Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-25T19:34:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Maria Elisa.pdf: 12961226 bytes, checksum: c94b10554f525e4fc4517034413d1974 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-08-16T13:17:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Maria Elisa.pdf: 12961226 bytes, checksum: c94b10554f525e4fc4517034413d1974 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Maria Elisa.pdf: 12961226 bytes, checksum: c94b10554f525e4fc4517034413d1974 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / CAPES / A pesquisa trata da experiência de mapeamento participativo com uma comunidade autoidentificada indígena, da etnia Tupiniquim. A comunidade em questão é a Chapada do Á, município de Anchieta (ES), que se encontra num contexto de conflitos territoriais decorrente das tentativas de implementação de empresas siderúrgicas na região. Visando contribuir com um instrumento que pudesse ampliar as possibilidades de mobilização da comunidade para suas lutas, desenvolvemos junto à mesma uma experiência de mapeamento participativo, que também serviu como base para discutir questões de caráter metodológico. Lançamos mão de relatos orais para compreender o contexto no qual se insere a comunidade, bem como o processo de constituição da identidade territorial. E, a partir da revisão da literatura, sistematizamos discussões sobre conceitos fundamentais da geografia requeridos para a análise e sobre o mapeamento participativo. Concluímos que um dos principais obstáculos para o desenvolvimento da prática de mapeamento participativo é o fator tempo, pois este influencia em outros âmbitos fundamentais às atividades participativas, como o estabelecimento de confiança, a participação dos atores em si e o desvelamento das relações de poder e o treinamento dos participantes para o uso das ferramentas, principalmente de SIG. Além disso, o papel da facilitação também influencia fortemente nos pontos citados, em especial à participação de diferentes grupos dentro de uma comunidade. Atenção maior deve ser dada às etapas iniciais do mapeamento participativo e destacamos aqui uma maior necessidade de se refletir a legenda, exercício que deve perdurar ao longo do processo. Por outro lado, a prática de mapeamento participativo abre espaço para a troca de conhecimento tradicional e se configura como uma arena para discussão sobre o território. Por fim, compreendemos que o mapeamento participativo, quando utilizadas ferramentas da cartografia tradicional, pode afetar a compreensão espacial dos participantes de comunidades tradicionais, no entanto, os reinsere em mapas estatais vazios. / The research investigates the participatory mapping experience with a community selfidentified indigenous, Tupiniquim ethnicity. The community in question is Chapada do Á, municipality of Anchieta (ES), which is in a context of territorial disputes arising from the attempts to implement steel companies in the region. To contribute with an instrument that could expand the possibilities of community mobilization for their struggles we developed with them a participatory mapping experience, which also served as the basis to discuss methodological issues. We used oral histories to understand the context in which the community is inserted as well as the process of constitution of territorial identity. From the literature review we systematize discussions about fundamental geography concepts required for analysis and about participatory mapping. We conclude that a major obstacle to the development of participatory mapping practice is time, as it influences other key areas to participatory activities such as confidence-building, stakeholder participation and the unveiling of the power relations and the training of participants for the use of tools, mainly GIS. In addition, the role of facilitation also strongly influences the points mentioned above, in particular the participation of different groups within a community. Greater attention should be paid to the initial stages of participatory mapping and we highlight here a greater need to reflect the legend, an exercise that should take place throughout the process. On the other hand, the participatory mapping practice makes room for the exchange of traditional knowledge and turn into an arena for discussions of the territory. Finally, we understand that participatory mapping when making the use of traditional cartography’s tools can affect the spatial understanding of traditional communities’ participants, however, also reinsert them in ‘empty’ state maps.

Los montes de Cantabria albergan bienes comunales de indudable valor económico para las poblaciones rurales, uno lo suministra el bosque, es la leña que se emplea para proveer de fuego y calor a los hogares; otro son los pastos, recursos forrajeros para la alimentación del ganado doméstico. De ambos vienen disponiendo consuetudinariamente los vecinos vinculados a ayuntamientos o juntas vecinales titulares de los montes, lo que popularmente se conoce como el derecho a pastos y leñas. Esta investigación trata sobre los primeros, los denominados pastos comunales, ante la constatación de una progresiva degradación del recurso con graves repercusiones económicas, pero también ambientales, debido a su consideración de hábitats de interés para la conservación a nivel europeo y su localización preferente en espacios naturales protegidos. Tras constatar la dificultad que implica la transferencia de propuestas de mejora, aun sometiéndolas a procesos participativos, se avanza un enfoque metodológico innovador que permita incorporar a la planificación la experiencia histórica de gestión de las poblaciones locales. Con ello se contribuye a formular criterios de gestión coherentes no solo con la naturaleza semi-natural de los pastos, creada y reproducida secularmente por la acción del hombre y el ganado, sino también con los usos y costumbres de la población arraigada en el territorio, hacia quienes es fácil transferir prácticas que perciben como propias. / The mountains of Cantabria include Commons of undoubted economic value for the rural population, one of which is provided by the forest, being the firewood that is used to heat the homes; another is the pastures to feed the domestic livestock. Both have been used by customary right by the residents in the municipalities or parishes which are the titleholders of the land. This research concerns the former, those known as common pastures, due to progressive degradation of the resource with serious economic repercussions, and also environmental consequences, as a result of their status as habitats of interest for conservation at a European level, and their location mainly in protected areas. After recognizing the difficulty of the transmission of proposals for improvement, even when they are submitted to participatory processes, an innovative methodological approach has been started, which allows the inclusion in the planning of the historical experience of management of the local population. In this way a contribution is made both to the planning, coherent with the semi-natural nature of the pastures, created and maintained for centuries by the action of man and livestock, and also in accordance with the traditional uses of the local population, to whom it is easy to transmit practices which they perceive as their own.

La présente étude est destinée à l’éclaircissement de la représentation de la table, des plats, de la nourriture et également de la cuisine, du restaurant et de la salle à manger figurés dans les œuvres de Proust, À la recherche du temps perdu en particulier. Proust, qui subit l’influence des romanciers du XIXème siècle où les écrivains tels que Balzac et Flaubert décrivent la nourriture en tant que motif littéraire, a inclus dans ses romans une profusion d’allusions à la nourriture et de scènes de la table et de l’acte de manger. La première partie est consacré à examiner le plat, le bœuf à la casserole, apparu dans « le drame du coucher », qu’on sert dans la salle à manger familiale comme rite quasiment religieux, qui peut rassurer le garçon angoissé, parce que cette espace rappelle le ventre maternel, espace le plus rassurant de tous. Par la suite, notre thèse traite de la relation entre l’épisode de la madeleine et celui de la mort de Bergotte, car si on considère la question de la résurrection dans le sens religieux, où on voit le thématique mort et résurrection dans ce deuxième épisode. La madeleine qui figure comme le symbole de la résurrection ou de la naissance et les pommes de terre, à cause desquelles Bergotte croit avoir un simple malaise digestif, alors qu’il est en train de mourir, ont des points communs. Enfin, notre objet de recherche s’est étendu à la relation entre la nourriture ou l’espace des repas et les personnages, et cette relation fait souvent appel aux œuvres du XIXe siècle où la nourriture devient un miroir des personnages. / In this study, I try to throw new light on the representation of food and dishes as well as place of eating: kitchens, dining rooms and restaurants in Proust’s work, particularly In Search of Lost time. Proust, under the influence of 19th century novelist such as Balzac and Flaubert, who describe food as literary motif, always slips into his books many allusions to food and meats. I work the first part of my study to the dish called a “bœuf à la casserole” which is served in the familial dining room. This dish appears for the first time in “the good-night scene” The sorrowful young boy regards the act of eating it as a quasi-religion rite, that way comfort him, especially since the area of the dining room reminds him of the maternal womb, in other words the most comforting place in the whole world. Then, in the second part of my study, I attempt to deal with the relation between the “petite madeleine” and Bergotte’s death. For birth, death and resurrection, in the religious sense of the death, continue the thematic shared by both of those episodes. The “petite madeleine”, symbol of birth or resurrection, and the potatoes, of which Bergotte, who is dying, wrongly thinks they cause him a feeling of sickness, has a lot in common. Finally, in the third part of my study, I try to describe the relation between foods, meals, places of eating and characters in the light of Proust’s predecessors 19th century novelists, who consider a mirror of their own characters.

As células trofoblásticas provenientes de cones ectoplacentários na fase de pós-implantação expressam as subunidades do complexo NAD(P)H-oxidase de membrana p22-phox, gp91-phox, p47-phox, p40-phox, p67-phox e Rac1 previamente descritas em fagócitos e envolvidas com a atividade fagocitária destas células. Ocorre modulação da expressão das subunidades do complexo enzimático NAD(P)H-oxidase sob o estímulo com PMA, agente capaz de fosforilar a subunidade p47-phox e ativar esta enzima em fagócitos profissionais. Nossos ensaios experimentais indicam que as células trofoblásticas são capazes de gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio dependente da atividade do complexo NAD(P)H-oxidase de membrana de baixa intensidade quando não estimuladas e de forma muito mais intensa quando estimuladas pelo PMA. As características de expressão e atividade do complexo enzimático NAD(P)H-oxidase de membrana encontradas neste estudo sugerem que esta enzima é semelhante a encontrada em outros fagócitos e, desta forma possa talvez estar também envolvida com processos de defesa da interface materno-fetal. / In macrophages and neutrophils, the activation of the phagocytosis is defined by the acquisition of competence for microbicide, tumoricide and cytolytic functions resultant of generation and release of oxygen reactive species, besides the phagocytic process per se. Like these phagocytes, trophoblast cells in many species are also phagocytic. This cellular population involves completely the embryo and exhibits different and specific characteristics along the gestation. In rodents and primates, these cells are strategically positioned between maternal and fetal circulation and exhibit invasive and phagocytic activity, respectively responsible for anchorage of the embryo into the endometrium and uptake of an adequate nutritional supply for the embryo development. In rodents, these activities present a maximum degree during the implantation period, gradually declining, as the placenta develops. In the presence of strange particles at the maternal-placental interface, however, this process can be reactivated and, in this case, may be related to defense\'s mechanisms. Previous studies performed in our laboratory showed the potential of the trophoblast in producing and releasing reactive species of oxygen/nitrogen, in a very similar manner to that observed in macrophages and neutrophils. The production of such molecules is associated to different enzymes, but the localization of hydrogen peroxide on trophoblast cell surface has suggested a NAD(P)H-oxidase activity. NAD(P)H-oxidase is formed by the cytochrome b558 associated to the cellular membrane (subunits p22-phox + gp91-phox), the cytosolic subunits p47-phox, p67-phox and p40phox and, the GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 in an electron generator system that uses NADH or NADPH as substratum. Once activated, the enzymatic complex is responsible for the electron inflow to the molecular oxygen, yields superoxide anion. Thus, based on the literature and results previously obtained by our group, this study analyzed the protein and gene expression of the NAD(P)H-oxidase complex subunits respectively by immunolocalization and Westernblotting and rt-PCR, in the mouse trophoblast stimulated with PMA. Rt-PCR semi-quantitative analyses showed increase expression of the subunits p22-phox, gp91-phox, p47-phox, p67-phox, p40phox and Rac1 in PMA-treated in comparison with non treated ectoplacental cones. The expression of the subunits gp91-phox, p47-phox and p67-phox were confirmed by Western blotting and, like gene expression also increased in the presence of PMA. These subunits were mostly located in the trophoblast giant cell population, associated to the phagocytic process at the maternal-placental interface. Increased expression of such subunits may be related to an increase in the NAD(P)H-oxidase activity. To analyze this possibility and to determine the role played by NAD(P)H-oxidase activity in the reactive oxygen species produced by trophoblast cells, cellular assays were performed using the oxyethidium fluorescence, a product of dihydroethidium oxidation by superoxide anion. Thus, under PMA stimulus and antimycin A that blocks the mitochondrial NAD(P)H-oxidase activity and, apocynin and allopurinol, respectively blocking the membrane NAD(P)H-oxidase and xhantine oxidase and, still, using specific superoxide and hydrogen peroxide scavengers (superoxide dismutase enzyme and catalase) we showed the generation of reactive species of oxygen-NAD(P)H-oxidase dependent by trophoblast cells, mostly when stimulated. These results come to add important information about the potential of the trophoblast in producing reactive species at the maternal-fetal interface and, open a new investigation interest on the NADPH-oxidase regulatory processes and its involvement in defense functions of the embryo in both healthy and pathological processes that can determine the failure of the gestation.

Tese de Mestrado Integrado. Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

Сette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des noms de mémoire « Easter rising » et « Bloody sunday » et les constellations onomastiques qui les entourent, dans la littérature irlandaise d’expression anglaise du XXe et XXIe siècle. La recherche est menée sur trois axes : historique, linguistique et littéraire. Cette thèse démontre, à travers l'analyse des contextes littéraires des noms de mémoire et de leur mise en discours, les fonctions que ces derniers peuvent remplir dans le discours littéraire irlandais. Elle s’interroge sur les valeurs culturelles et symboliques qu'ils sont aptes à véhiculer, aux mécanismes du développement d'un nom de mémoire,à l'interrelation entre un événement historique, son image et le (ou les) discours élaboré(s) sur cet événement et sur ces acteurs. Elle se concentre particulièrement sur les cadres discursifs (verbaux) et prédiscursifs (tacites) que ces noms de mémoires activent en discours, et aux moyens que l’écrivain utilise pour déstabiliser ces cadres ou en sortir. / The study focuses on « memory names » « Easter Rising » and « Bloody Sunday » and on onomastic fields buildt around them in Anglo-Irish contemporary fiction. This researсh is conducted at the crossroads of history, linguistics and literary analysis. It aims to show the functions they can fill in Irish literary discourse through an analysis of the contexts surrounding the « memory names » and the ways they are expressed. The cultural and symbolical values that they convey, the mecanisms of development of a memory name, as well as the interrelation between an historical event, its representation and (or) the discours about the event and its actors are examined in detail. The study focuses in particular on discursive and non-verbal ideological frames conveyed by the « memory names », and on the means that a writer uses to deconstruct these frames or to move outside the framework.

Se investigan los procesos de transformación de la caza en España desde el Antiguo Régimen al siglo XX, pasando de recurso complementario para las economías rurales a destacable actividad recreativa. Se analizan las características de la caza antes del siglo XIX: diferencia caza aristocrática y plebeya, doble consideración de los animales salvajes (útiles y dañinos). Se estudia la redefinición de la caza durante el siglo XIX: lucha por la propiedad del recurso, paso del cazador de oficio al "sportman", nacimiento del asociacionismo, inicio de la protección de los animales y permanencia del control rural de las "alimañas". Se demuestra la consolidación de la caza como deporte urbano en el siglo XX: transformaciones legales y administrativas, mutación del tipo de cazador, estatalización del asociacionismo, diferente consideración de los animales dañinos y repoblaciones cinegéticas. Todo para colmar aspiraciones y necesidades de una población urbana progresivamente masificada y alejada de la naturaleza. / The hunting change processes in Spain from the Ancient Regime to the XXth century had been analyzed from perspective of purpose transformation: first like a complementary resource for rural economies and after a important leisure activity.The hunting characteristics before XIXth century are analyzed in a double consideration; aristocratic and plebeian hunt, underlying the double thought that wild animals deserve (useful and harmful). This century includes the redefinition of the game, the conflict for the property of the resource, the steps from the professional huntsman to the "sportman", the beginning of the associationism, the start of wildlife protectionism and the persistence of the rural control of the vermin.This processes led to the consolidation of the game as XXth century urban sport gradually kept away from Nature. There was legal and administrative changes and so the type of hunter. The associationism was controlled by the Spanish State, the vermin is different considered and the hunting is restocking.

Esta investigación aborda la participación española en las exposiciones universales celebradas en París durante el siglo XIX. Se ha tomado una perspectiva global, analizando, por tanto, el conjunto de factores que conformaron la imagen de lo español en las cinco ediciones universales organizadas en París: las instituciones efímeras y organismos permanentes que se encargaron de la organización de la asistencia española, los espacios e instalaciones que se adecuaron en París para albergar las colecciones nacionales, los productos seleccionados para representar a España (obras de arte, minerales, libros, tejidos, máquinas, productos agrícolas, etc.), así como los visitantes y comisionados que acudieron a la entonces denominada capital cultural del siglo. / This research focuses on the Spanish participation in the international exhibitions held in Paris during the nineteenth century. It has been taken a global perspective, analyzing, therefore, all the factors that shaped the image of the Spanish in the five universal exhibitions organized in Paris: the ephemeral institutions and permanent organizations that were responsible for the Spanish attendance, the area and premises that were adapted in Paris to house the national collections, the items which were selected to represent Spain (works of art, minerals, books, fabrics, machines, agricultural products, etc..) as well as the visitors and commissioners who attended to the so-called cultural capital of the century at that time.

La tesi doctoral és un estudi de l'evolució del paisatge de les closes de l'Alt Empordà entre els anys 1957 i 2001. Dins el marc teòric s'hi explora el concepte de paisatge cultural agrari tradicional, es fa una introducció de les aportacions que fa la geografia històrica a l'estudi de les closes arreu d'Europa i es presenten els fonaments de l'ecologia del paisatge. La recerca es basa en la fotointerpretació de fotografies aèries ampliades i l'aplicació d'índexs espacials propis de l'ecologia del paisatge per a l'anàlisi de l'evolució de l'estructura del paisatge. Es complementa amb la realització d'entrevistes personals als gestors del paisatge per tal de conèixer com han dut a terme la gestió de les closes al llarg del període estudiat. Es combinen ambdós tipus d'informació a través de la tècnica estadística de la regressió logística multinomial per tal de descobrir el funcionament de les interaccions entre aquests àmbits. / The dissertation is a study of the evolution of the hedgerow landscape in the Alt Empordà between years 1957 and 2001. Within the theoretical frame the concept of traditional agrarian cultural landscape is explored, we provide an introduction to the main contributions that geographical history does to the study of hedgerow landscapes in Europe and the foundations of landscape ecology are presented. The research is based on the photointerpretation of enlarged aerial photographs and the calculation of landscape ecology metrics for the analysis of the landscape structure. This is complimented with personal interviews with the managers of the landscape in order to know how they have managed the landscape along the period studied. These two types of information are combined through the statistical tool of multinomial logistic regression to uncover how the interactions between these two areas work.

Se presenta una propuesta metodológica de clasificación de la degradación del suelo en ecosistemas semiáridos por pérdida de materia orgánica, basada en el tratamiento estadístico por análisis discriminante y factorial de los parámetros que habitualmente se determinan en los suelos y que influyen de manera decisiva en su degradación biológica y física. Se aplica el estudio a suelos calizos de siete zonas de la Región de Murcia, obteniéndose tres elementos discriminatorios: materia orgánica, textura y clase de productividad, siendo las dos primeras las de mayor peso específico. Con el análisis discriminante se establecen cuatro clases de degradación de suelos, en función del contenido en materia orgánica. A continuación, para evaluar el estado de degradación del suelo se recurre al análisis factorial de las variables estudiadas, presentando los suelos menos degradados un factor fertilidad positivo, mientras que los más degradados tienen un factor fertilidad negativo, tanto más bajo cuanto más intensa es la degradación. Como conclusión, se considera que el Calcisol pétrico, cultivado, procede de la degradación del Kastanosem pétrico, bajo vegetación natural, por degradación biológica de éstos, con la consiguiente disminución de materia orgánica con el transcurso del tiempo. Se calcula que dicha degradación viene operando desde hace unos 100 años. / We presented/displayed in this work a methodologic proposal of classification of the degradation of the ground in semi-arid ecosystems by loss of organic matter, cradle in the statistical treatment by discriminante and factorial analysis of the parameters that habitually determine in grounds and that they influence of decisive way in its biological and physical degradation. It is applied to the study to limestone grounds of seven zones of the Region of Murcia, obtaining itself three discriminatory elements: organic matter, texture and class of productivity, being two first those of greater specific weight. With the discriminante analysis four classes of ground degradation settle down, based on the content in organic matter, of greater to minor, assigning each sample to one of them. Class 1: Calcic Kastanosem, Leptosol and Cambisol. Class 2: Pétrico Kastanosem. Class 3: Pétrico and háplico Calcisol. Class 4: Regosol, Fluvisol and Antrosol. Next, to evaluate the state of degradation of the ground one resorts to the factorial analysis of the studied variables, presenting grounds less degraded a factor positive fertility, whereas the most degraded they have a negative factor fertility, lower as much at the most intense is the degradation. Like conclusion, it is considered that the pétrico Calcisol, cultivated, comes from the degradation of the pétrico Kastanosem, under natural vegetation, by biological degradation of these, with the consequent diminution of organic matter with the course of the time. One calculates that this degradation has been coming operating for about 100 years.