This thesis explores the problems raised by the aggregation of entities into a global, collective level, an old problem encountered in many fields of science. We work on three projects related to the aggregation problem in social systems, using tools derived from statistical physics, and more generally quantitative tools. The first project focus on a paradigmatic model of the emergence of puzzling macroscopic behavior from simple individual rules, Schelling's segregation model. We hence propose an analytical resolution of this model and we studied analytically and via simulations the effect of several forms of cooperation between individual agents on the collective behavior. These questions are tackled in a mutually beneficial way for both economics and physics. The second project is based on the exploration of huge databases on scientific literature. We hence produce several 'science maps' representing the fields of complex systems (its internal structure and coherence being analysed through the references used by ~140000 relevant articles) and the research carried out in a scientific institution such as the ENS de Lyon. Finally, the third project deals with the elaboration of models of social phenomena based on natural sciences tools but sociologically grounded. We hence present the elaboration process of a model built with a team of sociologists. We then propose an opinion model specifically designed to explore a single question: the existence of lasting structure from non lasting entities.

Hypotheses on the efficiency of evidence-based printed materials can be directed by health communication concepts. These concepts can provide a general framework that goes beyond the traditional vulgarization point of view: instead, it points towards a strategy to obtain health outcomes and provoke behavior change, from a disease prevention, management and health promotion perspective. The present study proposes a comprehensive framework based on concepts from health risk communication, Tarde's theory of social values, usability, readability and plain language. Using the mapping approach, an evaluation grid was applied to printed evidence-based materials with proven effectiveness, in order to reveal the underlying strategy and isolate the characteristics of effective materials. The results allowed us to define two types of printed evidence-based materials, according to the robustness of the evidence they contain and the target audience. It was also possible to identify indicators of notions that are translated into operationalized items, frequent in those materials that might be responsible for their efficiency: clear purpose of the documents, limited scope, learning motivation and correspondence to the logic, experience and language of readers. Effectiveness of printed evidence-based materials could also be correlated to numeracy, objectiveness, standard definitions, constant timeframes and denominators, risks enumerated in order of importance, effective response, and high degree of threat, urgency, novelty and visibility of the disease. It was also possible to identify some missing communication concepts: cultural diversity, narrative, increased easiness of procedures and aesthetic advantage for the patient. In the process of work, the theory of social values emerged as a dynamic component that can bring together and explain many concepts, as well as physician’s acceptance of the guidelines. Value in terms of usefulness and truth plays a major role in cognitive appreciation of the documents. This concept gives a strategic meaning to the whole work and allows us to better understand attitude and behavior change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Rodrigues Alves Kuninari.pdf: 417495 bytes, checksum: 65973ea976a576fe0053d8f3a0602375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / The present work aims to reflect on the doctor-patient interaction based on the analysis of the fictional text Domingo a Tarde, a novel by Fernando Namora, written from October 1959 and October 1960. Its action is passed at a public hospital of Lisbon. The purpose of this study is to verify how the utterances multivocal character is esthetically constituted through the narrator's verbal communication with himself, with his friends and with a specific patient, in situations that happen in several spaces and in different times, in the narrative context of the romance. The research is justified because the analyzed work, presenting a graphic literary reconstitution of the doctor-patient interaction, makes available some of the main aspects of this interaction, one to which we can only have access as doctor and/or patient, for the contract implied there in is a private one which no researcher can violate, neither directly nor by means of questionaries interviews and so on. The methodology consisted on the chapters' organization from the perspective of the relation between text and context, from the point of view of dialogical relations: the narrator's memory, the comment that reviews his past, the self-criticism, the metaspeech, from the one hand, and the plot itself, the history, from the other. As analytical category, the work uses reported speech, according to Bakhtin and his Circle: trought the narrator's voice, other voices are recovered through direct, indirect and free indirect speechs. One can perceive that the literary text that constitutes the corpus of the research can be understood as an esthetic representation of social dissymmetries in the doctorpatient interaction (in the social-cultural context and in the historical moment of Domingo à Tarde). Besides, in the literary language of this novel one sees represented the transformation of the professional's posture that humanizes herself - and suffers due to her incapacity of saving and/or to cure incurable sick people -, when evaluating the "other" be the "other" the doctor-narrator himself, that recognizes and identifies in and by the "others" glance, or the other doctors, the patient, the friends, or patients in general / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de refletir sobre a interação médico-paciente, a partir da análise do texto ficcional Domingo à tarde, romance de Fernando Namora, escrito entre outubro de 1959 e outubro de 1960, e ambientado em um hospital público de Lisboa. A finalidade deste estudo é verificar como vai se constituindo, esteticamente, o caráter multivocal dos enunciados, por meio da comunicação linguageira do narrador consigo mesmo, com seus colegas, e com uma paciente específica, em situações que ocorrem em vários espaços e em diferentes tempos, no contexto narrativo daquele romance. A pesquisa se justifica, porque a obra examinada, ao apresentar uma vívida reconstituição literária da complexidade da interação médicopaciente, torna acessíveis alguns importantes aspectos dessa interação a que não se pode ter acesso direto exceto na condição de paciente e/ou médico - dada a natureza sigilosa do contrato entre os participantes, que exclui a presença de um pesquisador, seja diretamente ou na forma de, por exemplo, questionários, entrevistas, etc. A metodologia consistiu na leitura do livro e para a análise mantivemos a sub-divisão em capítulos, utilizada por Namora, de modo a se estabelecer a relação texto/contexto, sob a perspectiva de relações dialógicas: a memória do narrador, o comentário que retoma o seu passado, a autocrítica, o metadiscurso, de um lado, e a própria trama, a história, de outro. Como categoria de análise, foi usado o conceito teórico de discurso relatado, segundo Bakhtin e seu Círculo: pela voz do narrador, outras vozes são recuperadas por meio de discurso direto, discurso indireto e discurso indireto livre. O comentário final é que o texto literário - corpus desta pesquisa, pode ser entendido como representação estética de dessimetrias sociais na interação médico-paciente (no contexto sócio-cultural e no momento histórico de Domingo à tarde). Além disso, na linguagem literária deste romance está representada a transformação de postura do profissional que se humaniza - e sofre por sua incapacidade de salvar e/ou curar, doentes incuráveis -, ao valorizar o outro (seja o outro o próprio médico-narrador, que se reconhece e se identifica no e pelo olhar do outro ; sejam os outros os médicos, a paciente, a colega, ou os doentes)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita Natalio.pdf: 1543881 bytes, checksum: ae69630225c03cbdf7bf9cc3fe0b719d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian / In this work, we will start from the imitation theories of the nineteenth-century French sociologist Gabriel Tarde, and the revision of these theories by the Italian philosopher Maurizio Lazzarato. These authors will allow us to think the contemporary processes of subjectivity, in which appears a specific dynamic between imitation and invention on individual life and that, in turn, go hand in hand with neoliberal capitalism dynamics and its incessant deterritorializations. Today, contemporary individuals quickly mobilize their imitations and inventions, their opinions replicate on a large scale and they are driven by the belief in the possibility of interfering, divert, sculpting, modeling and even reverse the direction of their own lives. Imitation and invention can be seen as tools of social construction. Furthermore, in the case of virality and contagion of ideas through social networking on the Internet or analog networks of consumption and influence, a bestial force of imitation is set up that seeks a global spread, a force whose power is extra-individual and allows us to consider subjects beyond self-contained units. To think this theme, we will establish our research in dialogue with other authors and examples from contemporary art to internet examples and, between chapters of the work, we will propose small textual shortcircuits that break the linearity of reasoning. These short-circuits can, in some cases, challenge the conventions of academic text, but they are mainly an experiment on the relationship between invention and imitation in the creation of my own voice / Neste trabalho, partimos das teorias da imitação do sociólogo francês do século XIX Gabriel Tarde, e da sua revisão, já no século XXI, pelo filósofo italiano Maurizio Lazzarato. Esses autores permitem-nos pensar os processos de subjetivação contemporâneos como processos onde se explicita uma dinâmica específica entre imitação e invenção na vida individual que, por sua vez, andam lado a lado com a dinâmica do capitalismo neoliberal e das suas desterritorializações incessantes. Hoje, os indivíduos contemporâneos mobilizam velozmente as suas imitações e invenções, replicam opiniões em larga escala, movidos pela crença na possibilidade de interferir, desviar, esculpir, modelar e até reverter o sentido das suas vidas. Imitação e invenção podem ser vistas como ferramentas de construção social. Para além disso, no caso da viralidade e do contágio de ideias por via de redes sociais na internet ou de redes analógicas de consumo e influência, instala-se uma força bestial de imitação que busca uma propagação planetária, cuja potência é extra-individual e permite pensar o sujeito para além de unidades estanques. Para pensar esta temática, situaremos a nossa pesquisa em diálogo com outros autores e exemplos, deste a arte contemporânea a exemplos retirados da internet, e entre os capítulos que compõem o trabalho, propomos pequenos curto-circuitos textuais na linearidade do raciocínio. Estes curto-circuitos poderão em alguns casos desafiar as convenções do texto académico, mas são sobretudo um experimento sobre a relação entre invenção e imitação na criação de uma voz própria

The main subject of the presented work is the question of power within the context of sociological theory, and in relation to the mechanism of psychological mimesis and the phenomenon of the sacred. Our starting point is René Girard's mimetic theory, which systematizes the relationship between the mechanism of psychological mimesis and the sacred - in the light of the phenomenon of violence. We, firstly, present Girard's mimetic theory, explicate its main concepts, and situate all into a broader context. Further, we critically examine Girard's theoretical scheme and come to the conclusion that his theoretical and conceptual framework calls for a revision, if it is to be utilized within the context of sociology and social theory. Consequently, we try to "sociologize" Girard's thinking. First, we position his line of thought into the wider sociological context, and then examine his theory in the light of thinking of two classical sociologists, Gabriel Tarde and Émile Durkheim. We then project this examination into a theoretical and conceptual synthesis on the basis of which we formulate our own conceptual scheme, which is based on the assumption of psychological mimesis as an anthropological constant, and which overcomes the main shortcomings of Girard's theoretical framework. On the basis of this...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alekssey Marcos Di Piero Sobral.pdf: 407855 bytes, checksum: 52f26e73224261f55429c5fe0e0dbb95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The object of this investigation was to study the possibly notions of irrationality in the theories of some pioneers authors of Social Psychology, named Psychology of The Masses. Is believed that the presence of irrationality s notions in this theories could be an indication of a larger historic movement, described as a lurch to irrationality, whereby all the philosophical-scientific enterprise of the XIX century s end and XX century s beginning has crossed. This research is dedicated, therefore, to search for the underlying irracional element in the theories of Gabriel Tarde, Scipio Sighele and Gustave Le Bon, for the purpose of understand their coincidences and nuances and to scribe anything of their possible fate in the psychology s history. To accomplish this proposal, the work was unfolded in two ways of analysis: the first, lexical, in witch was investigated the plot of meanings in the theories that could point to a irracionality notion, and the second one, historical, that proposes to understand the way and the meaning of the trajectory of the irrationality s notions in the psychology and in the contemporary science in general. In the first analysis, the afterthought of Ludwig Wittgestein was used, upon the language-games. In the second one, the theories of Adorno and Horkheimer developed mainly in the Dialectic of Enlightment were the basis to a historical interpretation of history. When the analysis reach the end, is concluded in favor of the highlighted notion of the irrationality in each of the investigated authors, which notions are part of the veiled irrational subject in general, that had been posteriorly adduced to the psychoanalysis and, ultimately, popularized. This turning point toward irrationality observed in the sciences of mind had parallel in the natural science, as in the case of the emergency of quantum physics, one of the examples discussed. Far from imagine the irracionality notion as an threat to rationality and science, we can see it, in a dialetical perspective, as a sign of openness toward the study of the concret world and man / A presente investigação teve por objeto o estudo de possíveis noções de irracionalidade nas teorias de alguns dos autores pioneiros da Psicologia Social, então nomeada Psicologia das Massas. Supô-se que a presença de uma noção de irracionalidade nessas teorias poderia ser indício de um movimento histórico mais amplo, descrito como uma guinada em direção à irracionalidade, pelo qual teria passado todo o empreendimento filosófico-científico no fim do século XIX e começo do século XX. A pesquisa se dedica, assim, a procurar pelo elemento irracional subjacente às teorias de Gabriel Tarde, Scipio Sighele e Gustave Le Bon a fim de entender suas coincidências e nuances e traçar algo de seu possível destino na história da psicologia. Para a realização da proposta, o trabalho desdobrou-se em duas formas de análise: a primeira, léxica, em que se investigou a trama de significantes nas teorias que poderiam apontar para uma noção de irracionalidade, e a segunda, histórica, que se propôs a entender o caminho e o significado da trajetória das noções de irracionalidade na psicologia e na ciência contemporânea, de uma forma geral. Na primeira análise, fez-se uso do pensamento tardio de Ludwig Wittgenstein acerca dos jogos de linguagem. Na segunda, as teses de Adorno e Horkheimer desenvolvidas principalmente na Dialética do Esclarecimento foram a base para uma interpretação da história. Quando as análises chegam a termo, conclui-se em favor da presença bem destacada de uma noção de irracionalidade em cada um dos autores investigados, noções estas constituidoras das formas gerais de um sujeito irracional velado, que teria sido posteriormente carreado para a psicanálise e enfim, popularizado. Tal virada em direção à irracionalidade observada nas ciências do espírito teve paralelos nas ciências naturais, como no caso da emergência da Física Quântica, um dos exemplos abordados. Longe de imaginarmos a noção de irracionalidade como uma ameaça à razão e a ciência, podemos vê-la, numa perspectiva dialética, como um sinal de abertura em direção ao estudo do mundo e do homem concretos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Caetano Arantes.pdf: 3142450 bytes, checksum: 05a3dd7c5176efac1de30a0664e0f859 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-05 / This dissertation is the study of longevity in the metropolitan area of São Paulo / Brazil, by the analysis of the obituaries on Jornal da Tarde, a local paper. The 665 obituaries were analyzed throughout the periods of June, July and August of 2004 and 2005. The goal was to verify the longevity of the elderly residents of the metropolitan area of São Paulo and the aspects contained in the obituaries like: age range of the elderly, marital status, gender prevalence (feminine or masculine), if the elderly left their families and families left by the elderly. Utilized the SPSS (version11.0) to deal with statistics of data, because of the use of multiple choice questions, through a questioner, elaborated from the obituary clippings. The results obtained showed a greater range of age for the feminine gender, of 87,4 years of age with the deviation standard of 8,6 years and, for the masculine gender of 82.1 years with deviation standard of 9 years. In relation to the marital status a big majority of the elderly was in the category of widows and the men in the category of being married/living together. In the marital status without a partner (single, widow, separated/divorced), a bigger frequency of the feminine gender was observed and with a partner (married/living together), a bigger frequency of the masculine gender was noticed. Another significant association was encountered in relation to the marital status, given that the obituaries of the elderly without partners concentrated in the biggest age ranges and with partners in the smallest age ranges. It was not encountered significant association with relation to the families left and type of family left. The process to increase longevity in Brazil can be evidenced by obituaries of the elderly. The longevity is a current phenomenon in the country and it is determined by the highest age reached by the elderly. This process has major predominance in the female gender, being called by feminism of old age / Esta dissertação é o estudo da longevidade na metrópole de São Paulo / Brasil, pela análise das notas de falecimento no Jornal da Tarde, um jornal local. Foram analisadas 665 notas de falecimento nos períodos de junho, julho e agosto de 2004 e 2005. Objetivou-se verificar a longevidade dos idosos moradores da metrópole de São Paulo e aspectos contidos nas notas de falecimento, como: faixa etária dos idosos, estado civil, prevalência de sexo (feminino ou masculino), se o idoso deixou familiares e familiares deixados pelo idoso. Utilizou-se o SPSS (versão 11.0) para tratamento estatístico dos dados, pois se trabalhou com perguntas fechadas, por meio de um questionário, elaboradas a partir dos próprios recortes de notas de falecimento. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma média de idade maior para o sexo feminino, de 87,4 anos com desvio padrão de 8,6 anos e, para o sexo masculino de 82,1 anos com desvio padrão de 9 anos. Em relação ao estado civil a grande maioria das idosas se enquadrava na categoria de viúvas e os homens na categoria de casados / vive junto. No estado marital sem companheiro (solteiro, viúvo, separado / divorciado) a maior freqüência foi verificada no sexo feminino e com companheiro (casado / vive junto) no sexo masculino. Houve ainda resultado significante em relação ao estado marital, sendo que o falecimento de idosos sem companheiros se concentrou em faixas etárias maiores e com companheiros em faixas etárias menores. Não foi encontrada associação significativa com relação aos familiares deixados e tipo de familiar deixado. O processo do aumento da longevidade no Brasil pode ser evidenciado pelas notas de falecimento de idosos. A longevidade é um fenômeno atual no país e é determinada pelo tempo de vida maior alcançado pelos idosos. Esse processo tem maior predominância no sexo feminino, sendo chamado de feminização da velhice