Os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGM) surgiram há poucos anos e estão sendo discutidos por toda a comunidade científica por ter implicações ambientais e na saúde pública. Por ser um tema vasto, foi estudado apenas a liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM, mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Neste trabalho são apresentados vários dados das plantações comerciais dos OGM no Brasil e no restante do mundo, mostrando o aumento do uso destes organismos na agricultura mundial. Esta dissertação apresenta um breve histórico da liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM no Brasil e os seus aspectos legais. Foram pesquisados os aspectos legais para essa liberação, levando em conta a necessidade de ser feito o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), que é um instrumento de aplicação do Princípio da Precaução existente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, do qual a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é uma de suas ferramentas. Nesse contexto foi estudada a legislação brasileira sobre o meio ambiente e sobre os OGM. Para se decidir quais são os melhores métodos de AIA, para liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM, de acordo com as exigências legais, foi feita uma pesquisa revisando esses métodos. Foi verificado para cada Método se ele apresenta características de identificar satisfatoriamente os impactos ambientais em relação aos seus efeitos, espaço e tempo. Sabendo-se quais as exigências de avaliação de impacto necessárias para a liberação do plantio dos OGM foi possível identificar as metodologias de AIA mais indicadas para o caso. Concluiu-se que os métodos mais indicados para a liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM são a Matriz de Interação e o AMBITEC-AGRO / Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) have only recently appeared and are being discussed by all of the scientific community for having environmental and public health implications. By being a vast subject, only the release for the commercial plantation of the OGM was studied, showing its advantages and disadvantages. In the following work, data of GMO commercial plantations in both Brazil and globally are presented, showing an increase of the use of these organisms in world-wide agriculture. Also included is a brief historical account of the approval and release of GMOs for commercial plantation in Brazil. It was taking in account the necessity of conducting the Environmental Impact Study (EIA), a component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (AIA) that is an instrument of the application of the Precaution Principal in the Brazilian legal system. Additionally, Brazilian environmental regulations and regulations pertaining to GMOs was studied. An analysis of the best methods of AIA legally required for commercial authorization of planting GMOs was performed. Each method was verified if it met satisfactory characteristic identifying the environmental impacts concerning to its effect, time, and space. It was possible to determine the best AIA methodology for this case by matching the necessary requirements for evaluating the impact of authorizing the planting of GMOs. It was concluded that the Interaction Matrix and the AMBITEC-AGRO are the best methods for the commercial authorization of planting GMOs

Os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGM) surgiram há poucos anos e estão sendo discutidos por toda a comunidade científica por ter implicações ambientais e na saúde pública. Por ser um tema vasto, foi estudado apenas a liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM, mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Neste trabalho são apresentados vários dados das plantações comerciais dos OGM no Brasil e no restante do mundo, mostrando o aumento do uso destes organismos na agricultura mundial. Esta dissertação apresenta um breve histórico da liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM no Brasil e os seus aspectos legais. Foram pesquisados os aspectos legais para essa liberação, levando em conta a necessidade de ser feito o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), que é um instrumento de aplicação do Princípio da Precaução existente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, do qual a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é uma de suas ferramentas. Nesse contexto foi estudada a legislação brasileira sobre o meio ambiente e sobre os OGM. Para se decidir quais são os melhores métodos de AIA, para liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM, de acordo com as exigências legais, foi feita uma pesquisa revisando esses métodos. Foi verificado para cada Método se ele apresenta características de identificar satisfatoriamente os impactos ambientais em relação aos seus efeitos, espaço e tempo. Sabendo-se quais as exigências de avaliação de impacto necessárias para a liberação do plantio dos OGM foi possível identificar as metodologias de AIA mais indicadas para o caso. Concluiu-se que os métodos mais indicados para a liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM são a Matriz de Interação e o AMBITEC-AGRO / Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) have only recently appeared and are being discussed by all of the scientific community for having environmental and public health implications. By being a vast subject, only the release for the commercial plantation of the OGM was studied, showing its advantages and disadvantages. In the following work, data of GMO commercial plantations in both Brazil and globally are presented, showing an increase of the use of these organisms in world-wide agriculture. Also included is a brief historical account of the approval and release of GMOs for commercial plantation in Brazil. It was taking in account the necessity of conducting the Environmental Impact Study (EIA), a component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (AIA) that is an instrument of the application of the Precaution Principal in the Brazilian legal system. Additionally, Brazilian environmental regulations and regulations pertaining to GMOs was studied. An analysis of the best methods of AIA legally required for commercial authorization of planting GMOs was performed. Each method was verified if it met satisfactory characteristic identifying the environmental impacts concerning to its effect, time, and space. It was possible to determine the best AIA methodology for this case by matching the necessary requirements for evaluating the impact of authorizing the planting of GMOs. It was concluded that the Interaction Matrix and the AMBITEC-AGRO are the best methods for the commercial authorization of planting GMOs

A study was conducted to determine what impact high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities were having on the native grasslands of a tallgrass: aspen forest tract embedded within an agro-urban setting. Due to excessive spring moisture, row-crops were unavailable the first year. Using microhistological fecal analysis to determine dietary composition, deer were assessed to be placing the site’s favoured native plant species at risk of extirpation. Measuring woody stem abundance and height along and near the prairie: forest ecotone, deer were found to restructure woody growth but not directly influence encroachment rates. Indirectly, however, deer facilitated forest encroachment and prairie degradation through seed dispersal, nitrogen deposition, gap-dynamics, and trampling. Comparing dietary composition to nutritional data, deer grazed to maximize fitness, selecting foods high in IVDMD, minimizing energy expenditure, and optimizing CP. High crop CP was offset by intensively grazing particular native plants. ADF was an effective nutritional marker, not AIA.

A study was conducted to determine what impact high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities were having on the native grasslands of a tallgrass: aspen forest tract embedded within an agro-urban setting. Due to excessive spring moisture, row-crops were unavailable the first year. Using microhistological fecal analysis to determine dietary composition, deer were assessed to be placing the site’s favoured native plant species at risk of extirpation. Measuring woody stem abundance and height along and near the prairie: forest ecotone, deer were found to restructure woody growth but not directly influence encroachment rates. Indirectly, however, deer facilitated forest encroachment and prairie degradation through seed dispersal, nitrogen deposition, gap-dynamics, and trampling. Comparing dietary composition to nutritional data, deer grazed to maximize fitness, selecting foods high in IVDMD, minimizing energy expenditure, and optimizing CP. High crop CP was offset by intensively grazing particular native plants. ADF was an effective nutritional marker, not AIA.

本論文係以工程風險及我國工程保險之現況與發展作為基礎，先予敘明目前當代工程保險的起源與趨勢，鑒古知今，推論出工程保險應回歸以安全檢查與損害防阻作為思考核心，並強調工程風險管理的重要性，進而有發展工程界與保險界聯合行動模式之可能性，使工程從策劃階段即獲得風險管理，而保險人亦得依保險法第九十六條以下之規定，於施工過程中介入安全檢查措施，共同防範出險。 再者，就工程保險之本質以言，應強調工程保險係屬於損失填補保險，故於處理相關實務爭議時，必須考量到工程保險應受到損失填補原則之限制。且因工程保險係採取全險保單的方式為之，是以，本文認為應得參酌美國立法例，而特別強調保險利益有無之判斷。 此外，現今工程保險實務上所面臨之諸多爭議，實得以「保險責任期間」作為軸心而貫穿之。即本文認為，應辨明保險期間並非完全等同於保險責任期間，而於探究保險人是否應負理賠責任時，其重點之一應係在於保險責任期間是否開始、終止或延長。對此，本文認為，應可從下列幾個主要之面向加以觀察：一者，若自工程契約之關係以論，首須探討者，係民法相關概念（如交付、受領）與工程實務上所使用之「啟用」、「接管」、「驗收」之概念是否相同？有無歧異之處？更為重要者，係工程風險究應如何合理分配？二者，若自工程保險契約之角度以觀，則需分析保險契約所承保的危險是否增加？保險利益是否變動？具權威性之地位，而被譽為工程契約「聖經」的國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容為何？ 本文認為，由於判斷工程保險契約時往往將受到工程契約內容之影響，而工程契約又多係由定作人一方所主導擬定，故而在判定保險人是否應依工程保險契約負擔理賠責任時，毋寧應本著公平合理之精神，配合工程慣例，從工程契約、工程保險契約所關涉之定作人、承攬人，以及保險人三方關係而為綜合審酌認定。換言之，不應使業主人有機會利用工程契約之約定，而將本應由業主承擔之風險移轉至承包商一方，進而間接地影響保險人應否理賠之判斷。 歸納以言，本文認為，我國工程保險實務爭議的解決方向，應以保險責任期間作為保險人是否需予理賠的主要判斷基準之一；再者，並應認知到工程保險本質上係屬於損失填補保險，而需受到損失填補原則之限制；另參酌美國立法例，需強調工程保險之保險利益有無之判斷；又於配合我國國情之前提下，應得適時適度地引進國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容，以使我國與國際之接軌能更為緊密切實。

關於展延後所增加之費用是否得以索賠，亦影響業主成本支出與承包商利潤，於是關於工期之「時間」與「金錢」兩者，成為工程契約雙方最關心的議題。故從遲延索賠之目的，即可分成工期索賠與費用索賠兩方面探討之。 工期之定義從指涉範圍之廣狹可分為三種層次，本文討論主要之範圍係指狹義的工程期限，即業主與個別承包商於營建工程契約中所約定承包商完成工程所需之時間，日曆天為國際工程慣例選用之工期計算方式。工期之始點，應以契約約定之開工(Commencement of Contract Time)日起算，而完工(Contract Completion)則為工期之終點，如何界定完工對於整體施工契約之重要性，在於判斷承包商是否遵守履約期限。事實上分析是工程是否遲延？可歸責於當事人哪一方？國內外工程實務界之看法，皆認為工程遲延係以用盡浮時而影響「要徑」為要件，故產生以要徑為基礎以判斷工程遲延之方法，此亦突顯要徑法所欲表彰之基本功能。本文認為承包商須先以網狀圖證明「主要徑」之工作受外來因素(即不可歸責於承攬人)之施工障礙影響，則定作人才應展延工期，亦才有後續展延期間增加費用索賠之問題。 阻擾(Disruption)事件之產生，承包商有時同樣會遭受延後整體工程進度而可能逾期完工，或支出比預定計畫更多額外費用，以趕上原本進度之損害。阻擾之定義，依據英國SCL議定書第1.19.1條規定，為對於承包商正常工作之打擾、阻礙及干擾，導致較低之工率。如阻擾為業主所引起，可能會給予承包商依據契約或依據違約條款請求賠償之權利。但應特別區分者，乃阻擾與遲延仍為不同概念，遲延為延後完工，而阻擾則著重於生產力下降( Productivity Loss)及對於進度之打擾、阻礙、干擾，因此發生阻擾事件，僅「可能」發生逾期完工但並非絕對延後工期。故阻擾損害方面，與遲延損害相同，承包商必須證明阻擾可歸責於業主，且因業主阻擾承包商施工，導致其工率降低受有損害，但阻擾不限於要徑工作之干擾，縱使對非要徑工作之干擾亦得請求賠償損害，所以無須審視是否具備逾期完工之事實。因此當僅有阻擾事件發生卻未影響完工日時，承包商不會主張工作工期展延，但必定向業主請求可歸責於業主之阻擾造成工作效率降低( Reduced Efficiency of Workforce)之損失。 於遲延事件中，僅有不可歸責並可補償承攬人之遲延(Excusable and Compensable Delays)，承包商一方面得請求展延工期，一方面得請求補償展延期間增加之費用。費用方面，因非可歸責於承包商之事由導致工程遲延，而業主指示承包商投入更多資源以提早完工，則屬於英美工程界所謂Acceleration(以下簡稱加速施工)之情況，此時業主亦應負擔補償承包商因加速施工產生之費用。於聯邦工程採購實務中，大部份涉及擬制加速施工之案例，皆為發生不可歸責且可補償承攬人遲延之情形，例如：實際為不可歸責於承攬人之遲延，定作人誤以為係可歸責於承攬人，而促使承攬人趕工以符合原定契約完工期限等情況。依據可歸責於哪一方之遲延來處理加速施工問題時，應掌握不可歸責於承攬人遲延之加速施工，原則上皆應支付額外費用，反之，若定作人就不可歸責於承攬人之遲延，已經准許展延足夠之工期，則不須支付加速施工之費用。至於得以展延多少時間，應以遲延分析技術判斷之，例如英國SCL議定書中介紹四種屬完工後處理展延工期問題之遲延分析技術，包括以下：1.The as-planned versus as-built method比較原規畫時程與竣工時程遲延分析法；2.The impacted as-planned method(What if analysis)原規劃時程影響後分析技術 ；3.The collapsed as-built method(But for as built analysis)重疊竣工時程分析技術； 4.The Protocol’s own TIA method(Retrospective TIA)英國SCL議定書之回復式時間影響分析法。 遲延事件造成工期展延，而工期展延通常亦產生額外之增加費用(Increased Cost)。惟業主准許展延工期之主張，不必然表示承包商即得請求展延期間相關費用。若遲延可歸責於承包商，則承包商顯然必須自行承擔遲延之相關費用；若為可歸責於業主之遲延事件，相關之補償即包含承包商於展延期間所動用與時間相關之資源(Time-related Resources)。惟工程實務上承包商於證明工期展延期間所增加之費用及所受損害時，常因為工期時間過久、各種紀錄成本與保管費用等錯綜複雜因素，對於損害數額無法達到嚴格證明之舉證程度，能夠確實提出每筆支出費用單據之紀錄者較少見，特別是當承包商請求「一式計價」之項目時更遭遇此種難題。如果無法證明費用的支出，則整個索賠都付諸流水，在很多案例中，承包商雖然成功證明遲延為可補償的，卻因提出不適當證明使最後獲得之補償較索賠預期額度減少許多，例如：實務對於工率降低(Efficiency Loss)損害之計算與證明，目前仍無統一見解，因工率難以數量化，縱使承包商以其工地記錄資料提出某工率降低係數，工程師亦針對監控報表提出另一個係數，而兩者皆無法說明哪一個數據之可信度較高，且縱使雙方合意以某一工率降低系數為標準，則雙方對於哪一部份為可歸責於己之責任劃分意見也不同，此亦牽涉舉證責任問題。 傳統訴訟需耗費大量金錢時間，或有部分以新興之非對抗式「替代性紛爭解決機制」( Alternative Dispute Resolution, 以下簡稱ADR)，例如仲裁 (Arbitration)， 調解(Mediation)，調停(Conciliation)， 調仲 (Med-Arb).，迷你審 (Mini Trial)等，以輔助傳統紛爭解決手段之不足。現行工程契約中，雙方通常事先約定將來發生工程爭議之解決方法，例如前開仲裁、調解等；而公共工程案件，若機關與廠商因履約爭議未能達成協議者，依據政府採購法第85條之1規定，亦強制不接受調解建議或方案之機關，若日後廠商提付仲裁，其不得拒絕之方式，來促成先行階段 ，即「調解」階段中調解成立之機會，加速爭議之解決。但在一些案例中，仲裁、調解等機制卻依然產生如同傳統訴訟般費用過高、時間較長之相同問題。於雙方無法協商而須透過第三人介入，卻在希望更節省糾紛處理時間，及更貼近雙方各退一步以共同努力解決難題之協商精神之要求下，使另一爭端處理模式：「爭議處理委員會」(Dispute Board)之角色日漸重要。