Orientador: Rita Moura Fortes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T06:54:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbosaJunior_AlvaroSergio_M.pdf: 1121830 bytes, checksum: e02fb4a353bc75b1933fd3e74153b6ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo da presente pesquisa e apresentar uma contribuição ao estudo da utilização de agregados reciclados em misturas de concreto de cimento Portland (CCP) para pavimentação. São comparados os desempenhos de misturas utilizando-se agregados oriundos do gnaisse e também do entulho de laboratórios de controle tecnológico, para avaliar o potencial de sua utilização, minimizando a sua problemática deposição em aterros sanitários, contribuindo dessa maneira para a preservação do meio ambiente. Os agregados originados pela moagem desses entulhos serão estudados separadamente, ou seja, os provenientes de corpos de prova de concreto, de blocos de concreto e blocos de materiais cerâmicos. Pretende-se conhecer o potencial de utilização desse material reciclado como agregado contribuindo para a preservação do meio ambiente. E importante enfatizar que este material e de boa qualidade e tem sido usualmente descartado, ou melhor, desperdiçado. Este trabalho avalia os resultados levando em conta a sua seleção, dosagem e mistura, de maneira a atender as propriedades necessárias para a pavimentação / Abstract: The objective of this research is to contribute to the study of the recycled aggregate use in concrete Portland. It is compared the performance of these mixtures presented with the deriving aggregates and the rubbish of technological control laboratories, which the use minimizes the problematic deposition in sanitary earthworks, contributing in this way to the environment's preservation. The aggregates originated for the milling of these tested specimens will be studied separately, in other words, the preceding from specimens of concrete test, of concrete blocks and ceramic materials. In this research is studied the potential use of these recycled materials as aggregate contributing for the environment preservation. It is important to emphasize that this material presents good quality and is usually discarded or wasted. This paper evaluates the results taking into account the selection and mixing for the adequate pavement properties. / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho parte de um acervo pré-existente de provas de carga em placa (segundo os procedimentos ABNT-NBR-6489 e ASTM-D-1196) em solos da Formação Guabirotuba, importante unidade geológica da região metropolitana de Curitiba. O objetivo do trabalho é favorecer o entendimento destes solos no que diz respeito à sua competência como subleito para pavimentos industriais rígidos. É realizada uma revisão sobre modelos de fundação de pavimento, aspectos geológicos e geotécnicos da Formação Guabirotuba, e métodos de determinação do coeficiente de recalque. A análise baseia-se no coeficiente de recalque \"k\" obtido em trinta e duas provas de carga em placa e utiliza uma classificação prática dos solos, quanto ao seu nível de intemperismo: argilas cinzas \"inalteradas\", argilas vermelhas \"laterizadas\" e argilas variegadas \"intemperizadas\", as quais mostram valores decrescentes de coeficiente de recalque, nessa ordem. Notou-se que algumas correlações existentes na literatura permitiram obter razoáveis previsões do coeficiente de recalque, como aquelas baseadas em valores de SPT e de CBR. Os valores de coeficiente de recalque medidos para estes solos mostram-se superiores àqueles sugeridos por tabelas práticas. Devido à variabilidade de resultados encontrada e à influência do subleito no desempenho final do sistema de fundação, fica evidenciada a importância da realização de provas de carga em placa para obtenção dos parâmetros de dimensionamento de pavimentos industriais rígidos. / The present work employs a data base of plate load tests (performed according the ABNT-NBR-6489 and ASTM-D-1196 procedures) in soils of the Guabirotuba Formation, important geological unit of Curitiba metropolitan region. The purpose of the work is the improving of the knowledge of these soils related to their behavior as subgrade for rigid industrial pavements. It is provided a revision about pavements foundation models, geological and geotechnical aspects of the Guabirotuba Formation and methods of the determination of the modulus of subgrade reaction. The analysis is based on the modulus of subgrade reaction \"k\" from 32 plate loading tests and uses a practical classification of the soils, according to their weathering level: intact gray clays, lateritic red clays and weathered variagate clays that showed a derease of the modulus in this order. Some correlations were found to predict fair values of \"k\", such as those based on SPT and on DCP. It was also noticed that the values of the modulus of subgrade reaction obtained are higher than the usual recommendations of the literature. The variability and the influence of the subgrade in the final performance of the pavaments make evident the importance of the plate load tests for obtaining reliable design parameters.

La presente tesis para optar el grado de Ingeniero Civil se titula “Evaluación estructural, superficial y funcional del pavimento de la pista principal aeropuerto de Pisco: Renán Elías Olivera”. El objetivo de la investigación ha sido explicar los elementos de la evaluación estructural, superficial y funcional del pavimento de la pista principal del Aeropuerto de Pisco “Renán Elías Olivera” para cumplir con la Norma establecida por las FAA. La metodología utilizada es de tipo descriptivo – aplicada y de diseño cualitativo – cuantitativo. La hipótesis general ha comprobado lo siguiente: “existe una relación significativa entre los elementos de la evaluación estructural, superficial y funcional del pavimento de la pista principal del Aeropuerto de Pisco “Renán Elías Olivera” y el cumplimiento con la Norma establecida por las FAA para llegar a ser admitido como aeropuerto alterno del Jorge Chávez. La validación de la Hipótesis ha quedado comprobada y demostrada a través del análisis de los diferentes estratos del suelo, espesores característicos del suelo de fundación por medio de calicatas y las características de la pista asfáltica del Aeropuerto Renán Elías Olivera y el cumplimiento de la Norma establecida por la Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), generando la conclusión general, como resultado de la comprobación de la hipótesis global mediante el siguiente enunciado: “…Se ha podido determinar que la evaluación estructural, superficial y funcional del pavimento de la pista principal aeropuerto de Pisco: Renán Elías Olivera cumple con los requerimientos de la FAA para ser un aeropuerto alterno al Jorge Chávez”. This thesis for the degree of Civil Engineer is entitled "Structural evaluation, functional surface and the floor of the main runway airport in Pisco: Renan Elias Olivera". The aim of the research was to explain the elements of structural, surface and functional assessment of the main runway pavement Airport Pisco "Renan Elias Olivera" to meet the standard set by the FAA. The methodology is descriptive - applied design and qualitative - quantitative. The general assumption has proven that: "there is a significant relationship between structural elements, surface and functional assessment of the main runway pavement Airport Pisco" Renan Elias Olivera "and compliance with the standard set by the FAA become accepted as an alternate airport Jorge Chavez. Validation of the hypothesis has been tested and demonstrated through the analysis of different soil layers, soil thickness characteristic foundation through pits and characteristics of the asphalt airport runway Renan Elias Olivera and compliance with the standard set by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), generating the overall conclusion as a result of the verification of the overall hypothesis by the following statement: "... It has been determined that the structural, surface and functional evaluation of pavement from the main runway airport Pisco: Renan Elias Olivera meets the requirements of the FAA to be an alternate airport Jorge Chavez".

El presente trabajo de investigación, tiene un diseño de investigación (cuantitativo-cualitativo) que enfoca el problema de utilizar diferentes técnicas de diseño de pavimentos para un efecto económico e innovador para la conservación vial del tramo V de la carretera Acobamba – Puente Alcomachay en el Departamento de Huancavelica, que nos llevó a formular el objetivo de determinar la técnica de diseño de pavimento más económica: AASHTO 93 y NAASRA (antes AUSTROADS), desarrollando parámetros geotécnicos y de transitabilidad, obteniendo como resultado que: la técnica NAASRA, para las condiciones existentes del tramo, nos proporciona un pavimento económico con un espesor menor que la obtenida por el método AASHTO 93. This investigation study, has an investigation design (quantitative, qualitative) that focus the problem of using different pavement design techniques for an economical and innovative result for the Road Conservation Project of the highway Segment V, located between Acobamba until Alcomachay bridge, in the State of Huancavelica - Peru), that lead us to formulate the objective of finding the most economical pavement design technology AASHTO 93 and NAASRA (before AUSTROADS), developing geotechnical and passability parameters, obtaining as a result that: NAASRA technique, for the current road conditions gives us an economical pavement, with a lower width than the one obtained with the AASHTO 93 method.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The civil construction industry is characterized for being the sector that suffers the most influence with the economy growth. Government policies to encourage housing instigate the sector to produce wildly, using outdated construction techniques and employing unskilled labor, in an attempt to reduce costs and shorten timeline. The result of this impetus is the great generation of waste which, when untreated, are thrown into nature, causing irreparable environmental impacts. However, the recycling and production processes of recycled aggregates from construction waste (C&D waste) are consolidated in Brazil, but the same cannot be said of the use of these aggregates. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the recycled aggregates produced in Santa Maria to promote their use in paving. For this, the research was divided into three stages which contemplated the current situation of the C&D waste in the city: treatment and processing, characterization of recycled aggregates and possible implementation. The first phase consisted of the analysis of the waste management system employed in the city, which exposes an assessment of the management system since the implementation of the C&D waste treatment area, as well as reports examples and consequences of irregular disposal. The second stage involved the laboratory analysis, where the aggregates were divided according to the commercial size of gravel in the region and dosed properly to fit standards within the limits shown in the DNIT for granular material. From this, the aggregates were characterized and tested to see if they meet the criteria adopted by the NBR 15116, which specifies limits for use of this material in pavement. The third part consisted of the analysis of economic viability. This analysis was estimated by scaling up floors consisting of crushed stone and the other by recycled aggregate that presented the same responses to these efforts, and then the costs for obtaining and execution of the respective layers executed with these materials were compared. The results demonstrated that the aggregates meet the regulatory specifications for even high traffic volumes. In general, recycled aggregates, achieve better results when subjected to intermediate compaction energy, behaving similarly to gravel. / A indústria da construção civil é caracterizada por ser o setor que mais sofre influência com o crescimento da economia. Políticas governamentais de incentivo à habitação instigam o setor a produzir desenfreadamente, utilizando técnicas construtivas ultrapassadas e empregando mão de obra desqualificada, na tentativa de diminuir custos e encurtar prazos. O resultado desse ímpeto é a grande geração de resíduos que, quando não tratados, são jogados na natureza, ocasionando impactos ambientais irreparáveis. No entanto, os processos reciclagem e produção de agregados reciclados provenientes de resíduos da construção civil (RCC) estão se consolidando no Brasil, mas o mesmo não se pode dizer do emprego desses agregados. Por isso, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo caracterizar os agregados reciclados produzidos em Santa Maria para propiciar a sua utilização em pavimentação. Para isso, a pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas que contemplaram a situação atual dos RCC na cidade: tratamento e beneficiamento, caracterização dos agregados reciclados e possível aplicação. A primeira etapa constou da análise do sistema de gestão de resíduos empregado na cidade, a qual expõe uma avaliação do sistema de gerenciamento desde a implantação da área de tratamento de RCC, assim como relata exemplos e consequências do descarte irregular. A segunda etapa englobou a análise laboratorial, onde os agregados reciclados foram divididos conforme o tamanho comercial das britas da região e dosados adequadamente para que enquadrassem nos limites exibidos nas normas do DNIT para material granular. A partir disso, os agregados foram caracterizados e ensaiados para observar se atendem os critérios adotados pela NBR 15116, que especifica limites para utilização desse material em pavimentação. A terceira parte consistiu na análise da viabilidade econômica. Essa análise foi estimada dimensionando-se pavimentos compostos por brita graduada e outro por agregado reciclado que apresentassem mesmas respostas aos esforços, então comparou-se os custos para obtenção e execução das respectivas camadas executadas com esses materiais. Os resultados demonstraram os agregados reciclados atendem as especificações normativas até mesmo para altos volumes de tráfego. No geral, os agregados reciclados alcançam melhores resultados quando submetidos à energia de compactação intermediária, comportando-se semelhantemente as britas.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14919号 / 工博第3146号 / 新制||工||1472(附属図書館) / 27357 / UT51-2009-M833 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 大津 宏康, 教授 河野 広隆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Abstract This PhD thesis is composed of a synopsis and five published papers that are focused on both the research results of studies on electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and their seasonal changes and the use of Ground Penetrating Radar technique in traffic infrastructure surveys. The data for this survey was collected mainly in Finland, Texas, Scotland and Sweden and thus presents many kinds of road materials, subgrade soils and climate conditions. The synopsis of this work begins with a presentation of the theory and basic principles of GPR techniques. Special attention is given to the dielectric properties and seasonal changes of unbound road materials and subgrade soils. The synopsis also presents different kinds of GPR hardware systems as well as recommendations and experiences from different data collection, processing and interpretation techniques. Special attention is given to a method whereby GPR data is integrated with other road survey data and then analysed using a number of structural diagnostic methods. Finally, the synopsis provides an overview of of the various GPR applications on roads and streets, bridges, railways and airports. The laboratory test results presented in this work show that the relationship between dielectric value and increasing water content is not linear or exponential but more likely a series of logarithmic functions. Laboratory results also showed that dielectric dispersion, which can be related to poorly performing subgrade soils and road aggregates, takes place mainly in loosely bound adsorption water and capillary water layer. As such these moisture sensitive problem materials can also be identified during the dry summer seasons when they are stiff. Dielectric value and electrical conductivity can also be related to other technical properties of road materials and subgrade soils such as frost susceptibility, shear strength, plastic limit, compaction degree and voids content. Laboratory tests and field data collected using the Percostation technique also demonstrate that a knowledge of seasonal changes and thermodynamics is very important in understanding and modelling the mechanical behaviour of road structures. Finally, laboratory and field tests indicate that colloids have an important role in the failure mechanism of the road materials. This research demonstrates that the GPR technique not only gives valuable structural information on the different types of structures and subgrade soils but it provides a wide range of information of the electrical properties of the materials under survey which can be further related to their mechanical performance. The best information will be gained if GPR data is analysed together with other non destructive testing data collected form the roads, railways and airports.

Ma thèse de doctorat doit contribuer à la diminution du gaspillage des ressources naturelles (en particuliers les sables naturels) en étendant leur acceptabilité dans les enrobés bitumineux. La compréhension de l’effet des particules nocives, notamment la fraction argileuse contenue dans les sables, sur le comportement des mélanges bitumineux est visé. Pour évaluer le niveau de nocivité des particules fines, le test d'adsorption du bleu de méthylène noté MB (EN13043, NF EN 933-9) est appliqué, mais un tel test a été modifié à quatre reprises au cours des 22 dernières années tandis que la valeur de bleu limite, utilisée pour déterminer la conformité ou non du sable, n’a pas été modifiée. Le projet de thèse vise à modifier cette valeur limite pour étendre la gamme de sable utilisable. Cet objectif sera atteint grâce à l’identification de la composition minéralogique des sables, une recherche sur la meilleure manière de quantifier les phases qui composent les sables et une meilleure compréhension du rôle de la fraction fine sur la durabilité et les pathologies des mélanges bitumineux. Le travail de thèse est organisé en différentes tâches : 1. Tester le protocole de mesure de la valeur de bleu. Nous voulons comprendre l'effet de différents facteurs (tels que l'échantillonnage, la cinétique des additions de bleu, la température de séchage du sable avant l’essai ...) sur la mesure de la valeur de bleu. Le développement d'un appareil automatique ou d'une nouvelle méthode (qui sera validée par comparaison avec les résultats obtenus à partir de la méthode standardisée) est prévu.2. Établir une corrélation entre la valeur de bleu (ou d'autres paramètres à trouver) et la quantité de phases minérales présentes dans les sables. Un jeu de données a d’ores et déjà été établi au cours de mon stage de master. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les différentes méthodes de quantification (utilisant en particuliers la diffraction de rayons X) doivent être testées et comparées.3. Corréler la valeur de bleu couplée à la nature minéralogique des particules fines avec le comportement mécanique des mélanges sable/bitume. Nous allons étudier la dégradation en présence d’eau des propriétés du matériau bitumineux (par exemple l'adhésion du liant bitumineux sur granulat) et le rôle de la couche de particules fines qui entourent les grains de sable sur les propriétés mécaniques de ce matériau. Nous espérons comprendre en particulier l'effet de la présence d’argile gonflante dans les matériaux constitutifs de la chaussée bitumineuse.4. Améliorer le comportement des granulats non conformes par l’application d’un traitement. Après l'identification de l'origine des pathologies (nous faisons l'hypothèse que les argiles gonflantes jouent un rôle majeur), nous proposons d'appliquer un traitement en ajoutant de la chaux (ou de traiter en ajoutant des déchets qui contiendraient des substances actives comme la chaux), et de tester également l’utilisation de polymères ou du greffage avec des composés organiques des argiles comme traitement / Siliceous fines (clays) in fine aggregates used for AC pavement stimulate the moisture entering the bitumen-aggregates interface in AC mixture and create channels for water penetration. MB adsorption for qualifying fine aggregates is in accordance with the layer charge and the accessibility of consisted mineralogy in fine aggregates. However, the correlation between MB qualification for fine aggregates and fine aggregates triggering moisture susceptibility of AC mixture has not ever been addressed; moreover, the questions from MB adsorption still remain to be solved. In order to evaluate the stripping and to clarify MB adsorption on fine aggregates from a mineralogical perspective, the most common clays in natural aggregates, kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite, were extracted from their clay rocks, and used to prepare thin clay film, artificial fine aggregates and asphalt concrete mixtures consist of artificial fine aggregates. Moreover, the 5 blinded fine aggregates received from quarries without any given information were applied as the blinded experiments to confirm the practicability with mineralogical diversity. The mineralogical analysis was identifying and quantifying the mineral phases in extracted clay and fine aggregates by using X-Ray diffraction, and the quantitative results were judged by complementary test. MB adsorption was studied using drop method, UV-Photometer method and cation exchange capacity from clays and aggregates. Water-bitumen-clay interaction was studied using the sessile drop and the Oliensis spot tests on those thin clay films. The water intrusion routes in AC mixture was investigated immersing AC mixture in solution with chemical probe, whereas Duriez tests allowed measuring the moisture susceptibility of AC mixtures containing varied clay mineralogy in fine aggregates. The results show that clay mineralogy is in relation to water-bitumen-clay interaction, and it is agreed by moisture susceptibility of AC mixture indicated by Duriez test. With the dispersive nature bitumen used in this study, cohesive failure is in the light of kaolinite-AC mixture in the presence of water, whereas swelling property is responsible for the stripping in illite- and montmorillonite- AC mixture. In order to exclude the physical interferences on MB adsorption, the vale of 100% of MB adsorption on fine aggregates referred to CEC value is necessary to apply, and MB value measured from drop method efficiently excludes the significant impacts from layer charge, pH value and exchangeable cations. Although MB adsorption is in relation to clay mineralogy, this test does not sufficiently indicate the stripping of AC mixture occurred by clay in fine aggregates. There are still rooms to use the non-qualified fine aggregates for the use of AC pavement. As Rietveld method from X-Ray diffraction derives the most reasonable quantitative results, the X-Ray powder diffraction and the X-Ray orientated EG treated K-saturated clay diffraction are proposed for analyzing clay mineralogy and its swelling property for judging the use of non-qualified fine aggregates for AC mixture.MB2 and Duriez0.8 surfaces can be established on clay mineralogical map since we discovered MB adsorption and moisture susceptibility are related to clay mineralogy in fine aggregates. The fine aggregates which is not qualified by MB adsorption is going to confirm the possibility for the use of AC pavement by the mineralogical analysis through X-Ray diffraction. By adopting the quantitative results of clay on mineralogical map with Duriez0.8 surface and the swelling property of clays in fine aggregates, the use of fine aggregates for AC pavement can be properly judged according to water-bitumen-aggregates interaction and stripping which has been proved in this study

At an average age of 42 years, 10% of the nation’s over 607,000 bridges are posted for load restrictions, with an additional 15% considered structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. While there are major concerns with decks in 75% of structurally deficient bridges, often weight and geometry of the deck further limit the load rating and functionality of the bridge. Traditional deck systems and construction methods usually lead to prolonged periods of traffic delays, limiting options for transportation agencies to replace or widen a bridge, especially in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to develop a new generation of ultra-lightweight super shallow solid deck systems to replace open grid steel decks on movable bridges and as well serve as a viable alternative in bridge deck replacements across the country. The study has led to a lightweight low-profile asymmetric waffle deck made with advanced materials. The asymmetry comes from the arrangement of primary and secondary ribs, respectively perpendicular and parallel to the direction of traffic. The waffle deck is made with ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) reinforced with either high-strength steel (HSS) or carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement. With this combination, the deck weight was limited to below 21 psf and its overall depth to only 4 inch, while still meeting the strength and ductility demands for 4 ft. typical stringer spacing. It was further envisioned that the ultra-high strength of UHPC is best matched with the high strength of HSS or CFRP reinforcement for an efficient system and the ductile behavior of UHPC can help mask the linear elastic response of CFRP reinforcement and result in an overall ductile system. The issues of consideration from the design and constructability perspectives have included strength and stiffness, bond and development length for the reinforcement, punching shear and panel action. A series of experiments were conducted to help address these issues. Additionally full-size panels were made for testing under heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) at the accelerated pavement testing (APT) facility in Gainesville. Detailed finite element analyses were also carried out to help guide the design of this new generation of bridge decks. The research has confirmed the superior performance of the new deck system and its feasibility.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal a realização de estudos laboratoriais, de campo e numéricos, buscando viabilizar duas misturas de concreto permeável que foram utilizadas na construção de duas calçadas experimentais localizadas no campus da USP em São Paulo. Nas pistas experimentais foi realizado o acompanhamento da capacidade permeável ao longo do tempo, além da avaliação das suas respostas estruturais frente à aplicação de carregamentos dinâmicos por meio de equipamento FWD, considerando a variação do teor de umidade no interior das estruturas. Por fim, foram realizadas retroanálises com uso de diferentes softwares procurando entender qual das camadas da estrutura apresenta maior vulnerabilidade estrutural frente à presença de volumes excessivos de água. Os resultados da etapa laboratorial indicaram que há uma sensibilidade muito grande no comportamento das misturas em função do teor de aditivo superplastificante, uma vez que houve segregação severa da pasta de cimento no fundo dos corpos de prova quando esse teor ultrapassou determinado limite. Os resultados dos ensaios de taxa de infiltração em campo possibilitaram a proposição um modelo empírico para estimativa do desempenho da capacidade hidráulica para calçadas em concreto permeável executadas na região de São Paulo. Os resultados dos levantamentos deflectométricos e das retroanálises indicaram variação considerável na capacidade de suporte do conjunto base+subleito entre as calçadas, além de evidenciar considerável perda da capacidade de suporte dessas estruturas quanto submetidas à presença de elevados volumes de água no seu interior. Palavras chave: concreto permeável, calçada, pavimento, taxa de infiltração, levantamento deflectométrico, análise estrutural, retroanálise. / The main goal of this research was to carry out laboratorial, field and numerical studies with the purpose of defining two feasible pervious concrete mixtures to be used as the surface layer of two experimental sidewalks in the campus of the University of São Paulo. The permeability capacity of the sidewalks was monitored along time, as well as its structural responses in terms of deflections due to application of FWD dynamic loadings, assessing how the structural behavior was impacted by the presence of high volumes of water into the permeable structure. A backcalculation procedure was used in order to assess the elastic behavior of the structure layers, as well as find out which layer of the structure is the most vulnerable in terms of mechanical behavior under the presence of excessive volumes of water. The results in the laboratory indicates that pervious concrete mixtures are considerable sensitives to the amount of superplasticizer additive, since a severe mortar segregation was observed on the bottom of the specimens casted using some of the mixtures produced. The results of infiltration tests in field made it possible to develop an empirical model capable of estimating the hydraulic performance of pervious concrete permeable sidewalks in São Paulo region. The results of the deflection measurements and the backcalculations indicated a considerable variation on the bearing capacity of the infrastructure (base+subgrade) between the two sidewalks. In addition, it is evident the loss of bearing capacity of the structure under the presence of excessive amount of water into the sidewalk.