The management of water resources and waste water varies between the countries of the EU. For many years, a large part of the water in Europe has been contaminated by, among other things, insufficiently treated waste water and emissions from agriculture. The EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC are intended to harmonize fresh-water management and waste water management within the whole EU, aiming at safeguarding drinking water of good quality and a high quality of all water within the EU today and in the future. There are however some problems concerning the waste-water directive. One problem is the huge investment needed in Slovakia to fulfil the demands of the waste-water directive for waste-water management in larger communities (with more than 2000 inhabitants). Many waste-water treatment plants need to be upgraded or built, and in addition a large part of the households in eastern Slovakia are not yet connected to a municipal water-supply and waste-water collecting system (including waste-water treatment). Subsidies from the EU’s structural funds are needed for Slovakia to fulfil the requirements of the waste-water directive. Because this directive only applies to larger communities, smaller communities and private sewage are not affected by the directive and therefore, in general, not eligible for financial funding from EU. Financial funding, however, is needed for addressing inadequate sewage in small communities with poor socioeconomic and municipal financial resources. For water protection to be effective, it is important to take also private sewage emissions into consideration, even though they might appear insignificant. Point emissions from insufficient private sewage (private sewage systems with insufficient waste-water treatment or emission of untreated waste water), primarily in small, tightly clustered communities in Slovakia or for example in Sweden in areas where weekend houses are being converted into permanent dwellings, are potential sources of pollution that can cause health or/and environmental problems. Inadequate private sewage can thus reduce the quality of both surface and ground water and have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems, which in turn makes it more difficult to reach the quality standards of the Water Framework Directive and its daughter directives. This applies to both Slovakia and Sweden. The private sewage solutions that are recommended today are often satisfactory but not without problems. To give an example, miniature waste water treatment plants are expensive to put in place, require technological knowledge on the part of the property owner and they also require a daily flow of waste water to function properly. Improper handling of the miniature water treatment plant may cause inefficient or no water treatment at all, in some cases the bacterial content of the waste water may increase instead of being reduced. To address the problem concerning private sewage it is important that (1) waste-water solutions are adapted to local circumstances and financial funding are given to economically week municipalities (2) the property owner (owner of the private sewage) regularly controls the quality of the out-going treated wastewater (if it is possible) and (3) that efficient inspections with injunctions (from authorities) are carried out to discover faulty private sewage. Unfortunately financial funding, in general, is not given to small municipalities and/or inappropriate private sewage and inspections, both in Slovakia and Sweden, are generally slow.

The genus Quercus L. is represented with more than 400 species in the world and 18 of these species are found naturally in Turkey. Although its taxonomical, phytogeographical and dendrological importance, the genus Quercus is still taxonomically one of the most problematical woody genus in Turkish flora. In this study, multivariate morphometric approach was used to analyze oak specimens collected from an isolated forest (Beynam Forest, Ankara) where Quercus pubescens Willd., Q. infectoria Olivier subsp. boissieri (Reuter) O. Schwarz and Q. macranthera Fisch. &amp / C. A. Mey. ex Hohen. subsp. syspirensis (C.Koch) Menitsky taxa are belonging to section Quercus sensu stricto (s.s.) are found. Additional oak specimens were included in the analysis for comparison. Morphometric study was based on 52 leaf characters such as, distance, angle, and area as well as counted, descriptive and calculated variables. Morphometric variables were calculated automatically by use of landmark and outline data. Random forest classification method was used to select discriminating variables and predict unidentified specimens by use of pre-identified training group. The results of the random forest variable selection procedure and the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the morphometric variables could distinguish the specimens of Q. pubescens and Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis mostly based on the overall leaf size and number of intercalary veins while the specimens of Q. infectoria subsp. boissieri were separated from others based on lobe and lamina base shape. Finally, micromorphological observations of abaxial lamina surface have been performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) on selected specimens which were found useful to differentiate, particularly the specimens of Q. macranthera subsp. syspirensis and its putative hybrids from other taxa.

The advent of Ahmad Kasravi (1890--1946) and his Pakdini movement represents one of the most important developments in the history of socio-religious thought in Iran in the Pahlavi era (1925--1979). It was one of the greatest home-grown ideological challenges to Shi'ism and Shi'i clergy in the twentieth century. / The present thesis aims to analyze Kasravi's religious ideology. It examines first the historical factors that played a significant role in the development of Kasravi's socio-religious consciousness and his keen interest in religion. Secondly, it explores the intellectual contexts of his religious thought---its origins, the controversial nature of it, the original aspects of it, the reaction of the clergy and intellectuals of the time to it, and its significance and impact on the coming generations. Finally, the key concepts of Kasravi's socio-religious ideology and some major current misunderstandings of them are examined. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

El presente trabajo analiza los diversos aspectos de la disciplina del capital desde la perspectiva del Derecho comunitario europeo y el Derecho español. El régimen del capital social incorporado en la Directiva 77/91/CEE desempeñó un papel relevante en la armonización del derecho de sociedades europeo en el último cuarto del siglo pasado. No obstante, a día de hoy es un concepto cuestionado y hay voces que reclaman su supresión. Debe tenerse en cuenta, sin embargo, que el capital no es un concepto unitario sino que engloba diversas figuras que han ido surgiendo en momentos históricos diferentes y que responden a distintas finalidades. Por otra parte, la configuración del capital no es exactamente idéntica en las sociedades anónimas y en las sociedades de responsabilidad limitada. El presente trabajo propugna una línea evolutiva que permita la adaptación de las viejas disposiciones legales al nuevo entorno en el que deben operar las sociedades de capital. / This work analyses the different features of the discipline of the legal capital from the view of the European Community Law and the Spanish Law. The regime of the registered capital incorporated in the Directive 77/91/CEE played a significant part in harmonizing the European Companies Law during this last quarter of the last century. However, on today’s date it is a concept subject to question and there are people claiming its suppression. It must be borne in mind, however, that the capital is not an unitary concept but that it encompasses different characters which have been appearing in different moments of the history and which respond to different aims. On the other hand, the configuration of the legal capital is not exactly identical in the public companies (or open corporations) as in the private companies (or closed corporations). This work suggests an evolutionary line allowing bringing in line the old legal provisions to the new environment in which the companies have to operate.

Submitted by Tarek Jihad Mourad (tarekjihad@gmail.com) on 2015-10-18T19:32:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - versão 18.10.2015.pdf: 2070152 bytes, checksum: 70083edcdd5517062e2e9c03ed4220ad (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Tarek, boa tarde Devido às normas da ABNT, será necessário realizar alguns ajustes para que possamos aceitar seu trabalho. Segue abaixo: Primeiramente, só deverá postar o trabalho após receber e incluir a ficha catalográfica. Capa: Seu nome deve estar acima do título, ou seja, entre o nome da escola e o título e centralizado. Agradecimentos: formatar o texto igual ao texto do resumo. Att on 2015-10-21T15:26:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by Tarek Jihad Mourad (tarekjihad@gmail.com) on 2015-11-04T19:59:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - 04.11.2015.pdf: 2076954 bytes, checksum: ab351936fd5b92366e60e265abaa6e3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-11-04T20:18:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - 04.11.2015.pdf: 2076954 bytes, checksum: ab351936fd5b92366e60e265abaa6e3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T20:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - 04.11.2015.pdf: 2076954 bytes, checksum: ab351936fd5b92366e60e265abaa6e3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-15 / The economic, social and cultural changes in the world society before the effect of globalization has changed the content, the way the laws are created, the choice of the law and how legal services are being provided. In this sense, it is increasingly common the provision of legal services involving not only the home country law but also the host country law or international law. As a consequence, the way legal services are provided has been modified. Law firms adapt to this change by opening branches, joint ventures, alliances and partnerships to better serve its customers. In Brazil the debate on the subject began in the 90s, having appeared several initiatives to address the problem. However, in 2000 the OAB promulgated the Provimento nº 91 in order to prohibit any partnership between national and foreign offices. This paper demonstrates the inadequacy of the current Provimento in the regulation of legal rules and the absence of parameters for judging the legality or otherwise of partnerships. / As mudanças econômicas, sociais e culturais ocorridas na sociedade mundial ante o efeito da globalização modificou o conteúdo, a forma como as normas jurídicas são criadas, a escolha das normas e como os serviços jurídicos vêm sendo prestados. Neste sentido, é cada vez mais comum a prestação de serviços jurídicos que envolvam não apenas a norma jurídica de um país, mas também normas jurídicas estrangeiras ou internacionais. Como consequência, a forma como os serviços jurídicos são prestados vem sendo modificada. Os escritórios de advocacia se adaptam a essa mudança por meio da abertura de filiais, sucursais, joint ventures, alianças e parcerias a fim de melhor atender seus clientes. No Brasil o debate acerca do tema iniciou-se na década de 1990, tendo surgido diversas iniciativas para a resolução do problema. Entretanto, no ano de 2000, a OAB promulgou o Provimento nº 91 com a finalidade de proibir qualquer parceria entre escritórios nacionais e estrangeiros. Este trabalho visa demonstrar a inadequação do atual Provimento na regulação das normas jurídicas e da ausência de parâmetros para julgamento da legalidade ou não das parcerias.

Submitted by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-09-28T20:22:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) GEOGRAFIA DO HIP HOP NA GRANDE VITÓRIA – ES O LUGAR EM TEMPOS.pdf: 12197197 bytes, checksum: b5e1fcee9e7cb9d7f43ae04d6829996f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Morgana Andrade (morgana.andrade@ufes.br) on 2016-01-06T10:34:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) GEOGRAFIA DO HIP HOP NA GRANDE VITÓRIA – ES O LUGAR EM TEMPOS.pdf: 12197197 bytes, checksum: b5e1fcee9e7cb9d7f43ae04d6829996f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-06T10:34:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) GEOGRAFIA DO HIP HOP NA GRANDE VITÓRIA – ES O LUGAR EM TEMPOS.pdf: 12197197 bytes, checksum: b5e1fcee9e7cb9d7f43ae04d6829996f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CAPES / A discussão do lugar em tempos de globalização é o tema deste trabalho, cujo enfoque elege a configuração do movimento Hip Hop na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória (RMGV) no âmbito do processo inerente à intensificação das relações mundializadas. O objetivo principal consiste na identificação da especificidade do Hip Hop local – enquanto expressão popular contemporânea – em sua relação com a dimensão geográfica, aqui considerada através da indissociabilidade entre sistemas de objetos e ações. Para tanto, referencia a discussão a partir da literatura teórica proveniente dos estudos sobre a globalização e seus impactos sociais, culturais e políticos, além dos escritos pertinentes ao tema tanto sob uma perspectiva geográfica quanto de áreas afins. Resgata as ações dos protagonistas ao longo do período que se estende de 1980 a 2005, por meio de entrevistas e consultas a revistas especializadas. Os resultados permitem identificar três momentos do Hip Hop local, que vão desde a prevalência das práticas das danças de rua (break) em alguns locais da cidade, passando pela politização e consolidação dos quatro elementos (Dj, Mc, Graffiti e Break), até o momento atual, caracterizado pela apropriação das possibilidades técnicoinformacionais. / The discussion of the place in times of globalization is the subject of this work, which focuses in the configuration of the Hip Hop movement in the metropolitan area of Grande Vitória (RMGV) within the process inherent to the intensification of globalized relations. The main objective is to indetify the specificities of the local Hip Hop - as a popular contemporary expression - in its relation to the geographical dimension, seen here through the inseparability of object and action systems. To this end, the discussion references based on theoretical literature studies of globalization and its social, cultural and political impacts, and other works, both in a geographical perspective and related areas. Rescues the actions of the protagonists throughout the period extending from 1980 to 2005, through interviews and visits to specialized journals. The results allow to identify three moments of the local Hip Hop, ranging from the prevalence of the practice of street dance (break) in some places of the city, through politicization and consolidation of the four elements (Dj, Mc, Graffiti and Break) until times characterized by the appropriation of technical and informational possibilities.

Porous metal phosphonate framework materials were synthesised by solvothermal reaction of bis(α-aminomethylenephosphonic acid) ligands with divalent and trivalent metal cations. The syntheses and characterisation by NMR and, where possible, single crystal X-ray diffraction of seven bisphosphonic acid ligands, including N,N′-piperazinebis(methylenephosphonic acid) (H₄L), its racemic and enantiopure (R) 2-methyl (H₄L′ and R-H₄L′) and 2,5-dimethyl (H₄L′′) derivatives, and N,N′-4,4′-bipiperidinebis(methylenephosphonic acid) (H₄LL) are reported. Syntheses of the known phase Y₂(LH₂)₃·5H₂O and the new phases, STA-13(Y) (St Andrews microporous material No. 13) and Y₂(R-L′H₂)₃·4H₂O, from reactions of Y(AcO)₃ with H₄L, H₄L′ and R-H₄L′ respectively are reported. The as-prepared and dehydrated structures of each phase have been determined from either laboratory or synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. Reaction of Y(AcO)₃ and H₄L′′ is shown to form a phase with a different structure. The features determining which structure crystallises are discussed. Syntheses of other rare-earth forms of STA-13 (Sc³⁺, Gd³⁺–Yb³⁺) and the porosity of each phase to N₂ are reported. STA-13(Y) is the most porous form with loadings of ∼3 mmol g⁻¹ and ∼4 mmol g⁻¹ for N₂ and CO₂ respectively. MIL-91(Fe) was synthesised for the first time from reactions of Fe³⁺ cations with H₄L. Its structure was confirmed by Rietveld refinement, but it was not porous. The first syntheses of [Fe₄L₁.₅(AcO)₁.₅(OH,H₂O)₃]·0.5NH₄5.5H₂O (L= L or L′) are reported, from reactions of H₄L or H₄L′ in the presence of an excess of Fe³⁺ cations. The phase is related to a previously reported Co phase. The synthesis of divalent metal bisphosphonate STA-12(Mg) (Mg₂(H₂O)₂L·5.6H₂O) was reported for the first time and its structure determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction. The dehydration behaviour of this material was compared with the known forms of STA-12. STA-12(Mg) is porous to both N₂ (∼5.5 mmol g⁻¹) and CO₂ (~ 8.5 mmol g⁻¹). Reaction of H₄LL with Co²⁺ and Ni²⁺ gave two materials isoreticular with STA-12, labelled STA-16(Co) and STA-16(Ni). The structures of both materials were solved from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. On dehydration, STA-16(Co) undergoes a reversible structural transition to an unknown structure. By contrast, STA-16(Ni) retains the same symmetry in the dehydrated form and its structure was determined from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. Both materials are porous to N₂, with an uptake of up to 22.2 mmol g⁻¹, and CO₂ with maximum loading of 21.7 mmol g⁻¹. NLDFT analysis of N₂ adsorption data confirm the crystallographically determined pore radii. Syntheses of other frameworks with divalent cations and initial reactions of H₄LL with trivalent cations are also reported.

Robert Thornton of East Newton, Yorkshire (c.1367-c.1465) is the most important scribe of late-medieval England: the only amateur scribe we know to be responsible for the concurrent production of multiple manuscript anthologies. This project constitutes the first extended study devoted exclusively to Robert Thornton and his books that treats them both as independent and as in conversation with each other. By uniting the concerns of codicology and cultural history, we can gain new insights into the effect of each manuscript’s textual sequences while also considering the effect of the distribution of texts among both manuscripts. Moreover, by examining Thornton’s romances in their original material and social contexts, we can read them as they would have been encountered by Thornton and his intended readers, and gain insight into the social and cultural anxieties that may have led to their organization and distribution among his two books. Chapter 1 compares Thornton’s compilations to those of analogous manuscripts, and demonstrates that Thornton took a more active role than most contemporary compilers did in rearranging and editing his texts in order to emphasize shared themes and interests within his books. Chapters 2 and 3 of this dissertation examine the nature of each of Thornton’s manuscripts in turn. Chapter 2 demonstrates that Lincoln Cathedral Library MS 91 is a book meant to be used in the maintenance of social, spiritual, and physical health, written to be a useful tool for as wide a range of people as possible. Chapter 3 demonstrates that British Library MS Additional 31042 is a history book that traces the development of Christian civilization from its beginnings in the Holy Land to its present form in Thornton’s England. This dissertation then assesses Thornton’s whole library. Chapter 4 examines the literary contexts of Thornton’s romances, demonstrating that they are divided into thematic groups that emphasise conflict between the interests of individuals and the interests of the individual and communal identities with which they associate. Chapter 5 examines the social context of Thornton’s romances, demonstrating that Thornton employs the discourse of English nationalism produced during the Council of Constance (1414-1418), and that he therefore distributed his romances in order to emphasize England’s superiority to France.

As células trofoblásticas provenientes de cones ectoplacentários na fase de pós-implantação expressam as subunidades do complexo NAD(P)H-oxidase de membrana p22-phox, gp91-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox, p67-phox e Rac1 previamente descritas em fagócitos e envolvidas com a atividade fagocitária destas células. Ocorre modulação da expressão das subunidades do complexo enzimático NAD(P)H-oxidase sob o estímulo com PMA, agente capaz de fosforilar a subunidade p47-phox e ativar esta enzima em fagócitos profissionais. Nossos ensaios experimentais indicam que as células trofoblásticas são capazes de gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio dependente da atividade do complexo NAD(P)H-oxidase de membrana de baixa intensidade quando não estimuladas e de forma muito mais intensa quando estimuladas pelo PMA. As características de expressão e atividade do complexo enzimático NAD(P)H-oxidase de membrana encontradas neste estudo sugerem que esta enzima é semelhante a encontrada em outros fagócitos e, desta forma possa talvez estar também envolvida com processos de defesa da interface materno-fetal. / In macrophages and neutrophils, the activation of the phagocytosis is defined by the acquisition of competence for microbicide, tumoricide and cytolytic functions resultant of generation and release of oxygen reactive species, besides the phagocytic process per se. Like these phagocytes, trophoblast cells in many species are also phagocytic. This cellular population involves completely the embryo and exhibits different and specific characteristics along the gestation. In rodents and primates, these cells are strategically positioned between maternal and fetal circulation and exhibit invasive and phagocytic activity, respectively responsible for anchorage of the embryo into the endometrium and uptake of an adequate nutritional supply for the embryo development. In rodents, these activities present a maximum degree during the implantation period, gradually declining, as the placenta develops. In the presence of strange particles at the maternal-placental interface, however, this process can be reactivated and, in this case, may be related to defense\'s mechanisms. Previous studies performed in our laboratory showed the potential of the trophoblast in producing and releasing reactive species of oxygen/nitrogen, in a very similar manner to that observed in macrophages and neutrophils. The production of such molecules is associated to different enzymes, but the localization of hydrogen peroxide on trophoblast cell surface has suggested a NAD(P)H-oxidase activity. NAD(P)H-oxidase is formed by the cytochrome b558 associated to the cellular membrane (subunits p22-phox + gp91-phox), the cytosolic subunits p47-phox, p67-phox and p40phox and, the GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 in an electron generator system that uses NADH or NADPH as substratum. Once activated, the enzymatic complex is responsible for the electron inflow to the molecular oxygen, yields superoxide anion. Thus, based on the literature and results previously obtained by our group, this study analyzed the protein and gene expression of the NAD(P)H-oxidase complex subunits respectively by immunolocalization and Westernblotting and rt-PCR, in the mouse trophoblast stimulated with PMA. Rt-PCR semi-quantitative analyses showed increase expression of the subunits p22-phox, gp91-phox, p47-phox, p67-phox, p40phox and Rac1 in PMA-treated in comparison with non treated ectoplacental cones. The expression of the subunits gp91-phox, p47-phox and p67-phox were confirmed by Western blotting and, like gene expression also increased in the presence of PMA. These subunits were mostly located in the trophoblast giant cell population, associated to the phagocytic process at the maternal-placental interface. Increased expression of such subunits may be related to an increase in the NAD(P)H-oxidase activity. To analyze this possibility and to determine the role played by NAD(P)H-oxidase activity in the reactive oxygen species produced by trophoblast cells, cellular assays were performed using the oxyethidium fluorescence, a product of dihydroethidium oxidation by superoxide anion. Thus, under PMA stimulus and antimycin A that blocks the mitochondrial NAD(P)H-oxidase activity and, apocynin and allopurinol, respectively blocking the membrane NAD(P)H-oxidase and xhantine oxidase and, still, using specific superoxide and hydrogen peroxide scavengers (superoxide dismutase enzyme and catalase) we showed the generation of reactive species of oxygen-NAD(P)H-oxidase dependent by trophoblast cells, mostly when stimulated. These results come to add important information about the potential of the trophoblast in producing reactive species at the maternal-fetal interface and, open a new investigation interest on the NADPH-oxidase regulatory processes and its involvement in defense functions of the embryo in both healthy and pathological processes that can determine the failure of the gestation.

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