação básica sugeridas e/ou inscritas nos projetos vencedores do Prêmio Victor Civita. O registro do mapeamento, organizado em ordem cronológica, incluiu sete campos distintos: número da revista; ano de publicação; título da reportagem acompanhado do lead; autor/repórter; seção em que foi publicada; páginas iniciais e finais e as seguintes categorias: experiências educacionais, processos de ensino e aprendizagem, política educacional e profissionalização docente. A partir desse mapeamento, foram analisadas as reportagens que abordavam os projetos dos educadores nota 10 eleitos pelo Prêmio Victor Civita de cada ano. Para a consecução da análise proposta, elegemos como referenciais os textos de autores que investigam os fatos e processos históricos do período pós-ditadura militar no Brasil, bem como pesquisas sobre a construção da identidade docente e estudos teóricos sobre indústria cultural, semiformação e educação danificada elaborados pelos pensadores da Teoria Crítica. Diante dos dados obtidos, podemos destacar que os projetos de ensino enviados pelos que foram eleitos educadores nota 10 são divulgados como modelos de ser professor por desenvolverem as experiências educacionais que são propagadas como ideais pela revista. Essas experiências são divulgadas como se fossem prescrições imperativas para o professor da Educação Básica que pretende se tornar também um educador nota 10 .