In this study, the reading experience of six young successful boy readers is examined with a view to identifying ways in which the reading achievements of all boys might be raised. Initially, the experiences and behaviours associated with young successful readers are identified, including aspects from the home and the school, and those characteristics from within children themselves. Next, literature on boys' reading is examined, and this shows that there are many negative influences on the reading lives of boys generally. The reading experience of the six young successful boy readers is then investigated through empirical work. The central approach adopted is multiple case study using ethnographic tools. The six boys were reading fluently and for pleasure by the end of their Reception year (aged 5 years) and were studied for a two year period. Observation and research conversation were the main data collection methods adopted; the boys' experience as young successful readers was examined by observing them in their homes and schools, and by talking to them, their parents and their teachers. The results illustrate that the six young boys who are successful readers have a masculine identity in which reading has a secure and positive place. They have overcome the negative influences which frequently impact on the reading experience of boys and have successfully integrated ways of being a boy and being a reader. The boys' reading is highly developed at home by living in a 'reading family'. The boys use their advanced achievement in reading to gain a high status position in the classroom; their reading behaviour makes them popular and powerful with their peers. Hence these boys make reading work for them and, subsequently, it is a desirable feature of their developing masculine identity. These results are reflected upon to identify ways in which the reading achievements of all boys might be raised. I have suggested that schools might be encouraged to develop their reading curriculum in a number of ways, including spending more time reading extended texts for pleasure and using high status texts from boys' vernacular reading in the formal reading curriculum. In addition, I argue that all boys might benefit from examining the gender assumptions on which texts and their own reading preferences are based.

Orientador: Joaquim Brasil Fontes Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T21:13:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Smolka_AnaLuizaBustamante_D.pdf: 11768868 bytes, checksum: 3b715f083f903e75813e24364326298a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987 / Doutorado

The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of the process of professional development of English foreign language teachers in Israel who participated in the Explicit Multisensory Phonics Intervention Programme. Previous research focused on changes in knowledge, practices, student attainment, and beliefs. Changes from negative to positive self efficacy were not examined, and a model for the professional development of the English foreign language teacher did not exist. The conceptual framework is based on an integration of the concept of self efficacy with theories of professional development and literacy acquisition. Literacy acquisition is based on the knowledge and practice components of the process of professional development in this research. The process of professional development is set in motion by a sense of negative self efficacy. The attainment of content knowledge is followed by a change of practices and thereafter improved student attainment, leading to changes in teachers’ beliefs and positive self efficacy. The research questions seek to clarify teachers’ incentives for joining the programme, their standard of content knowledge and perceptions of the impact of the process of professional development. A mixed methods approach was used. The content knowledge of teachers was tested with a pre and post test. A questionnaire about the process of professional development was sent to teachers who had participated in the programme since 1991. Several unstructured interviews were held. Results showed that the teachers’ sense of negative self efficacy and failure in the field initiated their need for professional development. The impact of the process of professional development was: increased knowledge, changed practices and beliefs, claimed student attainment and positive self efficacy. The research contributes to knowledge by empirically supporting a theoretically based model for the impact of the process of professional development of English foreign language teachers. Positive and negative self efficacy are key factors in the process of professional development and knowledge is the basis of this process. These conclusions have practical applications for teacher training.

Dans un contexte idéologique où la question de la baisse du niveau revient de façon récurrente dans l’espace public, nous nous sommes servie du test de L’alouette (Lefavrais, 1967) pour mener une étude comparative du niveau en lecture des élèves du CP au CM2. Les résultats indiquent qu’à quarante ans d’écart, le niveau en lecture a diminué de six mois. Au-delà de cette baisse relative, apparaît un fait tout aussi intéressant : celui d’un accroissement des écarts. On constate alors un décrochage des élèves les plus en difficulté et un décollage des élèves les plus performants. Le test de L’alouette étant basé sur une conception traditionnelle de la lecture, nous y avons vu là, l’occasion de mettre à l’épreuve les modèles dominants en lecture : les modèles développementaux. De cette façon, nous nous sommes demandée dans quelle mesure le test de L’alouette nous informe quant à l’apprentissage de la lecture et plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne le caractère discontinu ou continu de la lecture. Les résultats obtenus semblent aller dans le sens d’une discontinuité certes, mais qui ne serait pas absolue. Ainsi, dès le début de l’apprentissage les élèves utiliseraient une procédure lexicale en plus de la procédure par médiation phonologique. L’une ou l’autre étant dominante à certains moments de l’apprentissage. / The fall of the level of ability in literacy has often been brought to public attention, so we used the Alouette test (Lefavrais, 1967) to make a comparative study on the levels of literacy in students aged from 2nd year to 6th year. The study indicates that in forty years the level of literacy in students has reduced by six months. In addition to this decline, there also appeared to be widening gaps between the two extremes of ability. Those who experience the most difficulty become disengaged whereas those with the highest level of ability take off. As the Alouette test is based on the traditional concept of literacy, this allowed us to test the other dominant developmental theories. In this way we were able to question whether the Alouette test could tell us about the process in which children learn how to read whether continuously or discontinuously. The results seem to show that the tendency is for the discontinuity, but not entirely. Hence, as soon as children learn to read they would use a lexical process in addition to using phonological mediation, both being dominant at different times during their education.

Η παρούσα εργασία θέτει ως βασικό ζητούμενο διερεύνησης τη μελέτη και την αποτίμηση της αφηγηματικής ικανότητας, όπως και τη χαρτογράφηση της εξέλιξής της κατά τη προσχολική (4-6) και πρωτοσχολική ηλικία (6-9). Επίσης, αναζητά το ενδεχόμενο η αφηγηματική ικανότητα των παιδιών να επηρεάζεται από κοινωνικομορφωτικούς παράγοντες. Η ερευνητική διαδικασία έλαβε χώρα το 2013 και στη διάρκειά της το δείγμα των συμμετεχόντων (εξήντα τέσσερις στο σύνολο) χωρίστηκε στις τέσσερις ηλικιακές ομάδες (προνήπια, νήπια, Α΄ και Γ΄ τάξης), οι οποίες αποτελούνται από δεκαέξι παιδιά (μισά αγόρια και μισά κορίτσια). Επίσης η διαμόρφωση των ομάδων των ομάδων εξυπηρετεί και τη μελέτη της επιρροής των κοινωνικομορφωτικών παραγόντων. Η ερευνητική διαδικασία πραγματοποιήθηκε σε δύο φάσεις. Στην πρώτη φάση όλοι οι συμμετέχοντες και των τεσσάρων ηλικιακών ομάδων διηγήθηκαν μια ιστορία. Στη δεύτερη φάση οι συμμετέχοντες νηπιακής ηλικίας και της Γ΄ τάξης του Δημοτικού αναδιηγήθηκαν μια ιστορία, αφού πρώτα είχαν παρακολουθήσει την ανάγνωσή της. Τα αφηγηματικά κείμενα των συμμετεχόντων ηχογραφήθηκαν και στη συνέχεια αναλύθηκαν με βάση τη μέθοδο της «Πυραμίδας των ιστοριών» (Curenton & Lucas, 2007). Η ανάλυση των εγγράμματων γλωσσικών στοιχείων και της λεξιλογικής ποικιλίας των αφηγήσεων των παιδιών παρουσιάζει την εξέλιξη στη χρήση του εκτενή λόγου από τους συμμετέχοντες, καθιστώντας τις αφηγήσεις τους γλωσσικά πολύπλοκες και σαφείς. Επίσης η ανάλυση των αφηγηματικών δεδομένων των συμμετεχόντων και των δύο φάσεων παρουσιάζει την εξέλιξη της αφηγηματικής τους ικανότητας, η οποία ακολουθεί στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος του δείγματος την ηλικιακή ωρίμανσή τους, όπως συμβαίνει και στην εξέλιξη της χρήσης του εκτενή λόγου. Συμπερασματικά, η παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζει μια ενθαρρυντική εικόνα για τους συμμετέχοντες της τάξης του νηπιαγωγείου και μια πολλά υποσχόμενη αναπτυξιακή πορεία για τα προνήπια του δείγματος. Όμως, τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας αναφορικά με την αφηγηματική ικανότητα των παιδιών που συμμετείχαν στην έρευνα της Α΄ τάξης του Δημοτικού εμφανίζουν μια μεταβατική εικόνα, η οποία χρήζει περαιτέρω διερεύνησης. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας δείχνουν ότι οι αφηγήσεις των συμμετεχόντων της Γ΄ τάξης του Δημοτικού είναι σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό γλωσσικά πολύπλοκες και σαφείς και αφηγηματικά καλά δομημένες, έναντι των μικρότερων ηλικιών. / The research which was carried out set as its fundamental objective the study and the assessment of narrative skill as well as the determination of its development during preschool(4-6) and first school (6-9) age. As sample of the research sixteen children were selected (eight boys and eight girls) for each of the four age-related groups: preschoolers, infants, A΄ and C΄ class of primary school. Based on discoveries of previous researches we wanted, also to examine the possibility that the narrating skill of children is affected by social-educational factors. For the investigation of this potential, half of the children from each age-related team belong to “social category 1”, that is to say both of their parents have a degree in tertiary education and the other half belong to “social category 2”, the parents of which are secondary or first degree education graduates. During the inquiring process all participants of all four age-related groups watched the silent movie of animated cartoons “The ugly duckling” and afterwards they told the story, which was recorded. Then, in a second phase of the research, the team of infants and of C’ class of primary school, were called to watch the narration of the book “All together in a blue couch” and afterwards to retell the story based on the pictures of the book, without the words of the writer. The retelling was recorded. The analysis of narrating data of children of both phases presents the development of narrating skill, which follows, in the bigger part of the sample, their age-related maturity. Simultaneously, however, it is also the development in the use of extended discourse by the participants, which renders their narrations linguistically complicated, explicit and narratively good structured. But the results of the research reveal also two extra elements that cause our reflection. First is the likely influence of social-educational factor mainly in the story structure and less in the language structure of the narrations of A΄ class of primary school students. The second is the declining tendency of the linguistic and narrating structure of the narrations of A΄ class primary school students. In conclusion, the present research supports that possibly the children of infant age, of the present research seem to present higher narrating skills than the A΄ class students and use it in their narrating texts, more extended than that of the A΄ class students. Finally, the evolutionary course of narrating skill is also confirmed by the narrations of the C΄ class of primary school participants, as well as the bigger and more frequent use of extended speech by children of this age.

La trace écrite d'une séance de lecture se définit ordinairement comme l'écrit consigné dans les cahiers d'élèves. Notre recherche porte sur ce que fait l'enseignant, ce qu'il cherche à faire et ce à quoi il renonce, en lien avec la trace écrite du travail de la classe, à la frontière entre l'école et le collège. À partir des notions de trace et d'écriture, nous définissons la trace écrite scolaire, à travers sa production, sa réception et ses fonctions. Notre cadre de référence, composite, sous-tend l'étude de l'activité professionnelle de l'enseignant. Nous étudions les pratiques en matière de trace écrite du point de vue du métier enseignant, du point de vue de l'écriture enseignante et du point de vue des pratiques enseignantes et de leur ancrage didactique. Nous recourons au concept intégrateur du dialogisme (Bakhtine, 1979) qui fonde trois champs scientifiques : l'analyse de l'activité professionnelle, l'analyse de l'écriture et l'analyse de l'activité didactique. Nous avons observé et filmé douze séances de lecture. Chaque film a fait l'objet d'un entretien d'autoconfrontation au cours duquel l'enseignant a documenté son activité. L'étude de genèse des écrits-traces produits en classe, appuyée par l'étude de leur élaboration avant et pendant la classe permet de conclure à l'existence d'un genre d'activité didactique trace écrite de lecture. Ce résultat est prometteur pour la prise en compte didactique de la trace écrite. / The written trace of French lesson is usually defined as the piece of writing kept in pupils' copy books. Our research is about what the teacher does, seeks to and renounces to do regarding the written trace of the class work, at the very frontier between elementary school and middle school (year 6 and year 7 in UK). From the notions of trace and writing, we define school written trace through its production, its reception and its functions.We refer to a composite theoretical framework which underlies the study of professional teaching activity. We study the practices regarding the written trace from the perspective of the teaching activity, of the teacher's writing, of the teaching practices and the didactical activity. We use the dialogism integrator concept (Bakhtine, 1979) wich is the base of three scientific fields : the analysis of the professional activity, of the writing activity and of the didactical activity.We observed and recorded twelve reading lessons, followed by simple auto-confrontation interviews. The study of the genesis of the written trace produced in class, supported by the study of its elaboration before and during the class allows to conclude there is a reading lesson written trace didactical activity type. This promossingly result the didactical consideration of the written trace.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die verwerwing van lees- en skryfvaardighede is van wesenlike belang vir die optimale verwerkliking van die mens se potensiele moontlikhede. 'n Ondersoek na veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf is in die Jig daarvan van belang. Faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot veranderende opvattinge oar die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf kan kortliks saamgevat word as: die ontwikkeling van 'n fonetiese alfabet, veranderende opvattinge oar effektiewe lees- en skryfonderrigmetodes, asook politieke, ekonomiese en samelewingsveranderinge. Hierdie faktore het tot die verbesondering van die Sumeriese, antieke Griekse, antieke Romeinse, Nederlandse, Engelse en Suid-Arikaanse opvoedingspraktyke bygedra. Verskeie onderrigmetodes, onder meer die alfabetmetode, klankmetode, globale metode, gekombineerde metode en eklektiese metode is deur eeue heen in hierdie formele opvoedingspraktyke gebruik vir die aanvangsonderrig van lees en skryf. Effektiewe aanvangslees- en skryfonderrig bepaal of die leerder sy taalvaardighede kan benut om 'n positiewe bydrae tot die samelewing te lewer. / The acquisition of reading and writing skills is of cardinal importance for the optimum realization of man's potential. Research into the changing perspectives which have led to the development of beginning-teaching of reading and writing is therefore of great importance. The following factors have led to changing perspectives: the development of an alphabet, changing perspectives on the effective teaching of reading and writing as well as political, economic and societal changes. These factors contributed to the specific development of the Sumerian, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Dutch, English and South African education practices. Various teaching methods inter alia the alphabet, phonic, global, combined and eclectic methods have been used in the aforementioned education practices for the beginning-teaching of reading and writing. Effective beginning teaching of reading and writing determines whether the learner will be able to utilize his language skills in order to make a positive contribution to society. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Vanaf geboorte is die ouers en die omgewing wat hulle vir die kind skep van die uiterste belang. Ouers behoort 'n ruimte te skep waar die kind intellektueel gestimuleer kan word, begeleide leerervaringe kan ontvang en waar hy veiligheid en geborgenheid kan beleef Dit is in hierdie voorskoolse jare waar die grondslag gele word vir latere leer. Waar vroee stimulering en bemiddeling ontbreek is dit later baie moeilik om met insette dieselfde positiewe resultate te bereik. Begeleide leerervaringe is 'n essensiele komponent van en voorwaarde vir optimale ontwikkeling. Wanneer die kind aan geletterdheidervaringe blootgestel word in sy voorskoolse jare, kan hy, wanneer hy skool toe gaan, die insette en konsepte as "bekend" ervaar, omdat hy reeds vroeg al daarmee kennisgemaak het. Die ouers kan die kind se voorskoolse jare s6 ontwerp dat die kind se potensiaal optimaal verwesenlik kan word. In die empiriese ondersoek is onderhoude met ouers gevoer sodat hulle hul ervarings met hul kinders wat hulle voorskools gestimuleer het, kon weergee. Volgens die resultate blyk dit dat vroee stimulering waarskynlik 'n belangrike faktor is ten opsigte van latere prestasie. / Parents should create an atmosphere where the child can be stimulated intellectually, can receive mediated learning experiences (MLE) and where he can experience safety and security. It is in the preschool years that the foundation is laid to make learning easier later on. Where early stimulation and mediation is lacking it is very difficult later on to achieve positive results with the same inputs. When the child is exposed to literacy experiences in his pre-school years, he can experience the inputs and concepts as "known" when he attends school, as he was already acquainted with them. The parents can shape the pre-school years of the child in such a manner that the potential of the child can be realised optimally. In the empirical investigation parents were interviewed in order to determine the extent to which they supplied intellectual stimulation to their pre-school children. According to the results it appears that early stimulation is probably an important factor with regard to achievement in later years. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Text in Afrikaans / Learners who struggle to read from the start, will stay behind. But the earlier intervention can start, the greater the chances of success. But what type of intervention is needed? Nowadays researchers overseas use phonemic awareness as a criteria to predict reading success. About 80% of pre-school children will have no trouble grasping the phonological structure of their home language, provided that they are thoroughly immersed in literacy. It is these same 80% who will not have any trouble learning to read. But literacy is a continuous process that starts at birth and there is no magical moment in a child's life that he will all of a sudden be ready to receive literacy instruction. Experience and practice will ensure that the hierarchy of phonemic awareness skills will develop. Those preschoolers who do not have that advantage, must develop phonemic awareness skills while learning to read or else face reading problems. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.(Special Needs Education)

Text in Afrikaans / Learners who struggle to read from the start, will stay behind. But the earlier intervention can start, the greater the chances of success. But what type of intervention is needed? Nowadays researchers overseas use phonemic awareness as a criteria to predict reading success. About 80% of pre-school children will have no trouble grasping the phonological structure of their home language, provided that they are thoroughly immersed in literacy. It is these same 80% who will not have any trouble learning to read. But literacy is a continuous process that starts at birth and there is no magical moment in a child's life that he will all of a sudden be ready to receive literacy instruction. Experience and practice will ensure that the hierarchy of phonemic awareness skills will develop. Those preschoolers who do not have that advantage, must develop phonemic awareness skills while learning to read or else face reading problems. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.(Special Needs Education)