Plant viruses have been instrumental in our understanding of the biophysical properties pertaining to non-enveloped icosahedral virus particles. A substantial amount of research has been performed over five decades on Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), arguably one of the most extensively studied icosahedral plant viruses and the type-member of the Tymovirus plant virus genus. Even with a substantial body of published scientific literature, little is known about the role of specific coat protein (CP) residues in TYMV assembly, disassembly and disencapsidation. We have shown through our mutagenesis studies that the N-terminal region of the CP that is involved in the formation of an annulus structure and is disordered in A-subunit pentamers is not essential in vivo, but annulus-forming residues are critical in ensuring virion stability and low accessibility after virus is purified (Chapter 2). We have shown that a range of amino acid residue types is tolerated within the CP N-terminus in vivo, although they can greatly affect the stability of virions and empty particles, most notably at low pH (Chapter 3). Unlike full-length CP, N-terminal deletion and substitution mutants fail to reassemble into particles in vitro (Chapter 2, 3) suggesting a critical determinant for the N-terminus in reassembly (discussed Chapter 7). This is the first documented in vitro reassembly reported for a member of the Tymoviridae family and should provide a framework for further studies. We have identified a new way to create empty artificial top component (ATC)-particles through treatment with EDTA (Chapter 6) and we also show that tymoviruses can be engineered with altered pH-dependent enhanced stability (Chapter 4). In collaboration with the Qian Wang laboratory from the University of South Carolina we have shown that an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif can be genetically engineered within the CP of TYMV, resulting in infectious particles with attractive stem-cell adhesion properties (Chapter 5). With focus on basic viral mechanisms, we have crystallized the TYMV virion and ATC particle at pH 7.7 and collected data to less than 5 Å resolution (Chapter 4, supplementary). These structures represent the first tymovirus-based structures solved above pH 5.5 and will provide insight into the N-terminal conformations within the TYMV particle. Finally, we have characterized an N-terminal CP cleavage seen after ATC formation (Chapter 4) suggesting an additional and yet uncharacterized feature associated with decapsidation. / Graduation date: 2012

No description available.

We have 3G on the doorstep but nothing seems to attract ordinary people to this technology. To attract the mass market the telecom industry must show something beyond high bit rates. They must show how ordinary people can take advantage of this new technology. This is done by showing the possibilities of the new technology and by demonstrating applications that it will handle. The telecom industry must convince the telecom operators to invest in this technology and the only thing that matters to them is how much revenue they can make by adopting the upcoming technology. To convince the operators industry must show how the operators can charge for the new types of applications that will be introduced soon. This is the main reason why this Master's Thesis has been conducted. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a demonstration to Ericsson's 3G lab in Katrineholm in the form of an IP application with a billing solution. This thesis describes the migration from 1G to 3G and examines existing and future billing strategies as well. The IP application is an application that uses progressive streaming in order to stream multimedia content to a PDA connected to a 3G phone. This application is platform independent because it is placed on leading Web servers, Apache and IIS. The billing application consists of a number of steps. The first step is logging, which is performed by the Web server on which the streaming application is placed. The second step, processing and billing, is performed in the BGw, which is Ericsson's mediation tool, and the SQL server.The third step is displaying the bill, which is done by using ASP to create an active HTML page.

The overall objective of this research was to gain an insight into the challenges encountered during chemical flooding under high hardness conditions. Different aspects of this problem were studied using a combination of laboratory experiments and simulation studies. Chemical Flooding is an important Enhanced Oil Recovery process. One of the major components of the operational expenses of any chemical flooding project, especially Alkali Surfactant Polymer (ASP) flooding is the cost of softening the injection brine to prevent the precipitation of the carbonates of the calcium and magnesium ions which are invariably present in the formation brine. Novel hardness tolerant alkalis like sodium metaborate have been shown to perform well with brines of high salinity and hardness, thereby eliminating the need to soften the injection brine. The first part of this research was aimed at designing an optimal chemical flooding formulation for a reservoir having hard formation brine. Sodium metaborate was used as the alkali in the formulation with the hard brine. Under the experimental conditions, sodium metaborate was found to be inadequate in preventing precipitation in the ASP slug. Factors affecting the ability of sodium metaborate to sequester divalent ions, including its potential limitations under the experimental conditions were studied. The second part of this research studied the factors affecting the ability of novel alkali and chelating agents like sodium metaborate and tetrasodium EDTA to sequester divalent ions. Recent studies have shown that both these chemicals showed good performance in sequestering divalent ions under high hardness conditions. A study of the geochemical species in solution under different conditions was done using the computer program PHREEQC. Sensitivity studies about the effect of the presence of different solution species on the performance of these alkalis were done. The third part of this research focused on field scale mechanistic simulation studies of geochemical scaling during ASP flooding. This is one of the major challenges faced by the oil and gas industry and has been found to occur when sodium carbonate is used as the alkali and the formation brine present in situ has a sufficiently high hardness content. The multicomponent and multiphase compositional chemical flooding simulator, UTCHEM was used to determine the quantity and composition of the scales formed in the reservoir as well as the injection and production wells. Reactions occurring between the injected fluids, in situ fluids and the reservoir rocks were taken into consideration for this study. Sensitivity studies of the effect of key reservoir and process parameters like the physical dispersion and the alkali concentration on the extent of scaling were also done as a part of this study. / text

No description available.

L'engagement du Conseil de l'Europe en faveur d'une éducation plurilingue intégrant altérité et diversité culturelle est fortement lié au souci de promouvoir la communication entre citoyens de langue et culture différentes, indispensable à la mobilité et à la compréhension réciproque. Dans ce nouveau référentiel s'inscrit la tendance à enseigner les disciplines non linguistiques, directement dans la L2. Cette méthode d'enseignement d'une matière par intégration d'une langue étrangère, appelée EMILE a vocation d'accélérer le processus d'apprentissage. Or, il s'est avéré, lors d'une recherche-action portant sur l'anglais juridique, qu'une méthode d'immersion complète telle qu'EMILE pouvait présenter certaines failles pour apprendre cette langue de spécialité très pointue. Pour combler ces failles, nous proposons la méthode LADMI (Linguistique appliquée à une autre discipline par méthode intégrative), qui est une modification du concept d'EMILE extrapolant à partir d'une certaine structure logique, suite à des observations particulières, afin de préserver à la fois la langue et le contenu de la DNL, le droit.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-04-26T19:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaLyraDeAlmeida_DISSERT.pdf: 8415023 bytes, checksum: f6775ed2d77ccbdd7c26ebd6527818ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-29T00:04:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaLyraDeAlmeida_DISSERT.pdf: 8415023 bytes, checksum: f6775ed2d77ccbdd7c26ebd6527818ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T00:04:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuanaLyraDeAlmeida_DISSERT.pdf: 8415023 bytes, checksum: f6775ed2d77ccbdd7c26ebd6527818ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-29 / Apesar do aumento da conscientiza??o da sociedade com rela??o aos danos causados ao meio ambiente decorrentes da utiliza??o de combust?veis f?sseis, o petr?leo dever? ocupar uma posi??o relevante na matriz energ?tica mundial e nacional durante muito tempo. No Brasil em 2050 aproximadamente 50,6% da matriz energ?tica ainda ser? composta por petr?leo, derivados e g?s natural. Com o aumento do grau de explota??o dos campos ao redor do mundo, estudos sobre novas tecnologias que proporcionem o aumento do fator de recupera??o e da rentabilidade dos campos de petr?leo s?o cada vez mais necess?rios. Aproximadamente 0,3 x 1012 m? de ?leo leve e m?dio dever?o permanecer nos reservat?rios ao redor do mundo ap?s a recupera??o secund?ria. Os m?todos de EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) s?o aplicados nesta fase de produ??o do campo, objetivando mobilizar o ?leo residual. Tipicamente, o ?leo residual representa de 60% a 90% de todo o ?leo remanescente, enquanto os outros 40% a 10% permanecem nas ?reas n?o varridas do reservat?rio. O m?todo de inje??o de solu??o polim?rica em reservat?rios de petr?leo objetiva a corre??o da raz?o de mobilidades ?gua/?leo e incremento da efici?ncia de varrido do ?leo. O m?todo de inje??o da solu??o ASP objetiva al?m do incremento da efici?ncia de varrido, a mobiliza??o de ?leo residual atrav?s da redu??o da tens?o interfacial entre a ?gua e o ?leo, com incremento da efici?ncia de deslocamento. Neste estudo, estes dois m?todos foram avaliados em reservat?rios portadores de ?leo m?dio, em avan?ado est?gio de inje??o de ?gua. Um modelo homog?neo de reservat?rio foi submetido a 3 anos de produ??o prim?ria e posteriormente a 20 anos de inje??o de ?gua, a partir deste ponto foram selecionadas 3 varia??es deste modelo para o estudo das t?cnicas de inje??o de pol?mero e de solu??o ASP. As simula??es de fluxo foram realizadas atrav?s de um simulador num?rico com suporte para m?todos qu?micos. Os resultados para o processo de inje??o de pol?mero mostraram pequenas varia??es com rela??o ? inje??o de ?gua, em termos de fator de recupera??o do ?leo e redu??o do corte de ?gua produzida. Foi observado que o processo cumpriu com o objetivo da corre??o da raz?o de mobilidades ?gua/?leo, entretanto as baixas injetividades obtidas comprometeram os resultados do m?todo. J? a aplica??o do processo de inje??o da solu??o ASP, nos dois reservat?rios de melhor condi??o permoporosa, mostrou incrementos nos fatores de recupera??o de 30,7% e 25,2% em rela??o ? inje??o de ?gua, al?m da queda no corte de ?gua produzida de 8,1% e 11,4%. Para o reservat?rio de condi??es permoporosas ruins, o m?todo foi comprometido pelas baixas injetividades obtidas e trouxe fatores de recupera??o do ?leo mais baixos que a inje??o de ?gua. Foi poss?vel observar que o processo cumpriu com os objetivos de melhora nas efici?ncias de varrido e de deslocamento do ?leo nas ?reas atingidas pelo banco de inje??o para os tr?s reservat?rios estudados.

This thesis investigates two different web server solutions. One is a commercial, proprietary solution known as the Windows solution that consists of Windows Server 2003, IIS and ASP. The other is a free, open source solution consisting of FreeBSD, Apache and PHP. The both solutions had the database MySQL as a common component. The hypothesis that was used in this investigation is as follows: IIS on Windows Server is not better than Apache on FreeBSD for e-commerce systems. To answer the hypothesis two empirical comparisons were conducted. One was a response time experiment testing two symmetrical web shops developed for the both solutions. For this response time test a stress test application was developed. The second comparison was a case study in the ease of installation of the two different solutions. The third empirical research method was a survey that was conducted among Swedish web hotel administrators. The survey identifies various factors that play a part when choosing one of the solutions. Open source users prefer performance, security and costs of software while Windows users prefer required knowledge, usability and compatibility. By analysing our result it is shown that the hypothesis is verified proving that an open source solution reports better performance because it has lower response times than the Windows solution. The results from the case study show that Windows is the easiest solution to install. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker två olika webbservrar lösningar. En är kommersiell patentskyddad lösning känd som Windows lösningen som består av Windows Server 2003, IIS och ASP. Den andra lösningen är en gratis open source lösning som består av FreeBSD, Apache och PHP. Båda lösningarna har databasen MySQL som en jämensam komponent. Hypotesen som användes i denna forskning är; IIS på Windows Server är inte bättre än Apache på FreeBSD för e-handel system. För att kunna besvara hypotesen gjordes två empirisk jämförelsen. En var respons tid experiment som testade två symmetriska webb shops som var utvecklad av oss för bägge lösningarna. För detta experiment utvecklades en stress test program. Den andra jämförelsen var en fallstudie i lätthet av installation av dessa två lösningar. Den tredje forsknings metoden är en undersökning bland svensk webb hotell administratörer. Undersökningen identifierar olika faktorer som spelar roll när man väljer en av lösningarna. Open source användare föredrar prestanda, säkerhet och kostnad av mjukvara medan Windows användare föredrar obligatorisk kunskap, användbarhet och jämförbarhet. Genom analys av våra resultat har vi visat att vår hypotes är verifierad och detta bevisar att open source lösningen har bättre prestanda genom att den har lägre respons tid än Windows lösningen. Resultatet av fallstudien visar att Windows är lättare att installera.

CML Data AB is a small IT-company that offers complete IT-solutions adjusted to the needs of the customers. It is hard for the employees to bring all necessary papers, files and software when visiting a customer. They also have difficulties planning their daily work and to keep track of each other, because of the lack of a shared calendar. The purpose of this report is to answer the following questions: - How do you develop a centralized information system for CML Data AB where it is possible for the employees to gain access to files, plan their days and where the customers can get access to relevant information? - How do you develop an information system that is easy to manage? - How do you make it easier for the employees at CML Data AB to update their homepage? We discussed the problems and the future information system with the employees and were able to establish a set of needs and requirements which we then used as a foundation during the software development. We used user centered system design during the whole process and focused a lot on usability and interaction design. The project resulted in a stylistically pure and user friendly portal. The portal can be used to access and upload files and plan the daily work. It can also be used for administration of the homepage and the portal users. / CML Data AB är ett teknikintensivt och renodlat IT-företag som skräddarsyr helhetslösningar anpassade efter kundens behov. CML Data AB kan sägas fungera som en extern IT-avdelning för företag. Mycket av arbetet sköts ute hos kunder och man får ofta åka ut på uppdrag med kort varsel. Det är då svårt att få med sig de nödvändiga filer, dokument och programvaror som krävs. Företaget saknar även en gemensam kalender där det dagliga arbetet kan planeras. För att få en bättre inblick i företagets verksamhet och för att få fram de förändringsbehov som fanns gjordes en FA/SIMM-analys. Denna analys visade att CML Data AB var i behov av ett centraliserat informationssystem med möjlighet att ladda upp och hämta filer, samt en kalender för att underlätta planeringen av det dagliga arbetet. Det kunde också konstateras att företagets hemsida behövde förnyas och göras lättare att uppdatera och förändra. Examensarbetets frågeställningar fastställdes till följande: - Hur utvecklar man ett centraliserat informationssystem åt CML Data AB där det går att planera sitt arbete, få åtkomst till filer och där kunder kan komma åt relevant information? - Hur utvecklar man ett centraliserat informationssystem åt CML Data AB som är enkelt och smidigt att administrera? - Hur gör man det lättare och mindre tidskrävande för de anställda på CML Data AB att uppdatera hemsidan? Tillsammans med de anställda på företaget togs de krav och behov fram som fanns på informationssystemet. Utvecklingsarbetet skedde med stöd av användarcentrerad systemdesign och fokuserade mycket på användarvänlighet och interaktionsdesign. Innan programmeringen tog vid framställdes ett antal prototyper som de anställda fick ha synpunkter på. Ett par av dessa prototyper godkändes och låg som grund för det fortsatta utvecklingsarbetet. En accessdatabas ligger till grunden för informationssystemet som utvecklats i Visual Studio .NET med hjälp av programmeringsspråket Visual Basic .NET och serverspråket ASP .NET. Arbetet resulterade i en portal med ett stilrent och användarvänligt gränssnitt. Från portalen går det att hämta och ladda upp filer, det går även att planera arbetsveckan och få information om vart de anställda befinner sig genom den gemensamma kalendern. Portalen har även en enkel och lättnavigerad administrationsdel där det går att uppdatera, ta bort och förändra den information som finns i portalen. Från administrationsdelen kan man också uppdatera och förändra den nydesignade hemsidan. Genom ett enkelt WYSIWYG-gränssnitt kan man lätt uppdatera och lägga till bilder och texter på hemsidan. Det finns också funktioner för att lägga till helt nya sidor och för att lägga till nyheter på hemsidan.

This work deals with software asset management, types of managed software licenses and also the standards that are related to processes of software asset management. There are specified requirements for a system for SAM (Software Asset Management) and also the design of the system. It deals with the description of the system implementation with the chosen implementation environment, followed with testing of this system and evaluation of results.