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Esta tesis analiza el estado de la cuestión fotoperiodística en su entorno digital y como modalidad relevante en el campo científico de las Ciencias de la Comunicación además de disciplina esencial de la expresión periodística actual. En la primera parte del estudio se realiza una aproximación teórica, ética e historiográfica a la cuestión fotoperiodística y centrada fundamentalmente en la manipulación de la imagen informativa en la prensa diaria. En la segunda se aborda el análisis exhaustivo, a mode de ejemplo, de uno de los iconos más reconocibles del fotoperiodimo moderno: "El miliciano muerto" de Robert Capa. Este estudio integral incluye tanto cuestiones contextuales y de análisis del texto como una argumentación contraria a la interpretación clásica de esta imagen de referencia para el fotoperiodismo. Los últimos capítulos se consagran a la propuesta de un modelo pedagógico para el estudio estructural del fotoperiodismo en la prensa diaria. Éste recoge variables para el análisis tanto de los diarios y de los departamentos fotográficos como de la coherencia ética y calidad informativa de sus imágenes.

La presente tesis doctoral se organiza en dos apartados: 1) un estudio formal de sus esculturas 2) su concepción de lo artístico. Su formación como escultora cabalga entre la recuperación del objeto y la imagen por parte de la Nueva Escultura Inglesa y el interés centroeuropeo por una escultura-arquitectónica que es "espacio poético".Iglesias investiga sobre hasta dónde podemos emplear los materiales. En cuanto a las formas, ha levantado durante toda su carrera muros-pantalla que construyen espacios. Si hay un significado general a todas las piezas es la idea de imaginar que el lugar que se mira o nos cobija, es real.Primero ver, luego imaginar. Así podría resumirse la intención de Iglesias con sus construcciones. Sus esculturas son espacios reales y representaciones al mismo tiempo. La escultura de Iglesias es un "espacio de percepciones", representaciones simbólicas de amenaza, cobijo, miedo, deseo, opresión, desorientación...como estar en un laberinto. / The present doctoral thesis is organized in two parts: 1) a formal study o her sculptures 2) the conception of Cristina Iglesias about the artistics.Her training like a sculptor was between the recovery of space and the image by the New English Sculpture and the interest Centro European by an architectural sculpture that is "poetic space".Cristina Iglesias researches on until where we can employ the materials. Regarding the forms, she has put on during her career screen- walls that build space.If there is a general meaning to all pieces is the idea to imagine that the place that look or receive us, is real.First see, afterwards imagine. Her sculptures are real spaces and representations to the same time. Iglesias´s sculpture is a "space of perceptions", symbolic representations of threat, shelter, fear, wish, oppressions, disorientation. Like being in a labyrinth

Este trabajo se ha dedicado al análisis de los espacios de la catedral que no corresponden propiamente a la zona del templo, pero que han desarrollado una función imprescindible en el conjunto catedralicio, tanto en lo que se refiere a los aspectos litúrgicos, como a los de tipo institucional. De este modo, los principales ámbitos objeto de interés han sido las sacristías, salas capitulares, archivos, bibliotecas, claustros y contadurías. A partir de su estudio se ha indagado en el mecanismo interno de una catedral en la época mencionada, reflexionando sobre las cualidades y características de estos espacios, ya que eran los que estaban destinados a favorecer su funcionamiento.Aunque se centra fundamentalmente en el Barroco, se han incluido también algunos ejemplos precedentes, así como también otros de finales del siglo XVIII, que aunque trascienden claramente el estilo barroco, vinieron a ofrecer la solución a necesidades planteadas con anterioridad. / The present work has been devoted to the analysis of the additional rooms which together with the temple constitute a cathedral. These rooms have had an essential function not only in relation to the liturgy but also in relation to institutional aspects. Thus, sacristies, chapter rooms, archives, libraries, cloisters and accountant offices have been the main subjects of this work. Thanks to their study, the internal mechanism of cathedrals during the Baroque has been investigated; we have reflected on the qualities and characteristics of these rooms since they were aimed at favouring their functioning. Although this study centres mainly on the Baroque period, some examples from previous times as well as from the end of the 18th Century have been taken into account. The latter, though going beyond the Baroque style, offered a solution to the problems posed earlier

La sociedad industrial actual ha favorecido a través de sus medios de producción el desarrollo de productos en los que tanto sus cualidades comunicativas como utilitarias han sido determinadas en base principalmente a valores industriales, es decir costos, estandarización y mercadotecnia dando como resultado productos que muchas veces no cumplen satisfactoriamente la función para la que han sido concebidos ocasionando molestias, incomodidades, carencias, o incluso en algunos casos accidentes. Desde este punto de vista principalmente industrial de concepción del producto, se ha ignorando o dejado en un nivel secundario, aspectos humanos fundamentales como lo es la sensorialidad humana en toda su amplitud es decir las características y necesidades del individuo derivadas directa e indirectamente de los sentidos, esto es tanto necesidades del ámbito físico - corporal, ya que todo ser humano requiere durante toda la vida independientemente de su edad de la estimulación polisensorial para la conservación de la normalidad de la mente y conducta además de los importantes requerimientos originados por sus específicas necesidades derivadas del nivel de desarrollo o deterioro de sus sistemas sensoriales, como del emocional - comunicativo humano, ya que existen una serie de requerimientos psicológicos y emocionales que se ven satisfechos en los individuos también a través de los sistemas sensoriales y que son originados por diversos aspectos y características individuales de los sujetos. La mayoría de los productos cotidianos que inundan el mercado contemporáneo involucran en la interacción funcional individuo - producto únicamente uno o dos sentidos (la vista y/o el oído), e ignoran generalmente el aspecto comunicativo - emocional vivido también por el individuo a través del producto. La propuesta de este trabajo se centra por lo tanto a través de una serie de estudios que conciernen tanto al aspecto humano como del producto, en la creación, en la propuesta, de una serie de modelos guía que relacionen principalmente aspectos humanos y del producto con el fin de facilitar y conducir a un diseño de objetos más adecuado para las diferentes realidades, y necesidades sensoriales humanas y sus ambientes.Lo que se busca es conducir a la concepción de productos que a través de sus cualidades tanto utilitarias como comunicativas, sean capaces de satisfacer de mejor manera las necesidades humanas derivadas directa e indirectamente de los sistemas sensoriales, fomentando la estimulación sensorial y por lo tanto la inteligencia y mayor bienestar físico y anímico del ser humano. Esta serie de modelos guía pretenden constituir una manera de proporcionar a los productos atributos plurisensoriales de forma lógica, teniendo como base un estudio que permita aplicar estos elementos a los objetos de manera que los conduzcan a durar en el tiempo al incrementar sus prestaciones utilitarias, y comunicativas a los diversos usuarios. / The contemporary society through his production systems has been favours the conception of products with communicative and functional qualities that has been determinated mainly by industrial values (it's mean: Costs, standard industrial systems and marketing), therefore many industrial products usually doesn't perform his functions properly.In this industrial conception of products it has been forgotten or in other cases applied in a secundary importance, the human properties and necessities originated directly or indirectly by the human sensorial systems, it's mean the sensorial physical necessities originated by develope grade or deterioration level of the sensorial human systems, and emotional requirements also satisfied indirectly by the senses.At present, many daily contemporary products involves only one or two human sensorial systems and ignore the important emotional product's aspect also lived by the users through the products.So the present thesi's proposition focuses, in a new several models - guides creation, formed by the analysis of human and product's aspects mainly. The goal it's to conduct to novelty product development, and lead to an specialized and customised products, fitting for sensorial differents human's requirements and theirs enviroments.The model guides going to conduct to created products with functional and comunicatives sensorial qualities that will allow to increase through the products the human's sensorial stimuli, increasing the human intelligence, and mind normality, in a word, this products going to furnish greater physical and emotional human's well being.

A previous study in chickens revealed that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), f actin, and myosin are found on the crystalline lens. Their polygonal arrangement at the posterior surface resembles a muscle tissue, which suggests that these proteins may have a contractile role in accommodation. The ciliary muscle in chickens is skeletal in nature and, therefore, chickens were used to test the hypothesis that contractile microfilaments play a role in accommodation. Ciliary nerve-induced accommodation was measured in the presence of an MLCK inhibitor 1-(5-Iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-7). Eyes of 6-day old white Leghorn chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) were enucleated in Tyrode’s saline solution while keeping the ciliary nerve intact. One eye was treated with ML-7 and the other eye was treated with vehicle only. Three concentrations of ML-7 were used: 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM. Two experiments were carried out, one including a (3×10 min) wash and one without. Focal lengths of the vehicle- and ML-7-treated eyes were measured before, during and after accommodation. Immunoblots were used to detect the amount of phosphorylated myosin with and without the inhibitor. Focal lengths for accommodation were shorter than those at rest (p<0.001). In the wash experiment, vehicle-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to ML-7-treated eyes for all three dosage groups. In the no-wash experiment, only the 1 µM group demonstrated the same trend as the wash experiment. For the 10 µM and 100 µM groups, ML-7-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to vehicle-treated eyes. Immunoblots revealed varying amounts of inhibition within pairs of eyes as well as between birds for both experiments. Results from this experiment indicate that ML-7 was not effective at determining whether contractile microfilaments found on the lens contribute to accommodation.

Due to its significance in many cellular functions, fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) has become a rising topic of interest for many scientists. Immunocytochemistry was used to map the distribution of FABP7 and test whether the amount of FABP7 immunoreactivity (FABP7-IR) differed in animals that were defeated in a fight, as compared to control animals that did not engage in any social interaction. The male green anole was used as the subject because its natural tendency to establish social classes within its species provides an ideal model to observe for variation in FABP7-IR. The results showed FABP7-IR in cells and fibers of the cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, medial preoptic area, dorsoventricular ridge, amygdala, suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, nucleus rotundus, habenular area, tectum, dorsal noradrenergic and lateral forebrain bundles, and lining the third and lateral ventricles. Qualitative observation suggested higher FABP7 levels in socially defeated males than controls in all areas.

A previous study in chickens revealed that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), f actin, and myosin are found on the crystalline lens. Their polygonal arrangement at the posterior surface resembles a muscle tissue, which suggests that these proteins may have a contractile role in accommodation. The ciliary muscle in chickens is skeletal in nature and, therefore, chickens were used to test the hypothesis that contractile microfilaments play a role in accommodation. Ciliary nerve-induced accommodation was measured in the presence of an MLCK inhibitor 1-(5-Iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-7). Eyes of 6-day old white Leghorn chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) were enucleated in Tyrode’s saline solution while keeping the ciliary nerve intact. One eye was treated with ML-7 and the other eye was treated with vehicle only. Three concentrations of ML-7 were used: 1 µM, 10 µM, and 100 µM. Two experiments were carried out, one including a (3×10 min) wash and one without. Focal lengths of the vehicle- and ML-7-treated eyes were measured before, during and after accommodation. Immunoblots were used to detect the amount of phosphorylated myosin with and without the inhibitor. Focal lengths for accommodation were shorter than those at rest (p<0.001). In the wash experiment, vehicle-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to ML-7-treated eyes for all three dosage groups. In the no-wash experiment, only the 1 µM group demonstrated the same trend as the wash experiment. For the 10 µM and 100 µM groups, ML-7-treated eyes had higher accommodative amplitudes compared to vehicle-treated eyes. Immunoblots revealed varying amounts of inhibition within pairs of eyes as well as between birds for both experiments. Results from this experiment indicate that ML-7 was not effective at determining whether contractile microfilaments found on the lens contribute to accommodation.

Purpose of the Study To study how Apoteket AB can retain its customers after the government decision to implement de-regulation in Swedish pharmaceutical market. Apoteket AB was the only state-owned pharmacy for more than 38 years but now they are in competition with other pharmacy operators including supermarkets and gas stations. The main purpose of this study is to find out those vital factors which are important to customers in selecting pharmacy operators for buying prescription and non-prescription products. Approach The study begins by reviewing the Swedish pharmaceutical market and parliament decision of de-regulation about Apoteket AB monopoly. The literature then reviews the PESTEL framework, Porter model, customer relationship management and 7 P’s of marketing mix. We use Umeå university library for gathering material for our literature review. After that the authors reviewed different pharmacy operators and potential entrants in the Swedish pharmacy market. For this case study the authors have gathered the data through customer survey and semi-structured interview. The data was collected in Umeå (Sweden) with the help of questionnaire. We have collected the data with the help of convenience sampling technique at different locations in Umeå. Interview was conducted with Apoteket AB brand manager to understand their point of view about our research question. SPSS was used for analyzing the quantitative data, mainly descriptive statistic and Mann-Whitney U test were used for this purpose. Finally all the information’s were carefully analyzed by comparing with theories before drawing the final conclusion. Findings Four important aspects of customer’s retention were found; which are more community pharmacies, extended opening hours, low prices of over the counter products and added value to individual customers. Our respondents also show great confidence over the Apoteket AB personnel (Pharmacists). On the other hand we have also found that people appreciate the removal of Apoteket AB monopoly. Furthermore, we have found that after the implementation of de-regulation in Swedish pharmacy market over the counter (OTC) products have shown a 20% growth. The reason behind this growth may be the easy excess to such products and extended opening hours of supermarkets. The authors have also observed that people are willing to buy prescription products from other operators.

Att säga upp en arbetstagare på grund av personliga skäl betraktas av många vara ett känsligt ämne. Denna uppsats behandlar detta och tar därför sin utgångspunkt i 7 § lag (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS). Då denna paragraf sträcker sig över ett brett område, har vi valt att inrikta oss på arbetstagare som kritiserar sin arbetsgivare, vilket kan inordnas under saklig grundbegreppets rekvisit misskötsel. Arbetstagare som kritiserar sin arbetsgivare är vanligt förekommande. Fenomenet sociala medier har öppnat en ny dimension av detta problem, eftersom det som skrivs i dessa är mer lättillgängligt än om kritiken går via många munnar, så kallad ryktesspridning. Då fenomenet är relativt nytt innebär det att det finns knapphändigt med juridiskt material kring ämnet. Trots detta har ett av arbetets syften varit att försöka anamma det anförda materialet på sociala medier. Uppsatsens övriga två syften har varit att utreda hur långt en arbetstagare kan gå i sin kritik av arbetsgivaren innan det föreligger saklig grund för uppsägning, samt att undersöka om det föreligger några skillnader mellan privat och offentlig sektor. Vi valde utifrån detta att använda oss av de tre metoderna rättsdogmatisk, komparativ och rättspolitisk. Anställningsavtalet medför olika skyldig- respektive rättigheter för de tecknade parterna. En av dessa är en dualistisk lojalitetsplikt som av det anförda visar sig vara stark inom den privata sektorn. Detta lojalitetsåtagande innebär bland annat att arbetstagaren ska undvika att sätta sina personliga intressen framför arbetsgivarens, för att på så sätt undvika eventuella intressekonflikter som kan leda till skada för arbetsgivaren, och därmed sluta med uppsägning av arbetstagaren. En arbetstagare som riktar kritik mot arbetsgivaren kan därför anses agera illojalt mot den senare, vilket kan utgöra saklig grund för uppsägning enligt 7 § LAS.   Det finns ingen uttryckt lagregel som ger arbetstagare rätt att kritisera sin arbetsgivare och dennes verksamhet. Begreppet kritikrätt har vuxit fram ur Arbetsdomstolens (AD) praxis och är genom olika författningar förankrad i rättsordningen. Delar av dessa rättigheter återfinns i grundlagen genom tryckfrihetsförordningen (1949:105) (TF) och yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen (1991:1469) (YGL). Arbetstagarna inom de undersökta sektorerna åtnjuter dock inte samma skydd och har inte samma förpliktelser gentemot sin arbetsgivare. Yttrandefriheten skyddar enbart yttranden som är riktade från det enskilda mot det allmänna. Detta legitimerar offentliganställdas yttranden då de är att anse som enskilda samtidigt som dess arbetsgivare utgör det allmänna. Det grundlagsstadgade skyddet är kanske för starkt, då det innebär en orimlig inskränkning av lojalitetsplikten. Läget inom den privata sektorn framstår vara mer balanserat då det rör sig om förhållandet mellan enskilda. Yttrandefriheten kan därför inte åberopas av en arbetstagare som kritiserar sin arbetsgivare. Lojalitetsplikten ges där en starkare ställning samtidigt som kritikrätten fungerar som ett stöd till arbetstagarens behov av att påkalla missförhållanden som denne anser råder i verksamheten. Att säga upp en arbetstagare på grund av personliga skäl kan te sig problematiskt, då arbetsgivaren måste uppfylla olika rekvisit och kriterier för att uppsägningen ska anses vara sakligt grundad. För att en uppsägning ska vara sakligt grundad krävs det bland annat att rekvisiten för saklig grund är uppfyllda: att arbetstagaren misskött sig upprepade gånger, att arbetsgivaren medvetandegjort den förre om att agerandet inte är accepterat, och om handlingen medfört skada för arbetsgivaren. Men detta är ofta inte tillräckligt för en uppsägning. Arbetsgivaren har även en skyldighet att utreda om det, istället för uppsägning, går att omplacera arbetstagaren. Slutligen har arbetsgivaren att ta hänsyn till tvåmånadersregeln som innebär att händelsen som ligger till grund för uppsägningen skett inom två månader. Denna uppsats visar att den rättspraxis som har vuxit fram inom området bygger på rationella idéer som avser att skapa en balans mellan arbetsmarknadens parter. Av denna praxis uppenbaras dock en problematik med det grundlagsskydd som offentliganställda åtnjuter. Vid en rättstvist kolliderar arbetsrätten med grundlagen, och anställningsavtalets praxisskapade lojalitetsplikt måste ge vika. Därför har vi bland annat kommit fram till att lojalitetspliktens ställning inom den offentliga sektorn behöver förstärkas genom inskränkningar i de offentligt anställdas kritikrätt. Men även att lojalitetsplikten borde formaliseras i anställningsavtalet för att på så sätt minska eventuella oklarheter och konflikter. Detta torde klargöra vilka skyldig- och rättigheter den anställde har gentemot sin arbetsgivare.