Comparés aux monocultures, les systèmes agroforestiers (SAF) sont censés permettre une meilleure efficience d'utilisation de la ressource et améliorer les services écosystémiques. Cependant, la complexité des interactions se produisant dans les SAF rend délicate la quantification et la décomposition des effets des arbres d'ombrage sur la productivité primaire nette (NPP) de la culture principale. Peu de modèles sont capables d'analyser les effets des interactions entre culture principale et arbres d'ombrage sur les échanges de CO2 et d'eau. En effet, les interactions pour la lumière, l'eau et la chaleur se produisant entre culture et arbres d'ombrage peuvent produire des effets contre-intuitifs sur la photosynthèse, l'efficience d'utilisation de la lumière (LUE), l'efficience de transpiration et le microclimat. Nous montrons que MAESPA, un modèle 3D mécaniste, peut-être utilisé pour étudier la variabilité de ces processus à des échelles allant de la plante à la parcelle, et de la demi-heure à l'année entière. MAESPA a simulé de manière satisfaisante l'interception de la lumière dans un SAF à base de caféier composé de 2 couches hétérogènes. Des variables modélisées par MAESPA ont été utilisées pour produire de puissantes variables explicatives dans un dispositif expérimental étudiant les déterminants de la NPP aérienne (ANPP) du caféier. Il a été démontré que LUE était deux fois plus élevée pour les caféiers poussant à l'ombre ce qui compensait totalement la diminution de leurs budgets lumineux, résultant en une absence de différence de ANPP entre caféiers de plein soleil et caféiers d'ombrage. MAESPA a aussi simulé de manière satisfaisante les échanges de CO2 à l'échelle du caféier et à l'échelle de la parcelle, lorsque comparés à des mesures d'échanges gazeux dans des chambres plantes entières ou à des enregistrements de flux turbulents au-dessus de la canopée, respectivement. Nous avons utilisé MAESPA pour simuler la variabilité spatiale de la photosynthèse et de LUE. MAESPA a démontré être un modèle robuste pour quantifier les interactions spatiales dans un SAF. Le prochain développement pertinent de cette approche serait de coupler MAESPA avec un modèle d'allocation du carbone dans les organes des plants de caféiers / Compared to monocultures, agroforestry systems (AFS) are expected to provide enhanced resource-use efficiency and larger ecosystem services. However, due to the complexity of the interactions occurring in AFS, it is challenging to quantify and decompose the effects of shade trees on the main crop net primary productivity (NPP). Few process-based models are able to analyze the interactions between crop and shade trees for carbon and water. Interactions for light, water and energy occurring between tree and crops might have counterintuitive effects on photosynthesis, light use efficiency (LUE), transpiration efficiency and microclimate. We showed that a 3D process-based model, MAESPA, was able to quantitatively describe the spatial variability of those processes from the plant to the plot, and from hourly to yearly timescales. MAESPA simulated satisfactorily light interception in a 2-layer heterogeneous coffee AFS. It was used to produce powerful explanatory variables in AFS experiments and to analyze the determinants of coffee plant NPP. LUE displayed a 2-fold increase for shaded coffee plants totally compensating the expected decrease of local irradiance interception, and coffee plant ANPP was the same below shade trees or in the open. MAESPA also simulated satisfactorily carbon exchange at whole plant and plot scales, when compared to gas exchange records in a whole-plant chamber, or with eddy-covariance records above the canopy. We used MAESPA to simulate the spatial variability of photosynthesis and LUE. Overall, MAESPA proved to be a relevant model to quantify spatial interactions. The next very relevant development would be to couple it to a model of carbon allocation among organs in the coffee plants

Since the turn of the new millennium the UK construction industry has witnessed the naissance of a new paradigm known as ICT-enabled collaborative working. Advocates of this new approach believe that the adoption of ICTs will lead to better project information exchange, communications, integrated processes and therefore more efficient collaborative working. It is expected that ICT-enabled collaborative working will not only overcome the industry's many inherent problems, such as its adversarial and fragmented nature, but that it will also facilitate benefits for all involved. This supposition is based upon the recognition that its exploitation has proven successful at transforming other industries. The EngD thesis pertains to a four-year study on two methodologies currently applied under the concept of ICT-enabled collaborative working, 'Collaborative Prototyping' (CP) and the use of 'Construction Project Extranets' (CPE). The research project utilised literature reviews, case studies, project observations, active involvement, surveys, interviews and workshops to develop expertise and knowledge within the subject area. It shows that a large disparity exists between the use of a shared 3D model and the use of CPEs to promote collaborative working. Conversely, whilst CPEs have become the de facto ICT-enabled approach to seeking improvements in project efficiency (due to their potential to enhance communications, integration and collaboration) they are not being utilised effectively. This was attributed to the use of inadequate procedures that fail to provide proper consideration of all the necessary issues to ensure successful implementation, application and management of the CPE. As a result, project teams are failing to ascertain the full potential benefits offered by such collaboration tools. The research demonstrates that to overcome this, project teams require the development of an industry best-fit framework that defines proficient procedures. It highlights the main factors for inclusion within a protocol. Furthermore, it provides a simple form to promote greater awareness of the key factors that impinge on the successful application of CPE. The thesis concludes by outlining a number of recommendations for consideration by the industry, along with requirements for future work.

[pt] Os avanços na microeletrônica possibilitaram a miniaturização e portabilidade dos equipamentos de computador e, principalmente, do uso individualizado do mesmo. Desse modo, essa tecnologia começou a ser inserida espontaneamente na pesquisa das áreas que tratam do projeto do objeto de desenho industrial - conforme podemos perceber no Laboratório de Investigação em Living Design, LILD do DAD da PUC-Rio - por meio de seus pesquisadores - com seus computadores portáteis - como forma de apoio aos seus estudos. Esta dissertação tem como foco principal a interação que está se dando nas áreas de pesquisa do objeto de uso entre o ferramental técnico/mecânico tradicional de representação e os meios eletrônicos que expõe uma técnica computacional que apresentam hoje um desenvolvimento exponencial. Os meios tradicionais de concepção e viabilização dos objetos de desenho industrial, de arquitetura, e das engenharias em geral vêm sendo, cada vez mais, complementados por essa nova tecnologia. Dessa forma, apresenta-se nesse trabalho o que foi observado quando da aplicação dessa nova tecnologia em estudos que, nesse momento, estão em desenvolvimento; bem como, sua relação interativa com os métodos tradicionais que envolvem modelos mecânicos, sejam em escala reduzida, sejam em estado de uso. Como resultado apresenta-se um enriquecimento das pesquisas em andamento no laboratório, principalmente, em relação aos aspectos de precisão, documentação, e transporte dos modelos; assim como, em relação a novas formas de visualização e reflexão, diferentes das tradicionais e, inexistentes anteriormente a utilização da computação gráfica. / [en] Advancements in microelectronics have enabled both miniaturization and portability of computer equipment and, especially, the individual use of it. Thus, this technology have been introduced in the research of the Laboratory for Investigation in Living Design – LILD, Department of Arts and Design from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – by its members, and their personal computers, as a way to support the development of their studies. This study focuses on the observation of the systematic introduction of computer graphics technology in the LILDs trial and error approach, and aims to present the usage of this tool serving as a new platform to the researches that have been developed in the laboratory. In this manner, this research demonstrates what was observed during the application of this new technology in ongoing studies; as well as their interactive relation with traditional methods, which involves mechanical models, be it in reduced scale or ready to use. As a result, it is verified an enrichment of the researches in course in the laboratory, mainly, in relation to the aspects of precision, documentation and transportation of models; and also concerning new ways of visualization and reflection, different from traditional ones, previously non-existent to the application of computer graphics.

En la presente tesis se analizan los aspectos teóricos y prácticos necesarios para el desarrollo de un modelo numérico tridimensional válido para los estuarios típicos del Norte de España, cuyas características principales son la existencia de importantes gradientes de profundidad, , y de zonas que se inundan y se secan periódicamente debido al efecto de la marea astronómica.De la revisión del estado del conocimiento sobre modelado hidrodinámico tridimensional en zonas someras, se ha concluido que aunque existen varios modelos tridimensionales propuestos para estuarios, ninguno está preparado para su aplicación en los casos de estudio de esta tesis. La anterior aseveración está principalmente relacionada con tres temas fundamentales: sistema de coordenadas, representación de la turbulencia y simulación de la inundación - secado del dominio de cálculo. Se ha investigado con detalle estos aspectos y como resultado se ha desarrollado un modelo que incluye el resultado de la investigación realizada y que ha sido validado tanto con soluciones analíticas, como con datos de laboratorio y de campo.

In this dissertation, we focus on two related parts of a 3D face recognition system with wireless transportation. In the first part, the core components of the system, namely, the feature extraction and classification component, are introduced. In the feature extraction component, range images are taken as inputs and processed in order to extract features. The classification component uses the extracted features as inputs and makes classification decisions based on trained classifiers. In the second part, we consider the wireless transportation problem of range images, which are captured by scattered sensor nodes from target objects and are forwarded to the core components (i.e., feature extraction and classification components) of the face recognition system. Contrary to the conventional definition of being a transducer, a sensor node can be a person, a vehicle, etc. The wireless transportation component not only brings flexibility to the system but also makes the “proactive” face recognition possible. For the feature extraction component, we first introduce the 3D Morphable Model. Then a 3D feature extraction algorithm based on the 3D Morphable Model is presented. The algorithm is insensitive to facial expression. Experimental results show that it can accurately extract features. Following that, we discuss the generic face warping algorithm that can quickly extract features with high accuracy. The proposed algorithm is robust to holes, facial expressions and hair. Furthermore, our experimental results show that the generated features can highly differentiate facial images. For the classification component, a classifier based on Mahalanobis distance is introduced. Based on the classifier, recognition performances of the extracted features are given. The classification results demonstrate the advantage of the features from the generic face warping algorithm. For the wireless transportation of the captured images, we consider the location-based wireless sensor networks (WSN). In order to achieve efficient routing perfor¬mance, a set of distributed stateless routing protocols (PAGER) are proposed for wireless sensor networks. The loop-free and delivery-guaranty properties of the static version (PAGER-S) are proved. Then the performance of PAGER protocols are compared with other well-known routing schemes using network simulator 2 (NS2). Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of PAGER.

Prior to this study, to our best knowledge, no cast-in-place, older-type RC building has ever been subjected to near-field strong ground motions from three major earthquakes. This happened in an indirect way in Turkey over a time span of eleven years. Three identical buildings belonging to Ministry of Public Works and Resettlement (MPWR) that had been built to the same design templates, experienced March 13th 1992 Erzincan earthquake in Erzincan, November 12th 1999 D&uuml / zce earthquake in Bolu and May 1st 2003 Bing&ouml / l earthquake in Bing&ouml / l, respectively. The ground motion sensor stations were fortuitously nearby in an adjacent single-story building in Bolu and Bing&ouml / l. The station in Erzincan was in a single-story building about 2 km away from the case study building but we assume that the record applies to the building there. These three data represent characteristics of near-field ground motions and the distance of the sensor stations to the nearest fault trace was less than 10 km. The buildings sustained varying degrees of damage during the earthquakes and their damage survey was employed through site investigations. Given that the damage information, input motions, design drawings and material properties of the buildings are all known, this provided an opportunity to predict the structural damage to these buildings by proper modeling using the tools of current computational performance assessment procedures. In this circumstance, three dimensional (3D) analytical models of the MPWR buildings have been performed. Bi-directional excitations have been applied to the models by nonlinear time history analyses (NTHA). The results illustrate that NTHA are capable of indicating the occurrence of shear failure in captive columns / however, they overestimate the global damage level for all buildings. The overestimation is more significant in Erzincan case where the building sustained a pulse-type motion without significant distress.

Sammanfattning Undersökningens syfte är att förstå hur noggrann UAS-fotogrammetrin i dagsläget (2013) är.  Frågeställningarna som undersökningen utgick ifrån var: kan UAS-fotogrammetri i dagsläget ge precisa punkter med hjälp av att mäta in centrum av 1x1 meter utlagda plattor som kan ses i ortofoto?;  Kan det ge snarlik noggrannhet med pixelstorleken? samt Kan UAS-tekniken idag användas för att producera pålitliga höjdmodeller? För att uppnå syftet har en undersökning utförts med jämförelse på koordinater insamlade med totalstation och insamlade med UAS-fotogrammetriska metoder. Resultatet visade att medelfelet var drygt 1 pixel på plana koordinater samt på koordinater i höjd. Pixlarnas storlek var mellan 4.7-9.3 cm. Största felkällan ser ut att vara upplösningen på bilderna, men tekniken utvecklas fort. UAS-fotogrammetrin lever väl upp till frågeställningarnas förväntningar. / Abstract The purpose of the study is to understand what the accuracy of UAS photogrammetry today (2013) is. The study was based on the following questions: Can UAS photogrammetry today give precise points, measuring the centre of 1x1 meter plywood boards viewed from an orthophoto?; Can it give similar accuracy as the size of the pixels? And can UAS technology today be used to produce elevation models of good quality? To investigate these questions, a study has been made to compare coordinates collected from a total station and UAS photogrammetric methods. The results show that the standard error is approximately 1 pixel on flat coordinates and 1 pixel on elevated coordinates. The pixel size was between 4.7 and 9.3 cm. The biggest source of error seems to be the resolution on the pictures, but the technology develops quickly. The UAS photogrammetry method definitely meets the expectations of the questions.

Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit entstand in Zusammenarbeit des Instituts für Kartographie der Technischen Universität Dresden und Archäologen der Universität Gent in Belgien ein dreidimensionales Landschaftsmodell einer Teilregion des Naturparks „Uch-Enmek“, gelegen in der Republik Altai. Diese Region beinhaltet die wichtigsten und größten bekannten Begräbnisstätten skythischen Ursprungs, für die es gilt, den Bekanntheitsgrad und das Bewusstsein dieses kulturellen Erbes durch diese Arbeit zu steigern. Im Zuge dessen wurden wichtige Geodaten, unter Berücksichtigung der prägenden Geoelemente einer Landschaft, in einem Geoinformationssystem zusammengetragen, um die Ausgrabungsstätten ergänzt und verfeinert und schließlich zu einem digitalen Landschaftsmodell ausgebaut. Die Wandlung zu einem dreidimensionalen Landschaftsmodell durch Hinzunahme von 3D-Objekten, wie Gebäuden oder Bäume, wurde in einer professionellen 3D-Software durchgeführt. Zur Visualisierung des Endproduktes wurden aus dem resultierenden 3D-Modell statische Bilder und eine Animation erstellt. Zukünftig können die Ergebnisse genutzt werden, um einen Internetauftritt des Naturparks zu ermöglichen. / Within the scope of this diploma thesis, a three-dimensional landscape model of a part of a region located in the nature park „Uch-Enmek“ (situated within the Altai Republic), was generated in cooperation with the Institut for Cartography of Dresden University of Technology and archaeologists of the University of Ghent in Belgium. The area of interest contains the most important and well-known burial mounds, that origin back to Scythian history. Aim of the thesis is to increase the degree of popularity and the awareness for this cultural heritage. In this case, important geodata were collected within a geo-informationsystem, with respect to characteristic geoelements of a landscape. The geodata were replenished and improved around the archaeological excavation and built up to a digital landscape model. The conversion to a three-dimensional landscape model by adding three-dimensional objects, like buildings and trees, was executed with the help of a professional 3D-software. To visualize the final product, static images and an animation were generated as results out of the 3D-model. Prospectively, the achievement can be used to establish an internet presentation of the nature park.

This Diploma thesis deals with geodetic survey of the interior in the historical building of Hussite Church in Dejvice, Prague. Data that has been obtained from survey is used in the thesis in creation of the drawing documentation. In the thesis, there are also described options for creating a 3D model of the interior of the historical building. The thesis presents a theoretical overview of surveying methods used in surveying of buildings and it presents a list of available software for creating 3D models, too. There is also a historical overview of development of surveying documentation for historical buildings. The thesis also focuses on purpose and general principles in surveying of historical buildings and importance of visualization in 3D. The main aim of this thesis is to survey the selected interior by spatial polar method using passive reflection, to process 2D outputs (platform, elevations, detail of the pillar) of the object and to describe opportunities of presenting results in 3D.

This dissertation dicusses the main concepts involved in the non-photorealistic rendering techniques and proposes a general scheme to implement such techniques. The work discusses also a non-photorealistic rendering style from line drawing to 3D models presented by Stéphane Grabli et al, in such a way that the line styles are programmable. We also present an implementation from portion of the work of Grabli. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação são discutidos os principais conceitos envolvidos nas técnicas de renderização não-fotorrelística e propõe um esquema geral para implementação de tais técnicas. É discutido também um estilo de renderização não-fotorrealística de desenhos de linha para modelos 3D apresentado por Stéphane Grabli e colaboradores, cujos estilos de linha sejam programáveis. Também apresentamos uma implementação de parte do trabalho de Grabli.