Notre travail rend compte de la double articulation d’analyse d’Antoine Berman dans Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne. La méthode bermanienne intègre tant une histoire, événementielle et individuelle, des traductions qu’une analyse des textes à la lumière de leurs entours (paratextes, projets de traduction, etc.). Dans une première partie, nous tenterons de décrire à l’aide d’un panorama historique l’importation de la poésie de Rilke en traduction française, des premières versions du début du XXe siècle aux dernières traductions des Élégies de Duino. Nous nous attacherons à l’identité des différents (re-)traducteurs et à l’horizon général de leur travail. Dans une seconde partie, nous comparerons plusieurs versions françaises de la première Élégie de Duino, oeuvre poétique de Rilke la plus retraduite en français. A travers différents critères touchant à la forme et au sens, nous saisirons l’apport de ces traductions et le lien qui les unit, afin de constater in fine si les comportements socio-culturels observés dans la première partie se matérialisent aussi dans la pratique des (re-)traducteurs duinésiens / This dissertation rests on the double articulation of Antoine Berman’s analysis of translation in Toward a translation criticism: John Donne. Indeed, Berman’s method integrates as well a macroscopic and individual history of translations as an analysis of texts, considering their peripheral features (paratexts, translation projects, etc.). In the first part, we will depict through a historical panorama the import of Rilke’s poetry in French, from the first versions of the early 20th century to the latest translations of the Duino Elegies. We will thereby give heed to the identity of the different (re-)translators and to the general horizon of their translations. In the second part, we will compare several French versions of the first Duino Elegy, Rilke’s most retranslated poetical opus in French. Through various criteria dealing with form and sense, it will be a question of comprehending what these translations bring and the kind of bond holding them together. We intend eventually to find out whether the sociocultural behaviors we noticed in the first part are also observable in the practices of the Duinesian (re-)translators.

Cette thèse concerne principalement la résolution des problèmes d’inversion dynamiquedans le cadre des systèmes dynamiques non linéaires. Ainsi, un ensemble de techniquesbasées sur l’utilisation des trains de mesures passées et sauvegardées sur une fenêtreglissante, a été développé. En premier lieu, les mesures sont utilisées pour générerune famille de signatures graphiques, qui constituent un outil de classification permettantde discriminer les diverses valeurs des variables à estimer pour un système non linéairedonné. Cette première technique a été appliquée à la résolution de deux problèmes : leproblème d’électolocation d’un robot doté du sens électrique et le problème d’estimationd’état dans les systèmes à dynamiques non linéaires. Outre ces deux applications, destechniques d’inversion à horizon glissant spécifiques au problème de diagnostic des défautsd’éoliennes dans le cadre d’un benchmark international ont été développées. Cestechniques sont basées sur la minimisation de critères quadratiques basés sur des modèlesde connaissance. / This thesis mainly concerns the resolution of dynamic inverse problems involvingnonlinear dynamical systems. A set of techniques based on the use of trains of pastmeasurements saved on a sliding window was developed. First, the measurements areused to generate a family of graphical signatures, which is a classification tool, in orderto discriminate between different values of variables to be estimated for a given nonlinearsystem. This technique was applied to solve two problems : the electrolocationproblem of a robot with electrical sense and the problem of state estimation in nonlineardynamical systems. Besides these two applications, receding horizon inversion techniquesdedicated to the fault diagnosis problem of a wind turbine proposed as an internationalbenchmark were developed. These techniques are based on the minimization of quadraticcriteria based on knowledge-based models.

Användbarhet är en term som används för att bedöma kvaliteten hos ett gränssnitt. God användbarhet är viktig då den ger en ökad produktivitet och andra affärsfördelar i form av färre misstag och bättre kvalitet på slutprodukten. Användbarhet är en viktig designprincip men är en svår egenskap att uppfylla hos applikationer. Studien behandlar användbarhet ur olika perspektiv, dels det teoretiska genom litteraturgenomgång, dels det praktiska genom intervjuer och observationer. Syftet var att förklara vad användbarhet är, hur det bedöms och vad man kan göra för att bygga in egenskapen i applikationer man utvecklar. För att exemplifiera och finna verklig förankring har jag valt att observera hur användare interagerar med ett existerande gränssnitt för bibliotek, Horizon. Slutsatser kring studien är att Horizon inte används till allt den var tänkt att användas till, vilket i princip är ett dåligt betyg för en applikation. Samtidigt är detta inget större problem då den negativa verkan på verksamheten kan i det här fallet vara en definitionsfråga: är studenternas produktivitet när det gäller att söka och beställa litteratur kritisk? När det gäller användbarhet i utvecklingsskedet kan man konstatera att även om intentionerna varit goda så har användbarhetsarbetet kring Horizon inte infriat förväntningarna. Vad som gått fel är varken sensationellt eller ovanligt; det har handlat om avsaknaden av slutanvändarens perspektiv, organisatoriska problem och möjligen också bristande kunskap om användbarhet i en eller annan form. En betydelsefull insikt som inte nämns i litteraturen men som togs upp är att beakta leverantörens marknadsställning när man ska köpa ett system. Trots bristerna, som ofta relaterar till brott mot designkonventioner, upplevs Horizon som ett bra och ändamålsenligt verktyg av sina användare. / Usability denotes the quality of a user interface. Even though usability is an important design principle, efforts to incorporate this quality in applications often fail. In this paper I study usability from a theoretical and a practical perspective. The goal is to explain usability and how to incorporate usability in applications. In order to exemplify, I study usability within the context of the library application Horizon. This study shows that Horizon is only partially utilized by its users which in principle is a bad grade for an application. Partial use is however in this case, not a serious problem since the negative effects partial use imply could very well be a matter of definition: is the productivity of students, when it comes to searching and ordering library material, critical for the organization? When it comes to usability in the development phases of a project, once again one can conclude that good intentions exist but efforts fail all the same and Horizon is no exception. This time we can attribute failure to the lack of the end users’ perspective, organizational problems and perhaps also unsufficient knowledge of usability in one form or another. An important conclusion, which has not been mentioned in the literature, is the importance of considering the market position of a presumptive vendor when buying a generic system. Despite the flaws (often related to violations of well established design principles) presented in this paper, Horizon is considered a good, effective and efficient application by its users.

Le service des urgences est un important service de soins qui représente le goulot d'étranglement de l'hôpital. Les urgences sont souvent confrontées à des problèmes de tension dans de nombreux pays à travers le monde. L'une des causes de la tension dans les urgences est l'interférence permanente entre trois types de patients : les patients déjà programmés, les patients non programmés et les patients non programmés urgents. Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'étude et au développement d'un système d’aide à la décision pour améliorer la prise en charge des patients aussi bien en mode de fonctionnement normal qu’en mode tension. Deux principaux processus ont été développé. Un processus d’ordonnancement à horizon glissant en utilisant un algorithme mimétique avec l’intégration des opérateurs génétiques contrôlés pour déterminer un calendrier optimal de passage des patients. Le deuxième processus d’orchestration dynamique, à base d’agents communicants, tient compte de la nature dynamique et incertaine de l'environnement des urgences en actualisant continuellement ce calendrier. Cette orchestration pilote en temps réel le workflow du parcours patient, améliore pas à pas les indicateurs de performance durant l'exécution. Grâce aux comportements des agents et aux protocoles de communication, le système proposé a établi un lien direct en temps réel entre les performances requises sur le terrain et les actions afin de diminuer l'impact de la tension. Les résultats expérimentaux, mis en œuvre au CHRU de Lille, indiquent que l’application de nos approches permet d’améliorer les indicateurs de performance grâce aux pilotage par les agents du workflow en cours exécution. / The emergency department is an important care service that represents the hospital's bottleneck. Emergencies often face overcrowding problems in many countries worldwide. One of the causes of the emergency department overcrowding is the permanent interference between three types of arriving patients: already programmed patients, non-programmed patients and urgent non-programmed patients. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the study and development a decision support system to improve patient management in both normal and overcrowding situation. Two main processes have been developed. A rolling-horizon scheduling process using a memetic algorithm with the integration of controlled genetic operators to determine an optimal schedule for patient. The second dynamic orchestration process, based on communicating agents, takes into account the dynamic and uncertain nature of the emergency environment by continually updating this schedule for patient. This orchestration monitoring in real time the workflow of the patient pathway improves step by step the performance indicators during the execution. Through agent behaviors and communication protocols, the proposed system has established a direct real-time link between the required performances and the effective actions in order to decrease the overcrowding impact. The experimental results in this thesis, implemented at the Regional University Hospital Center (RUHC) of Lille, justify the interest of the application of our approaches to improve the performance indicators thanks to the agents driven patient pathway workflows during their execution.

The Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Following the spill, British Petroleum, leaser of the rig, set up a funding institution known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) to support research and understanding of the spill on the environments and peoples of the gulf. This outreach project was created alongside research of the RECOVER consortium, funded by GoMRI, to communicate what is happening within research labs around the country to understand the effect that the spill had on fish in pelagic and coastal regions of the gulf. The outreach project is composed of a short film (Deepwaters: The Science of a Spill, 18 min) and related outreach materials posted to Instagram (@FishandOilSpills).

The thesis work investigates brake friction estimation strategies. The friction between the brake disc and brake pads is not constant during the braking application and contributes to the amount of brake torque achieved at the wheels. In this study, it is considered that any change in the brake torque between the requested and achieved values is only due to the varying brake friction coefficient. The work gives three different approaches to estimate the brake friction coefficient using two prominent state estimation strategies, Unscented Kalman Filter and Moving Horizon Estimation. The inputs to the estimators are obtained from a Vehicle model, which is built using the wheel balance equations. The estimators have been tuned to minimize the estimation error in nominal conditions and tested for their robustness through a wide analysis, where the sensitivity of the strategies is checked against a spectra of potential system parameters and boundary conditions. Throughout all the analysis, the developed models estimate the brake friction coefficient within an acceptable error range. This work opens up opportunities for further studies that can be performed using the built estimator models. / Detta examensarbete studerar strategier för skattning av bromsfriktion. Friktionen mellan bromsskivan och bromsbeläggen är inte konstant under bromsförloppet och det är denna som genererar bromsmomentet för varje hjul. I detta arbete så antas att förändringen i bromsmoment mellan begärd och uppnått endast är på grund av varierande bromsfriktion mellan bromsbelägg och bromsskiva. Arbetet presenterar tre olika sätt att skatta bromsfriktionen genom användning av två kända skattningsmetoder, Uncented Kalman Filter och Moving Horizon Estimation. Ingående värden till skattningsmetoderna fås från en fordonsmodell som är byggd med hjälp av hjulbalansekvationer. Skattningsmetoderna har justerats så att de minimerar skattningsfelet i nominella fall och de är testade för robusthet genom en bred analys där känsligheten hos metoderna testas genom en flora av potentiella systemparametrar och gränsvärden. Genom hela analysen så uppnår de utvecklade skattningsmetoderna bromsfriktionsvärden med acceptabla felnivåer. Detta arbete öppnar upp för möjligheter för vidare analyser där de utvecklade metoderna kan användas.

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill resulted in a large release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) into the Gulf of Mexico. PAH can interact with ultraviolet radiation (UV) resulting in increased toxicity, particularly to early lifestage organisms. The goal of this research was to determine the sensitivity of fiddler crab larvae (Uca longisignalis) to photo-induced toxicity following exposure to Deepwater Horizon spill oil in support of the DWH Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Five replicate dishes each containing 20 larvae, were exposed to one of three UV treatments (10%, 50%, and 100% ambient natural sunlight) and one of five dilutions of water accommodated fractions of two naturally weathered source oils. A dose dependent effect of PAH and UV on larval mortality was observed. Mortality was markedly higher in PAH treatments that included co-exposure to more intense UV light. PAH treatments under low intensity sunlight had relatively high survival. These data demonstrate the importance of considering combined effects of non-chemical (i.e. UV exposure) and chemical stressors and the potential for photo-induced effects after exposure to PAH following the Deepwater Horizon spill.

In my essay, I explore the dilemma how I respond to the various hobbies that children carry with them to preschool. I want to be able to allow every child to take part of their hobbies at preschool, but I still get stuck in accepting some hobbies, while I deny others. In my stories, I focus on two situations where I have a hard time accepting the children's hobbies, because I think they interfer with preschool routine. Through my questions, I then go on to examine why I react like this, and how I could act differently towards these children. My method is to write a scientific essay, where I explore my own experience through writing, and reflect on my dilemma by looking at it from different angles. I set out from a hermeneutic perspective, where Hans-George Gadamer's theories on preconceptions and the horizon of understanding form a base for my reflections. I've chosen to explore two different approaches that I could take in my response towards the children. One is based on Gert Biesta's thoughts on a pedagogy of interruption, which is about interrupting the children in what they are doing, to make them take a break from their repetitive behaviour and give them new ways to access their hobbies. The other approach departs from Carina Fast's studies on literacy and the potential children have to learn through popular culture, and where I try to base my actions on what they children are currently doing, to elaborate on that instead. I try to apply both of these approaches on my stories, and reflect on how they would work here and what this could lead to. I feel that no two situations are the same and that I can't tell for sure that a certain method is going to work every time, thus I will have to see each and every situation for what it is and try different approaches each time.

Our aim is to examine the problem of optimal asset allocation for investors exhibiting a behaviour in the face of uncertainty which is not consistent with the usual axioms of Expected Utility Theory. This thesis is divided into two main parts. In the first one, comprising Chapter II, we consider an arbitrage-free discrete-time financial model and an investor whose risk preferences are represented by a possibly nonconcave utility function (defined on the non-negative half-line only). Under straightforward conditions, we establish the existence of an optimal portfolio. As for Chapter III, it consists of the study of the optimal investment problem within a continuous-time and (essentially) complete market framework, where asset prices are modelled by semi-martingales. We deal with an investor who behaves in accordance with Kahneman and Tversky's Cumulative Prospect Theory, and we begin by analysing the well-posedness of the optimisation problem. In the case where the investor's utility function is not bounded above, we derive necessary conditions for well-posedness, which are related only to the behaviour of the distortion functions near the origin and to that of the utility function as wealth becomes arbitrarily large (both positive and negative). Next, we focus on an investor whose utility is bounded above. The problem's wellposedness is trivial, and a necessary condition for the existence of an optimal trading strategy is obtained. This condition requires that the investor's probability distortion function on losses does not tend to zero faster than a given rate, which is determined by the utility function. Provided that certain additional assumptions are satisfied, we show that this condition is indeed the borderline for attainability, in the sense that, for slower convergence of the distortion function, there does exist an optimal portfolio. Finally, we turn to the case of an investor with a piecewise power-like utility function and with power-like distortion functions. Easily verifiable necessary conditions for wellposedness are found to be sufficient as well, and the existence of an optimal strategy is demonstrated.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Horizon sensing is an effective way to determine the pitch and roll of a LEO satellite and Earth horizon sensors that operate in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum are commonly used. These sensors have the disadvantage that they cannot operate when the satellite is in eclipse. Earth horizon sensors that operate in the infrared spectral range are a solution to take attitude measurements when the satellite is in eclipse. Until recently infrared detectors could only operate at very low temperatures and needed to be cryogenically cooled. The result was that their power consumption and physical characteristics (like dimensions and mass) were such that they were not suitable for use in small and medium LEO satellites. As a result of technology expansion in the field of infrared imagers the past few years, infrared imagers were developed which do not require cooling. The scope of this project was to develop and implement an Earth horizon sensor by using a low-cost, uncooled infrared imager. The performance and physical characteristics of various imager were evaluated and it was decided to select a low resolution thermopile imager mainly as a result of the cost limitations of the project. Software algorithms were then evaluated and selected for horizon detection and attitude determination. The Earth horizon sensor that was developed did not comply with the accuracy requirement (3s < 0.1o) that was set for the project because of the low resolution of the sensor. Methods to improve the accuracy were investigated and finally a sub-pixel edge estimation algorithm was developed and implemented which resulted in an improvement of 69% in the pitch accuracy and 49% in roll accuracy. With the sub-pixel edge estimation algorithm implemented the horizon sensor almost met the accuracy requirements (s < 0.0811o for pitch and s < 0.2944o for roll). This project confirms that, with further improvement to the design and test facilities, developing a low-cost, uncooled infrared Earth horizon sensor that meets the accuracy requirements is feasible.