The effects of cytokinin-like Thidiazuron growth regulator on the regeneration responses of callus cultures of Turkish bread Triticum aestivum L. cv. (BaSak 95, Gerek 79, and Bezostaja 1) and durum Triticum durum Desf. cv. (Kunduru, &Ccedil / akmak 79, and Kirmizi 5132) wheat varieties have been investigated in this study. High callus induction frequencies are found to be independent of bread and durum wheat varieties ( &rsaquo / 96%) whereas the callus weight is found to be variety-dependent. For bread wheat, BaSak 95 and for the durum wheat Kunduru is found to be the best performers. TDZ treatments are found to be negatively affecting the regeneration capacity of all the tested bread wheat varieties whereas for the durum wheat variety of Kunduru positive effect is observed. Since the culture efficiency is a derivation from the regeneration capacity, this parameter yielded very similar results as in the case of regeneration capacity for both bread and durum wheat varieties. In bread wheat varieties, the TDZ treatments increased the number of regenerated plants more than 2-fold when compared with the control and likewise very similar results were obtained from durum wheat varieties. Unfortunately, following their transfer to soil, plants that were treated with various concentrations of TDZ displayed reduced vigor probably due to underdeveloped roots. In addition, majority of these plants did not sufficiently develop above the ground parts when compared with the control plants. The simplicity and rapid development of shoots using mature embryos could potentially be used for regenerating superior plants following gene transfer studies in the future.

Orientador: Elizeu Antonio Rossi / Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini / Banca: Susana Marta Isay Saad / Banca: Elaine Cristina Pereira de Martinis / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a influência do consumo do "iogurte" de soja fermentado com Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 sobre o perfil e atividade metabólica da microbiota intestinal de animais e humanos, de maneira a evidenciar prováveis mecanismos de ação indireta na diminuição do risco de ocorrência de câncer de cólon. Os ratos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=10): I - animais que receberam ração à base de caseína; II - animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia do produto não fermentado; III - animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia de E. faecium ; IV - animais que receberam apenas ração à base de carne; V - animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia de "iogurte" de soja esterilizado; VI - animais que receberam ração à base de carne + 3 mL/kg peso corpóreo/dia do "iogurte" de soja. Os animais consumiram os diferentes produtos ("iogurte" de soja, "iogurte" de soja esterilizado, suspensão de E. faecium e produto não fermentado) durante 4 semanas do período experimental. Foram estudadas a capacidade de aderência de Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 ao cólon e de sobrevivência nas fezes de ratos, além das determinações de pH, concentração de amônia e composição da microbiota fecal. A sobrevivência desse microrganismo no trato gastrointestinal foi verificada por técnicas de isolamento e identificação a partir do cólon e das fezes dos animais que receberam este microrganismo na forma de produto fermentado ("iogurte" de soja) e cultivo puro. Para a confirmação da espécie E. faecium foi utilizada a técnica de PCR. A composição da microbiota fecal foi verificada realizando a enumeração dos seguintes grupos de bactérias: aeróbios e anaeróbios totais, Enterococcus sp, Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the consumption of soy yoghurt, fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183, on composition and metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota of animals and humans, and to verify potential mechanisms involved in the anti-carcinogenic action. The rats were placed in 6 groups, distinguished by their diets: for 90 days, group I was given a standard casein-based rodent feed and groups II-VI, the beef-based feed. From the 30th day, groups II, III, V and VI also received the following products: II) unfermented soy product; III) pure suspension of E. faecium CRL 183; V) sterilized soy yoghurt; VI) soy yoghurt. The animals received the different products during 4 weeks. The capacity of E. faecium to adhere on colon and to survive gastrointestinal passage was determined by monitoring rat faecal samples and colon by microbiological and molecular analysis. Species confirmation of E. faecium was performed by PCR amplification. The composition of the faecal microbiota was determined by counting culturable bacteria in the following groups: total aerobes and anaerobes, Enterococcus spp. Enterobacteria, Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. Enzymatic activities of b-galactosidase, b-glucosidase and b-glucuronidase were verified in rat faecal samples. Nitroreductase and azoreductase activities were determined in the caecal contents of mice. The culture of E. faecium CRL 183 was tested for antimicrobial substance production by spot-on-the-lawn assay. Forty healthy adult volunteers who were between 40 and 50 years old participated of this study. The subjects consumed 100 mL/day of soy yoghurt (group F) or unfermented product (group P) during 4 weeks. In feces of volunteers enzymatic activities of bgalactosidase, b-glucosidase and b-glucuronidase were verified. The administration of soy yoghurt and pure suspension... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 redondo_nc_me_arafcf.pdf: 1795708 bytes, checksum: 2cebfc96cd2f986b6bad66834d77de3d (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Tendo em vista verificar algumas características essenciais aos microrganismos para serem considerados como probióticos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar *in vitro* de características probióticas do *Enterococcus faecium *CRL183 e do* Lactobacillus helveticus *ssp* jugurti* 416. Primeiramente foi testada a capacidade destes microrganismos em resistir aos pH 1.5, 2.0, 3,0 e 4,0 em meio de cultivo específico para cada espécie. Em seguida foi realizado o teste de sobrevivência ao trânsito gastrintestinal, onde, foram simuladas as condições do estômago e do intestino delgado, determinando-se a viabilidade dessas bactérias frente à pepsina em pH 2.0 e a pancreatina em pH 8.0. A resistência aos sais biliares foi avaliada inoculando o *Enterococcus faecium *CRL183 e do* Lactobacillus helveticus * ssp* jugurti* 416 em meio de cultivo suplementado com 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 e 0,5% de Oxgall. Já para teste de produção da hidrolase de sais biliares, foi vericada a ocorrência da mudança de cor das colônias ou precipitação dos sais biliares taurodeoxicolico e glicodeoxicolico (TDCA e GDCA). No estudo de auto-agregação e coagregação essas cepas foram colocadas separadamente (auto-agregação) e associados (coagregação) e verificada a densidade óptica (*DO*560). Foi testada a produção de substâncias antagônicas pelos dois microrganismos estudado frente a *Escherichia coli* 0157: H7, *Listeria monocytogenes* V2 e *Salmonella Enteritidis *por meio do teste *spot-on-the lawn*.* *Os resultados demonstraram que os microrganismos resistiram a todos os pH. Essas bactérias mostraram também ser tolerantes ao teste de sobrevivência ao trânsito gastrintestinal e também no teste de sobrevivência a sais biliares, porém neste teste, o *Enterococcus faecium *CRL 183 obteve um tempo de retardo menor em relação ao *Lactobacillus helveticus ssp. jugurti* 416. Já os resultados obtidos... / The purpose of this work was to assess in vitro the probiotic characteristics of Enterococcus faecium CRL183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416, having as an aim to verify some characteristics which are essential to the microorganisms, in order to be considered as probiotic. Firstly, the capacity of these microorganisms to resist to pH 1.5, 2.0, 3.0and 4.0 was tested in a specific culture medium for each species. Then the survival test to the gastrointestinal passage was done, and the conditions of the stomach and small intestine were simulated, so determining the viability of these bacteria comparing with pepsin at pH 2.0 and pancreatin at pH 8.0. The resistance to bile salts was assessed by inoculating Enterococcus faecium CRL183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416 in a culture medium supplemented with 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 and 0,5 % of Oxgall. However, for the production test of the hydrolase of bile salts, it was verified the occurrence of change in color of the colonies, or the precipitation of the bile salts taurodeoxycholic and glycodeoxycholic (TDCA and GDCA). In the auto-aggregation and co-aggregation studies, these strains were placed separately (auto-aggregation) and associated (co-aggregation), and then the optical density was verified (DO560), for completion and adhesion intestinal epithelium was tested Enterococcus faecium CRL183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416 with the Escherishia coli 0157: H7. The production of antagonist substances by both studied microorganisms was tested in comparison with Escherishia coli 0157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes V2 and Salmonella enteriotidis, by using the spot-on-the-lawn test. The results demonstrated that the microorganisms resisted to all pH. These bacteria also showed to be tolerant to the survival test to the gastrointestinal passage and also to the survival test to bile salts, though in this test,...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Under 2018 presenterade regeringen i en lagrådsremiss om ändrade regler kring beskattning och betalning av skatt vid tillfälligt arbete i Sverige, som innebär att utländska arbetstagare som arbetar för svenska arbetsgivare alltid ska betala skatt i Sverige. Ett av lagförslagets primära syfte är att skapa en sund och rättvis konkurrens på arbetsmarknaden, då man idag ser att skatteplanering med utländsk arbetskraft som på pappret är inhyrd, men som i praktiken arbetsleds av den svenska arbetsgivaren, har ökat. Uppsatsen avser försöka ta reda på huruvida syftet med förslaget, att skapa sund och rättvis konkurrens på marknaden, kan uppfyllas genom att införa en ökad skattskyldighet samt registrerings- och rapporteringsskyldighet för utländska bolag. Uppsatsen avser även undersöka ifall sund och rättvis konkurrens kan nås genom att belägga utländska företag med samma skattskyldighet som svenska företag samt undersöka ifall detta lagförslag kan påverka utländska företags villighet att etablera verksamhet eller sända ut anställda för arbete i Sverige och hur detta eventuellt skulle kunna påverka konkurrensen på marknaden. Studien visar på att man i utredningen inte beaktat de potentiella konsekvenser som kan uppstå med en lagförändring. Studien tyder på att man eventuellt driver detta för långt rättssociologiskt, det vill säga att effekten kan bli företagsslug. Minskar attraktiviteten till den svenska marknaden och konkurrensen försvagas, uppnås inte det syfte som är ämnat med förslaget. Fördelen med det formella arbetsgivarbegrepp som gäller idag är att det ger möjlighet till utländska företag att konkurrera på svensk marknad utan för krångliga regler och administration. Följs reglerna av företagen som de är idag, och man kan upprätthålla någon slags kontroll och ordning på marknaden, anser jag inte att någon otillbörlig konkurrenssituation uppstår / During 2018, the government presented a legislative proposal regarding changed rules of taxation and payment of tax during temporary work in Sweden, which means that foreign workers who work for Swedish employers should always pay tax in Sweden. One of the primary purposes of the proposal is to achieve healthy and fair competition in the market, as it is now seen that tax planning with foreign hires, which in practice is managed by a Swedish employer, has increased. The thesis aims to try to find out whether the purpose of the proposal, to achieve healthy and fair competition in the market, can be fulfilled by introducing an increased tax liability and registration and reporting obligations for foreign companies. The thesis also intends to investigate whether healthy and fair competition can be achieved by impose foreign companies with the same tax liability as Swedish companies and examining whether the proposal can affect foreign companies' willingness to establish in Sweden and how this could possibly affect the competition in the market. The study shows that the investigation in the proposal has not taken into account the potential consequences that may arise with changed rules. The study suggests that this may be pursued too far in socio-legal terms, so to speak, that the effect can be sly. If the attractiveness of the Swedish market decreases and competition is weakened, the purpose of the proposal is not achieved. The advantage of the formal employer concept that applies today is that it allows foreign companies to compete in the Swedish market without too complicated rules and administration. If the rules are followed by the companies, and you can maintain control and order in the market, I do not believe that there is unfair competition in the market.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression via inhibiting mRNA translation or degrading mRNA. Since the discovery of miRNAs, dysregulated miRNAs have been identified in human patients with various diseases. Moreover, the role of miRNAs in biological processes, including immune homeostasis and autoimmunity pathogenesis, has been widely investigated. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes systemic damage to multiple organs and is characterized by the production of pathogenic autoimmune antibodies. In previous work in my lab, a set of commonly upregulated miRNAs in splenic lymphocytes of three lupus-prone mouse models was identified, including the miR-183-96-182 cluster (miR-183C) and miRNAs located at DLK1-DIO3 region. The work presented in this dissertation focuses on comparing the dysregulation pattern of miRNAs from different cell sources of lupus-prone mice and investigating the potential role of miR-183C in the pathogenesis of SLE and inflammation. The first goal was to test whether dysregulated miRNAs initially identified in the spleen of MRL/lpr mice, a standard model for SLE, is also reflected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as PBMC is the primary source of lymphocytes in human patients. In MRL/lpr mice, we found that dysregulated miRNAs in PBMCs were overall comparable to those identified in the splenic lymphocytes. Further, comparing dysregulated miRNAs between mice and humans showed a similarity in the dysregulation of miRNAs in PBMCs of murine and human lupus. Among the upregulated miRNAs, the expression of three miRNAs of miR-183C was found to be commonly upregulated. To investigate the role of miR-183C, we developed miR-183C in CD2+ cells of C57BL/6 Faslpr/lpr (miR-183C-/-B6/lpr) mice. In miR-183C-/-B6/lpr mice, we observed a significantly reduced level of anti-dsDNA in the serum and IgG immunocomplex deposition in the kidney. Importantly, in vitro inhibition of miR-183C in activated splenic lymphocytes led to reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN, and Foxo1, a transcription factor that is a target of miR-183C miRNAs. I also tested for miRNA changes in C57BL/6 Faslpr/lpr mice with conditional deletion of Early Growth Response-2 (EGR2) (Egr2-/- B6/lpr), another knockout mouse developed in our laboratory. Egr2 has recently been shown to regulate immunity and autoimmunity and play a role in lupus. An unexpected observation is that Egr2-/-B6/lpr mice had significantly reduced expression of a group of lupus-related miRNAs that are located at the genomic imprinted DLK1-DIO3 locus. Given that the upregulation of DLK1-DIO3 miRNAs in lupus is subjected to DNA methylation regulation and that the epigenetic regulatory role of EGR2 is emerging in recent studies, reduced representative bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was performed to evaluate the methylation changes induced by Egr2 deletion. Global DNA hypomethylation and methylation changes at specific sites at DLK1-DIO3 region were noticed in CD4+ T cells of Egr2-/-B6/lpr mice. Overall, our research suggested a therapeutic effect of inhibiting the miR-183C expression on SLE. The interplay between epigenetic factors could help expand the possibility of controlling epigenetic regulators in autoimmune disease treatment. / Doctor of Philosophy / Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes damage to multiple organs. Same with other autoimmune diseases, the exacerbated immune reaction to self-antigen and auto-reactive adaptive immune cells were described in SLE. Currently, the treatment of lupus mainly uses immunosuppressive drugs to inhibit the global immune reaction. Thus, the innovative drug is desperately needed for SLE patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that inhibit the expression of genes by binding to mRNAs in a complimentary manner. Since the discovery of the first microRNA, the pivotal role of microRNAs in immunity and autoimmunity was vigorously investigated. Our lab was the first to describe a set of miRNAs that are commonly upregulated in three murine lupus models. Among these miRNAs, miR-183, miR-96, and miR-182 belong to the miR-183-96-182 cluster (miR-183C). The aim of the study in this dissertation focused on illuminating the dysregulation pattern of miRNAs in different cell sources in the murine lupus model and the role of miR-183C in the pathogenesis of SLE. We found that miRNAs are similarly dysregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenic lymphocytes of MRL/lpr mice. Then we conditionally knocked out the miR-183C in B6/lpr mice and investigated the effect of miR-183C loss on the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Importantly, we found that the deletion of miR-183C led to a reduced production level of autoantibodies and ameliorated the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney. Moreover, the production of proinflammatory cytokines of splenic lymphocytes was regulated by miR-183C as well. Besides miR-183C, I also investigated the effect of early growth response 2 (EGR2), a transcription factor, on the expression of a set of lupus-related miRNAs and the methylation change at the genome location of these miRNAs. In summary, miR-183C can be a potential therapeutic target for lupus treatment while clinical human studies are needed to better clarify the effectiveness and efficiency.

La philosophie de Socrate selon Platon se structure autour de six termes : la Forme, l'âme, l'ignorance, la science, la vertu et la dialectique. En effet, l'âme, immortelle, est la source de tous les biens et de tous les maux, parce qu'elle est le principe du mouvement spontané et par conséquent la cause première de tous les mouvements aussi bien intellectifs que sensitifs et physiques. Cela étant, rendre justes la cité et les citoyens, c'est avant tout rendre juste leur âme. Or, comment rendre meilleure une âme, si l'on ne connaît pas la cause même des biens et celle des maux ? Dans les premiers dialogues, Socrate philosophe contre l'ignorance qui est la cause du vice, lequel prive l'âme de la vertu. Dans les dialogues tardifs, Socrate philosophe pour la science, c'est-à-dire la connaissance de ce qui est, qui est la source même de la vertu. Or comment connaître ce qui est, si la réalité ou l'être ne cesse de changer? De là vient la nécessité de l'existence des réalités intelligibles qui sont universelles et immuables auxquelles participent les réalités sensibles qui sont particulières et changeantes. Une question se pose : si la réfutation est le moyen, à travers le dialogue, de faire apparaître l'ignorance, quel est le moyen de connaître ce qui est ? Ce moyen, c'est la dialectique qui permet, à travers le dialogue, de se remémorer des réalités véritables que l'âme eut jadis contemplées. / According to Plata, the philosophy of Socrates is structured around six terms: Form, soul, ignorance, knowledge, virtue, and dialectics. The soul, which is immortal, is the source of all goods and all evils, since it is the principle of spontaneous movement, and consequently the first cause of all movements, whether intellective, sensitive, or physical. Therefore, to make the city and its citizens just means, above all, making their soul just. Yet how can a soul be made better if one does not know the very cause of what is good and what is bad? ln the first dialogues, Socrates philosophizes against ignorance as the cause of vice, which deprives the soul of virtue. ln the late dialogues, Socrates philosophizes in favor of knowledge, that is, the knowledge of that which is, which is the very source of virtue. Yet how can one know that which is, if reality or being never cease changing? Hence the need for the existence of intelligible realities that are universal and immutable, in which sensible realities, which are particular and changing, participate. A question arises: if refutation is the means of revealing ignorance through dialogue, what is the means for knowing that which is? The answer is dialectic, which, through dialogue, allows one to recall the genuine realities which the soul once contemplated.

Isocrate et Confucius entreprennent d’abord l’éducation de la vertu puis préparent à une vie harmonieuse, ils demandent principalement aux disciples de se perfectionner. De plus, les deux maîtres ont chacun leur propre ambition de l’enseignement : Isocrate a l’intention de cultiver le rhéteur accompli, afin de faire savoir aux disciples la réflexion à propos de la méthode philosophique de « doxa » pour rechercher la vérité, de persuader et de guider moralement ses auditeurs, de contribuer au service de la Grèce. Pour Confucius, il introduit l’idéal du « Jun Zi » qui est le standard de la vertu et de la perfection humaines, qui respecte les rites anciens, agit avec les qualités de Ren et du juste milieu et recherche aussi la voie harmonieuse entre les êtres humains et l’Univers. La sagesse d’Isocrate et de Confucius poussent davantage la société de leur époque vers la paix et vers le bonheur. Isocrate offre l’idée de la diffusion des valeurs athéniennes dans toute la Grèce et Confucius engage transmettre les rites de Zhou et forme le fondement de la civilisation traditionnelle chinoise—le confucianisme. Cependant, aujourd’hui, l’influence des deux Maîtres demeure différente : Isocrate n’est pas autant étudié que Confucius. De toute façon, les deux grands Sages contribuent à l’éducation des êtres humains : soit dans le domaine de la rhétorique, soit dans la recherche de sagesse, et laissent aux gens d’aujourd’hui des inspirations importantes à l’humanité, ils méritent d’être respectés et considérés comme auteurs d’un héritage important. / Both Isocrates and Confucius attached first importance to ethics education and then to harmony education. They required especially their disciples to attain self-improvement spiritually. In particular, the two greatmasters also put forward their unique teaching objectives respectively. Isocrates hoped to train perfect rhetoricians, let them grasp "doxa"--the philosophical method of meditation, to seek the truth, and use their moralorations to persuade and lead the audience to eventually devote the public to serving the Greek cause. Confucius hoped to cultivate an image of"gentleman", who was not only a perfect human moral standard, but also anobserver of etiquette, a follower of benevolence and the doctrine of the mean,and an explorer to follow the path to the harmony of human and the universe. The wisdom of Isocrates and Confucius greatly promoted the pace of progress of social peace and the happiness of the general public in their respective times. Isocrates introduced the concept of "Greek" (Hellenisation) for the entire Greek territory while Confucius advocated to restore rites andlaid the foundation for the traditional Chinese culture, Confucianism. But their influence today varies greatly: Isocrates has not been inherited and researched as much as Confucius. In a word, these two great sages have made remarkable contributions to human kind with Isocrates in rhetorics and Confucius in humanistic wisdom. They have all left us modern people humanistic spirit of enlightenment. They are worthy of being respected and inherited.

A valid arbitration agreement constitutes a bar to court proceedings as well as a prerequisite for arbitral proceedings. In NJA 2008 p. 406 and NJA 2012 p. 183, the Swedish Supreme Court applied the so-called doctrine of assertion with respect to the issue of whether a dispute should be settled by arbitration or litigation. Prior to these judgments, it was uncertain if the doctrine of assertion was applicable regarding this issue. The purpose of the essay is to examine the meaning of the doctrine and how it should be applied based on NJA 2008 p. 406 and NJA 2012 p. 183. In essence, the following conclusions are drawn from the judgments. As a starting point, it is essential to distinguish between the question of whether there is a valid arbitration agreement between the parties, the question of which legal relationships the arbitration agreement covers and the question of which circumstances the assessment of the issue of jurisdiction should be based on. The questions are all significant to the issue of whether a dispute should be settled by arbitration or litigation, but according to the Supreme Court, the doctrine of assertion should only be applied with respect to the last question. Thus, when an arbitral tribunal tries its own jurisdiction, it should base its assessment on the circumstances referred to by the party which requested the arbitration. This is also the case when a claimant brings an action before a court and the respondent objects to the jurisdiction of the court by invoking an arbitration agreement. In accordance with the doctrine of assertion, the court should base its assessment of the issue of jurisdiction on the circumstances which the claimant has referred to.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El primer capítulo, el Proyecto Liberal – Republicano, tiene como propósito explicar el contexto ideológico político en que se desenvolverá la propuesta económico legislativa de los regímenes independentistas criollos que suceden a la administración española. Desarrollando como subtemas el liberalismo, en su expresión republicana y económica; pretendiendo, en el primero, explicar los factores y razones que determinan la opción liberal y republicana de la aristocracia criolla, considerando su peculiar idiosincrasia y caracteres culturales. En el segundo subtema, del liberalismo económico, se busca determinar el rasgo ideológico doctrinario que expresarán los textos legislativos y/o reglamentario normativos a través de los decretos de libre comercio y/o leyes de aduanas que se dictan a fin de incrementar el contacto comercial internacional más allá de las coloniales fronteras penin-sulares; asegurando, a la vez, la supervivencia fiscal y reactivando la pro-ducción nacional. En el segundo capítulo, Efecto Socioeconómico Cultural del Proceso Emancipador, el subtema de los efectos sociales centra su interés en la prolongación del ordenamiento colonial pre – existente y la manera en que dicha estructura se adecua a las innovaciones político-económicas que se llevaban a cabo a fin de superar las sutilezas o desconfianzas habidas en su momento para con el liberalismo como doctrina políticosocial. El segundo de los subtemas de éste capítulo, los hábitos coloniales, procura comprender de que manera las falencias y limitaciones propias de una economía de carácter provinciano y localista, como lo era en su momento la colonial, se seguían proyectando a lo largo de todo el período estudiado; haciendo, de la innovación y el cambio sinónimos de antónima aplicación al trabajo cotidiano y al quehacer productivo de la época, a pesar de lo que en su momento significó la implementación de las reformas de 1778. Dificultando la reactivación y la adaptación del aparato productivo nacional a la nueva realidad que se abre a partir de la liberación de los mer-cados y del establecimiento de redes de intercambio comercial con la región noratlántica. Por último, se desarrolla el subtema de los efectos económicos que trae el proceso emancipador a partir de la aplicación de las medidas libera-cionistas o proteccionistas que se implementan en el período y que afectan en especial a ciertas y determinadas actividades agromineras, transnaciona-lizándolas. La liberación del comercio, como temática del capítulo tercero, se estructura a partir del Decreto de Libre Comercio con Potencias Amigas Neutrales de 1811; constituyendo la base legislativa de la futura política comercial internacional chilena al establecer el marco jurídico dentro del cual se normativizará dicha actividad. En cuanto a las consecuencias del Decreto de Libre Comercio de 1811, abordado como subtema del capítulo, describimos la manera en que junto con los posteriores decretos y/o leyes aduaneras que se dictan y/o tratados o convenciones que se celebran se pretende reconstruir y reactivar las alicaídas estructuras productivas existentes; asegurando, por sobre todo, la supervivencia fiscal y el mantenimiento de las relaciones comerciales subsistentes, estimulando el consumo interno. En el capítulo cuarto, Egresos e Ingresos Fiscales, en cuanto al sub-tema de los egresos de la hacienda pública, centraremos nuestro interés en la manera en que el gasto bélico de la época, ya expresado en campañas militares o en expediciones emancipadoras, se convierte en un gasto regular del Estado; el cual, incapaz de cumplir con sus necesidades presupuestarias más inmediatas y básicas recurre inocentemente al préstamo externo, acre-centando aún más el déficit fiscal Por otra parte, en el subtema de los ingresos de la hacienda pública, determinaremos y explicaremos las vías, tradicionales o no, de financia-miento del Estado; partiendo con los aranceles a las importaciones para proseguir con el monopolio de los bienes estancados, la tributación minera, la emisión de bonos, la requisición de especies, el diezmo, etc., etc. más otros ingeniosos métodos de recaudación tales como los “cupos de guerra”, los “donativos forzosos”, las “contribuciones voluntarias” y la “requisición de especies” entre otros. El capítulo quinto, la Actividad Exportadora, aborda la temática referida a la normalización del comercio externo dentro del contexto de guerra y de desestabilización política que se vive; llegándose incluso a la transnacionalización en cuanto a su comercialización, de algunos bienes agromineros. Por ello, la temática abordada gira en torno al cobre y al trigo en su calidad de productos exportables, presentándose como los sectores más dinámicos y transnacionalizados de la producción nacional, constitu-yendo la base sobre la cual se delinea nuevamente una economía de carácter exportador de materias primas e importador de bienes manufacturados. Además, las temáticas citadas, nos permitirán destacar de un modo comparativo las características sociopolíticas del empresariado ligado a cada una de éstas explotaciones del sector primario de la economía. Ahora, en cuanto a lo que dice relación con los convenios internacionales que se celebran en el periodo en que centramos nuestro interés, estos son abordados en el capítulo sexto a partir del análisis de sus elementos más característicos para luego, centrar nuestra preocupación en la temática de los tratados celebrados con la Argentina y con el Perú, Así, en el primero de los subtemas que se abordan, caracterización de los convenios internacionales, partiremos haciendo referencia a los exclusi-vos atributos que contienen tales tratados en cuanto a sus objetivos, ya de índole político económicos o propiamente jurídico. Destacando la forma y manera en que reglamentaria y/o constitucionalmente, según sea el caso, se materializan reproduciéndose los principios del derecho comercial interna-cional en boga. De esta manera, los tratados y/o convenciones tal que se celebraron entre 1811 y 1830, ya con Argentina o ya con Perú, los constituimos en objeto de estudio de nuestra Memoria en la medida en que se van materiali-zando, por medio de la ratificación, constituyendo un verdadero cuerpo normativo comercial; tal como acontece con los acuerdos “Sobre Intercam-bio de Azogue por Pólvora”, “Para poner Término a la Dominación Españo-la en el Perú” y el “De Amistad, Alianza, Comercio y Navegación” celebra-dos con la Argentina y los tratados de “Amistad, Liga y Confederación” y “De Auxilio” con el Perú. Ahora, en lo que dice relación con el capítulo séptimo, Dependencia Económica y Subordinación Comercial, dicho tema investigativo ha sido elaborado a partir de los subtemas de la dependencia económica y de la subordinación del empresariado criollo; centrándonos, para ello, en la influencia que ha tenido en la economía del país el mantenimiento de ciertos patrones culturales de carácter y origen colonial en el estableci-miento de las bases de una futura dependencia y subordinación, con respec-to a los intereses de los grandes conglomerados extranjeros que monopo-lizan las redes de intercambio a través del control que ejercen tanto sobre el comercio internacional de mercancías como sobre el régimen crediticio interno de los mercados postcoloniales. Intereses estos que propician las actividades monoexportadoras del sector primario, ya de tipo agropecuario ya de tipo minero pirquinero, bajo las características propias de un capitalismo periférico enmarcado en el fenómeno de globalización e internacionalización de la producción y del comercio que se vive en aquel entonces; siendo dicha realidad subsistente, dominada por desbastadores acontecimientos bélicos, la que viene en carac-terizar lo propiamente económico de la época. Por último, mediante el presente trabajo investigativo, junto con cumplir con los sempiternos requisitos para optar al Grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de nuestra augusta institución académica, se ha pretendido exponer resumidamente la manera en que se reordena y fun-ciona la economía chilena durante el proceso de emancipación y de cons-trucción inicial del estado republicano; destacando, en especial, la impor-tancia que tiene el régimen normativo a través de la dictación de regla-mentos, decretos, leyes, tratados y constituciones para regular, normalizar y reactivar la vida económica nacional durante el periodo enunciado y en el cual hemos centrado nuestro interés.