La présente thèse porte sur l'utilité de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité dans le design de polymères pour applications photovoltaïques. L'étude porte d'abord sur le rôle des calculs théoriques pour la caractérisation des polymères dans le cadre de collaborations entre la théorie et l'expérience. La stabilité et les niveaux énergétiques de certaines molécules organiques sont étudiés avant et après la sulfuration de leurs groupements carbonyles, un procédé destiné à diminuer le band gap. Les propriétés de dynamique électronique, de séparation des porteurs de charges et de spectres de vibrations Raman sont également explorées dans un polymère à base de polycarbazole. Par la suite, l'utilité des calculs théoriques dans le design de polymères avant leurs synthèses est considérée. La théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité est étudiée dans le cadre du modèle de Scharber afin de prédire l'efficacité des cellules solaires organiques. Une nouvelle méthode de design de polymères à faible band gaps, basée sur la forme structurale aromatique ou quinoide est également présentée, dont l'efficacité surpasse l'approche actuelle de donneur-accepteur. Ces études sont mises à profit dans l'exploration de l'espace moléculaire et plusieurs candidats de polymères aux propriétés électroniques intéressantes sont présentés. / This thesis focuses on the role of density functional theory in the design of polymers for photovoltaic applications. Theoretical calculations are first studied in the characterization of polymers in the context of collaborations between theory and experiment. The stability and the energy levels of some organic molecules are studied before and after a sulfurization of their carbonyl groups, a process destined to lower the band gaps. The dynamics of the electronic processes and the Raman vibration spectra are also explored in a polycarbazole-based polymer. From then, the usefulness of theoretical calculations in the design of polymers before their syntheses is explored. Density functional theory calculations are studied under the Scharber model in order to predict the efficiency of organic solar cells. Then, a new approach for the design of low band gap polymer based on the aromatic or quinoid structures is established, whose efficiency surpasses the actual donor-acceptor approach. These studies are used in the exploration of the chemical space and several candidate for polymers with interesting electronic properties are presented.

In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wurden sekundäre Isotopeneffekte auf NMR-chemische Verschiebungen mit ab-initio quantenchemischen Methoden bestimmt. Um die zu erwartenden Fehler verschiedener Methoden abschätzen zu können, wurden die sekundären Isotopeneffekte von Fluor(2-2H1)ethan auf HF, MP2 und CCSD(T)-Niveau mit tripel- und quadrupel-Zeta Basissätzen berechnet. Anhand der Ergebnisse dieser Rechnungen lässt sich zeigen, dass gauche und antiperiplanare Konformere bereits mithilfe von sekundären Isotopenverschiebungen unterschieden werden können, die auf HF/tz2p-Niveau berechnet wurden. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob es eine Abhängingkeit des Isotopeneffektes von den Diederwinkeln zwischen Deuterium- und Fluorsubstituenten gibt. Die sekundären Isotopeneffekte auf 19F-NMR-chemische Verschiebungen von exo- und endo-2-Fluornorbornanen mit Deuterium Substituenten in den endo-3, exo-3, syn-7 oder anti-7 Positionen wurden auf HF/tz2p-Niveau berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die berechneten Isotopeneffekte an 2-Fluornorbornanen eine Identifizierung der verschiedenen Stereoisomere erlauben. / In the present Diploma thesis secondary isotope effects on NMR chemical shieldings were determined using ab-initio quantum chemical methods. In order to estimate errors of various methods, secondary isotope effects on fluoro(2-2H1)ethane were calculated at the HF, MP2 and CCSD(T) level of theory using triple- and quadruple zeta basis sets. On the basis of these calculations it can be shown that gauche and antiperiplanar conformers can already be distinguished by their secondary isotope shifts calculated at the HF/tz2p level of theory. Furthermore it was investigated, whether a dependency of the isotope effects on dihedral angles between the deuterium and the fluorine substituent exists. The secondary isotope effects on 19F chemical shifts of exo- and endo-2-fluoronorbornanes with deuterium subsituents in the endo-3, exo-3, syn-7 or anti-7 positions were calculated at the HF/tz2p level. It is shown that the calculated isotope effects of 2-fluoronorbornanes allow to identify various stereoisomers.

Engineering new solid propellant materials requires optimization of several factors, to include energy density, burn rate, sensitivity, and environmental impact. Equally important is the need for materials that will maintain their mechanical properties and thermal stability during long periods of storage. The nanoscale materials considered in this dissertation are proposed metal additives that may enhance energy density and improve combustion in a composite rocket motor. Density Functional Theory methods are used to determine cluster geometries, bond strengths, and energy densities. The ground-state geometries and electron affinities (EAs) for MnxO?: x = 3, 4, y = 1, 2 clusters were calculated with GGA, and estimates for the vertical detachment energies compare well with experimental results. It was found that the presence of oxygen influences the overall cluster moment and spin configuration, stabilizing ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic isomers. The calculated EAs range from 1.29-1.84 eV, which is considerably lower than the 3.0-5.0 eV EAs characteristic of current propellant oxidizers. Their use as solid propellant additives is limited. The structures and bonding of a range of Al-cyclopentadienyl cluster compounds were studied with multilayer quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM:MM) methods. The organometallic Al-ligand bonds are generally 55-85 kcal/mol and are much stronger than Al-Al interactions. This suggests that thermal decomposition in these clusters will proceed via the loss of surface metal-ligand units. The energy density of the large clusters is calculated to be nearly 60% that of pure aluminum. These organometallic cluster systems may provide a route to extremely rapid Al combustion in solid rocket motors. Lastly, the properties of COOH-terminated passivating agents were modeled with the GPW method. It is confirmed that fluorinated polymers bind to both Al(111) and Al(100) at two Al surface sites. The oligomers HCOOH, CH3CH2COOH, and CF3CF2COOH chemisorb onto Al(111) with adsorption energies of 10-45 kcal/mol. The preferred contact angle for the organic chains is 65-85 degrees, and adsorption energy weakens slightly with increasing chain length. Despite their relatively weak adsorption energies, fluorinated polymers have elevated melting temperatures, making them good passivation materials for micron-scale Al fuel particles.

La biomasse ligno-cellulosique est principalement constituée de cellulose, d’hémicellulose et de lignine. Par conversion thermochimique, la lignine se transforme en bio-huile riche en composés phénoliques. Ces composés phénoliques sont généralement récupérés à l’aide de plusieurs étapes d‘extractions liquide-liquide consécutives impliquant des solvants aqueux et organiques. À l’aide d’une approche multi-échelle, nous avons étudié, la faisabilité et l’efficacité d’un liquide ionique, la [Choline][NTf2], pour l’extraction liquide-liquide de ces composés. En effet, l’utilisation de ce solvant permettrait d’améliorer l’efficacité d’extraction, tout en diminuant la toxicité et les coûts liés à l’utilisation de solvants organiques classiques. Des calculs quantiques ont été effectués afin de mieux comprendre les interactions régissant les systèmes clés de ces extractions. Les structures des composés phénoliques dans leur état isolé ou en présence de solvant montrent que les conformations sont stabilisées par la présence de liaisons hydrogène. De plus, la détermination des énergies d’interaction indique que la [Choline][NTf2] est efficace pour l’extraction de composés phénoliques présents en solution aqueuse. Par ailleurs, la détermination des diagrammes de phases des systèmes binaires {eau-composé + phénolique} et des systèmes ternaires {eau + composé phénolique + [Choline][NTf2]} montre que l’extraction des composés est également possible à une échelle macroscopique. Les paramètres NRTL issus de ces expériences ont permis de simuler l’extraction de trois composés phénoliques majoritairement présents dans les bio-huiles, i.e. le phénol, le guaiacol et le syringol, et ce, à moindre coût. Enfin, l’extraction de ces composés à partir d’une bio-huile obtenue par pyrolyse rapide de lignine a également été particulièrement efficace avec le liquide ionique [Choline][NTf2]. De ce fait, cette étude multi-échelle a permis de montrer que la [Choline][NTf2] est un excellent solvant pour la récupération des composés phénoliques. Enfin, l’étude des propriétés anti-oxydantes témoigne de la valeur ajoutée de ces composés, notamment à travers leur pouvoir réducteur et leur propriété anti-radicalaire / The lignocellulosic biomass is mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Upon thermal conversion of lignin, a bio-oil rich in phenolic compounds is obtained. These latter are then generally recovered through several liquid-liquid extraction involving aqueous and organic solvents. In this work we investigated, by a multi-scale study, the feasibility and the efficiency of the ionic liquid [Choline][NTf2] for the extraction of these phenolic compounds by liquid-liquid extraction. Indeed, such a solvent could improve the extraction efficiency and at the same time, reduce the toxicity and the cost of the classic organic solvents. Quantum calculations were performed in order to better understand the interaction governing the key systems of these extractions. The structures of the phenolic compounds in their isolated forms and in contact with solvents show that the conformations are stabilized by the presence of hydrogen bonds. More, the determination of the interaction energies indicates that the [Choline][NTf2] ionic liquid is efficient for the extraction of phenolic compounds present in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the study of phase diagrams of binary systems {water-phenolic compound} and ternary systems {water-phenolic compound-[Choline][NTf2]} show that the extraction of these compounds is also possible at a macroscopic scale. Then, the NRTL parameters coming from these experiments allowed the simulation of the extraction of three compounds mostly present in the bio-oils, namely phenol, guaiacol and syringol, as so at low cost. Finally, the extraction of these compounds from bio-oil obtained from lignin fast pyrolysis was also particularly efficient with the [Choline][NTf2] ionic liquid. Therefore, this multi-scale study demonstrated that [Choline][NTf2] is an excellent solvent for the recovery of phenolic compounds. Lastly, the study of the antioxidant properties testify the added-value of these compounds, especially through their reducing power and their radical scavenging capacity

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a adsorção de corantes têxteis (Vermelho Reativo 194 e Azul de Prociona MX-R) em nanotubos de carbono (NTC) em meio aquoso. Para tanto, empregou-se nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) e carvão ativo (CA) em pó, ambos comerciais, na remoção do corante têxtil Vermelho Reativo 194 e nanotubos de carbono de parede simples (NTCPS) e NTCPM na remoção do corante têxtil Azul de Prociona MX-R. Os NTCPS foram sintetizados utilizando a técnica de deposição química de vapor catalisada. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho e Raman, isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de agitação e da temperatura na capacidade de adsorção foram investigados. O tempo de contato para obter equilíbrio a 298 K foi fixado em uma hora para o caso onde foi empregado o corante Vermelho Reativo 194 e três horas para o caso onde foi empregado o Azul de Prociona MX-R. A região de pH ácido (pH 2,0) foi favorável para as adsorções de ambos corantes. A energia de ativação do processo de adsorção foi avaliada nas temperaturas entre 298-323 K para os NTCPM e CA, na adsorção do corante Vermelho Reativo 194. O modelo cinético de ordem fracionária de Avrami foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Vermelho Reativo 194 em comparação com os modelos cinéticos de adsorção de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Por outro lado, o modelo cinético de ordem geral foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Azul de Prociano MX-R, em comparação aos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Tanto para o corante Vermelho Reativo 194, quanto para o corante Azul de Prociona MX-R, os dados de equilíbrio obedeceram ao modelo de isoterma de Liu. O cálculo dos parâmetros termodinâmicos de adsorção indicou que a adsorção de ambos ocorre de forma endotérmica, espontânea e favorável para todas as temperaturas investigadas. Adicionalmente, a magnitude da entalpia indica que a adsorção para os dois corantes se dá através de interação eletrostática. Isso pode ser confirmado por cálculos ab initio, baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, implementados no código SIESTA, para a adsorção do Azul de Prociona MX-R e um NTCPS (8,0). / This work aimed to investigate the adsorption of textile dyes (Reactive Red M-2BE and Reactive Blue 4) on carbon nanotubes (CNT). To this purpose, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and powdered activated carbon (AC), both commercial, were used in removal of textile dye Reactive Red M-2BE and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MWCNT in the removal of textile dye Reactive Blue 4. The SWCNT were synthesized by catalytical chemical vapour deposition. The adsorbents were characterised by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 1 hour for the case where the Reactive Red M-2BE dye was used and 3 hours for the case where the dye was used Reactive Blue 4. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the both dyes were favourable. The activation energy of the adsorption process was evaluated from 298 to 323 K for MWCNT and AC, in the adsorption of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. On the other hand, the general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Blue 4 dye, compared with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For both the Reactive Red M-2BE and the Reactive Blue 4 dyes, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that adsorption of both dyes by adsorbents occurs so endothermic, spontaneous and favorable for all temperatures studied. Additionally, the magnitude of enthalpy indicates that the adsorption process for both dyes occurs through electrostatic interaction. This can be confirmed by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory, implemented in the SIESTA code, for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 textile dye and a SWCNT (8.0).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a adsorção de corantes têxteis (Vermelho Reativo 194 e Azul de Prociona MX-R) em nanotubos de carbono (NTC) em meio aquoso. Para tanto, empregou-se nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) e carvão ativo (CA) em pó, ambos comerciais, na remoção do corante têxtil Vermelho Reativo 194 e nanotubos de carbono de parede simples (NTCPS) e NTCPM na remoção do corante têxtil Azul de Prociona MX-R. Os NTCPS foram sintetizados utilizando a técnica de deposição química de vapor catalisada. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho e Raman, isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de agitação e da temperatura na capacidade de adsorção foram investigados. O tempo de contato para obter equilíbrio a 298 K foi fixado em uma hora para o caso onde foi empregado o corante Vermelho Reativo 194 e três horas para o caso onde foi empregado o Azul de Prociona MX-R. A região de pH ácido (pH 2,0) foi favorável para as adsorções de ambos corantes. A energia de ativação do processo de adsorção foi avaliada nas temperaturas entre 298-323 K para os NTCPM e CA, na adsorção do corante Vermelho Reativo 194. O modelo cinético de ordem fracionária de Avrami foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Vermelho Reativo 194 em comparação com os modelos cinéticos de adsorção de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Por outro lado, o modelo cinético de ordem geral foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Azul de Prociano MX-R, em comparação aos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Tanto para o corante Vermelho Reativo 194, quanto para o corante Azul de Prociona MX-R, os dados de equilíbrio obedeceram ao modelo de isoterma de Liu. O cálculo dos parâmetros termodinâmicos de adsorção indicou que a adsorção de ambos ocorre de forma endotérmica, espontânea e favorável para todas as temperaturas investigadas. Adicionalmente, a magnitude da entalpia indica que a adsorção para os dois corantes se dá através de interação eletrostática. Isso pode ser confirmado por cálculos ab initio, baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, implementados no código SIESTA, para a adsorção do Azul de Prociona MX-R e um NTCPS (8,0). / This work aimed to investigate the adsorption of textile dyes (Reactive Red M-2BE and Reactive Blue 4) on carbon nanotubes (CNT). To this purpose, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and powdered activated carbon (AC), both commercial, were used in removal of textile dye Reactive Red M-2BE and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MWCNT in the removal of textile dye Reactive Blue 4. The SWCNT were synthesized by catalytical chemical vapour deposition. The adsorbents were characterised by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 1 hour for the case where the Reactive Red M-2BE dye was used and 3 hours for the case where the dye was used Reactive Blue 4. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the both dyes were favourable. The activation energy of the adsorption process was evaluated from 298 to 323 K for MWCNT and AC, in the adsorption of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. On the other hand, the general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Blue 4 dye, compared with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For both the Reactive Red M-2BE and the Reactive Blue 4 dyes, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that adsorption of both dyes by adsorbents occurs so endothermic, spontaneous and favorable for all temperatures studied. Additionally, the magnitude of enthalpy indicates that the adsorption process for both dyes occurs through electrostatic interaction. This can be confirmed by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory, implemented in the SIESTA code, for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 textile dye and a SWCNT (8.0).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a adsorção de corantes têxteis (Vermelho Reativo 194 e Azul de Prociona MX-R) em nanotubos de carbono (NTC) em meio aquoso. Para tanto, empregou-se nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (NTCPM) e carvão ativo (CA) em pó, ambos comerciais, na remoção do corante têxtil Vermelho Reativo 194 e nanotubos de carbono de parede simples (NTCPS) e NTCPM na remoção do corante têxtil Azul de Prociona MX-R. Os NTCPS foram sintetizados utilizando a técnica de deposição química de vapor catalisada. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho e Raman, isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de agitação e da temperatura na capacidade de adsorção foram investigados. O tempo de contato para obter equilíbrio a 298 K foi fixado em uma hora para o caso onde foi empregado o corante Vermelho Reativo 194 e três horas para o caso onde foi empregado o Azul de Prociona MX-R. A região de pH ácido (pH 2,0) foi favorável para as adsorções de ambos corantes. A energia de ativação do processo de adsorção foi avaliada nas temperaturas entre 298-323 K para os NTCPM e CA, na adsorção do corante Vermelho Reativo 194. O modelo cinético de ordem fracionária de Avrami foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Vermelho Reativo 194 em comparação com os modelos cinéticos de adsorção de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Por outro lado, o modelo cinético de ordem geral foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais do corante Azul de Prociano MX-R, em comparação aos modelos de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem. Tanto para o corante Vermelho Reativo 194, quanto para o corante Azul de Prociona MX-R, os dados de equilíbrio obedeceram ao modelo de isoterma de Liu. O cálculo dos parâmetros termodinâmicos de adsorção indicou que a adsorção de ambos ocorre de forma endotérmica, espontânea e favorável para todas as temperaturas investigadas. Adicionalmente, a magnitude da entalpia indica que a adsorção para os dois corantes se dá através de interação eletrostática. Isso pode ser confirmado por cálculos ab initio, baseados na teoria do funcional da densidade, implementados no código SIESTA, para a adsorção do Azul de Prociona MX-R e um NTCPS (8,0). / This work aimed to investigate the adsorption of textile dyes (Reactive Red M-2BE and Reactive Blue 4) on carbon nanotubes (CNT). To this purpose, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and powdered activated carbon (AC), both commercial, were used in removal of textile dye Reactive Red M-2BE and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MWCNT in the removal of textile dye Reactive Blue 4. The SWCNT were synthesized by catalytical chemical vapour deposition. The adsorbents were characterised by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. The contact time to obtain equilibrium at 298 K was fixed at 1 hour for the case where the Reactive Red M-2BE dye was used and 3 hours for the case where the dye was used Reactive Blue 4. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the both dyes were favourable. The activation energy of the adsorption process was evaluated from 298 to 323 K for MWCNT and AC, in the adsorption of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Red M-2BE dye compared with pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. On the other hand, the general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of the Reactive Blue 4 dye, compared with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For both the Reactive Red M-2BE and the Reactive Blue 4 dyes, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicated that adsorption of both dyes by adsorbents occurs so endothermic, spontaneous and favorable for all temperatures studied. Additionally, the magnitude of enthalpy indicates that the adsorption process for both dyes occurs through electrostatic interaction. This can be confirmed by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory, implemented in the SIESTA code, for the adsorption of Reactive Blue 4 textile dye and a SWCNT (8.0).

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No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianedasilvavaiss.pdf: 3626163 bytes, checksum: 3a5c810252b870e4922ae7564819b604 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os hidróxidos lamelares, dentre os quais se incluem os compostos tipo brucita e os hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDL), apresentam inúmeras aplicações devido às suas propriedades, tais como: alta estabilidade térmica, capacidade de troca iônica, porosidade e elevada área específica, eletroquímicas, fotoquímicas e outras. A capacidade de adsorção e troca iônica apresentada por estes compostos faz com que estes materiais sejam amplamente utilizados na remoção de espécies aniônicas e contaminantes. Assim, por exemplo, tais materiais podem ser usados na remoção do excesso de fluoreto de água potável, pois fluoreto em excesso pode causar fluorose esquelética ou dental, e na desativação de agentes neurotóxicos, organofosforados que atacam o sistema nervoso. O presente trabalho, apresenta um estudo detalhado dos mecanismos de reação de H2O, HF e sarin com hidróxidos lamelares. Para tanto, foram utilizados cálculos ab initio baseados na Teoria do Funcional da Densidade com condições de contorno e o método CI-NEB (Climbing Image-Nudging Elastic Band) para calcular o caminho de reação e a barreira energética de cada reação envolvida nos processos. A reação de HF foi baseada num mecanismo proposto composto por quatro reações elementares: a adsorção de HF sobre a superfície dos hidróxidos, a dissociação do HF adsorvido, a dessorção da molécula de água formada na reação de dissociação e a formação do composto M(OH)2−xFx. Os resultados mostram que a formação do composto M(OH)2−xFx é espontânea. Este resultado está de acordo com trabalhos experimentais, que prevêem como estável o composto formado pela substituição de OH- por F- em hidróxidos lamelares. Foram analisadas duas propostas para a formação de hidroxila sobre a superfície de hidróxidos lamelares. Na primeira uma hidroxila da própria lamela do hidróxido migra para a superfície e na segunda uma molécula de água se dissocia sobre a superfície do hidróxido, formando uma molécula de água e hidroxila adsorvidas na superfície, sendo esta última proposta mais favorável segundo os cálculos realizados. Os trabalhos anteriores foram etapas necessárias para o objetivo central da tese: estudar a desativação do agente neurotóxico sarin. No processo de desativação do sarin foram estudados intermediários formados pela dissociação e quimissorção do agente sobre a superfície da brucita. Com base nos resultados dos três processos estudados pôde-se verificar que a reação de desativação do agente sarin utilizando a brucita é termodinamicamente mais estável do que a reação de hidrólise. Além disso, verificou-se que a água pode participar do processo de desativação como um catalisador. Tal estudo está no âmbito do Programa Pró-Defesa do ministério da Defesa em conjunto com a CAPES. / Layered hydroxides, including brucite-like compounds and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), present numerous applications due to their properties such as: high thermal stability, ion exchange capacity, porosity and high surface area, electrochemistry, photochemistry and others. The capacity of adsorption and ion exchange presented by these materials make them to be widely used in the removal of anionic species and contaminants. Thus, for example, such materials can be used in the removal of excess fluoride from drinking water, because fluoride in excess can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis, and degradation of nerve agents, like organophosphates that attack the nervous system. This work presents a detailed study of the reactions H2O, HF and sarin with layered hydroxides. Therefore, were used ab initio calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) with periodic boundary conditions and the CI-NEB method (Climbing Image – nudging Elastic band) to calculate the reaction path and the energetic barrier for each reaction involved in the process. The reaction of HF was based on a proposed mechanism consisting of four elementary steps: the adsorption of HF on the surface of hydroxides, the dissociation of adsorbed HF, the desorption of water molecule formed in the dissociation reaction and the formation of the compound M(OH)2−xFx. The results show that the formation of the compound M(OH)2−xFx is spontaneous. This result agrees with experimental works, that predicts as stable the compound formed by replacing OH- by F- in layered hydroxides. Two proposals were analyzed for the formation of hydroxyl on the surface of layered hydroxides. In the first proposal a hydroxyl of the hydroxide lamella migrates to the surface and in the second proposal a water molecule dissociates on the surface of the hydroxides, forming a water molecule and hydroxyl adsorbed on the surface; the latter proposal is more favorable according to the calculations performed. The previous studies were necessary steps for the central goal of the thesis: to study the deactivation of the nerve agent sarin. In the deactivation process of the nerve agent sarin intermediates formed by dissociation and chemisorption of the agent on the surface of brucite were studied. Based on the results of the three cases studied it could be checked that the deactivation reaction of the agent sarin using brucite is thermodynamically more stable than the hydrolysis reaction. Moreover, it appears that water can participate in the deactivation process as a catalyst. This study has happened into the ambit of the Pro-Defense program of the Defense Menistry in conjunction with the CAPES.

Ce travail se place dans le cadre des réacteurs nucléaires de 4ème génération tels que les réacteurs à neutrons rapides et caloporteur gaz (RNR-G), pour lesquels des matériaux réfractaires comme le nitrure de titane (TiN) enroberont le combustible afin de permettre la rétention des produits de fission. Cette étude a porté sur le comportement thermique intragranulaire du xénon dans des échantillons de TiN obtenus par frittage à chaud sous charge. Le rôle de la microstructure sur le comportement thermique du xénon a été étudié. Plusieurs lots ont ainsi été synthétisés sous différentes conditions de température et de composition de la poudre initiale. Le xénon a été introduit par implantation ionique. Les échantillons ont ensuite subi des traitements thermiques entre 1300°C et 1600°C, soient les températures accidentelles envisagées. Un transport majoritaire du xénon vers la surface a été mis en évidence. Ce dernier est ralenti lorsque la température de frittage augmente. Des différences de comportement ont été observées selon les poudres mises en oeuvre dans la synthèse et selon l'orientation cristalline du grain considéré. Le relâchement du xénon a également été corrélé à l’oxydation de TiN. Des bulles de Xe dès 0,38 % atomique ont été observées. Leur taille est proportionnelle à la concentration en Xe et augmente avec la température de recuit, d’où une certaine mobilité du Xe au sein de TiN. Plusieurs mécanismes pouvant expliquer cette mobilité sont proposés. En complément, des calculs ab initio ont confirmé le caractère fortement insoluble du Xe dans TiN et révélé que les bilacunes sont les plus favorables à l'incorporation du xénon au sein de ce matériau. / This work concerns the generation IV future nuclear reactors such as gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) for which refractory materials as titanium nitride (TiN) are needed to surround fuel and act as a fission product diffusion barrier. This study is about Xe thermal behavior in sintered titanium nitride. Microstructure effects on Xe behavior have been studied. In this purpose, several syntheses have been performed using differents sintering temperatures and initial powder compositions. Xenon species have been introduced into samples by ionic implantation. Then, samples were annealed in temperature range from 1300°C to 1600°C, these temperatures being the accidental awaited temperature. A transport of xenon towards sample surface has been observed. Transport rate seems to be slow down when increasing sintering temperature. The composition of initial powder and the crystallographic orientation of each considered grain also influence xenon thermal behavior. Xenon release has been correlated with material oxidation during annealing. Xenon bubbles were observed. Their size is proportional with xenon concentration and increases with annealing temperature. Several mechanisms which could explain Xe intragranular mobility in TiN are proposed. In addition with experiments, very low Xe solubility in TiN has been confirmed by ab initio calculations. So, bivacancies were found to be the most favoured Xe incorporation sites in this material.

Nous présentons des études expérimentales et théoriques de disiliciures alcalino-terreux, le disilane (Si2H6) et du carbone à haute pression. Nous étudions les disiliciures et en particulier le cas d’une phase plane de BaSI2 qui a une structure hexagonale avec des liaisons sp3 entre les atomes de silicium. Cet environnement électronique conduit à un gaufrage de feuilles du silicium. Nous démontrons alors une amélioration de la température de transition supraconductrice de 6 à 8.9 K lorsque les couches de silicium s’aplanissent dans cette structure. Des calculs ab initio basés sur DFT ont guidé la recherche expérimentale et permettent d’expliquer comment les propriétés électroniques et des phonons sont fortement affectés par les fluctuations du flambage des plans de silicium. Nous avons aussi étudié les phases cristallines de disilane à très haute pression et une nouvelle phase métallique est proposé en utilisant les méthodes de prédiction de structure cristalline. Les températures de transition calculées donnant un supraconducteur autour de 20 K à 100 GPa. Ces valeurs sont significativement plus faibles comparées à celles avancées dans la littérature. Finalement, nous présentons des études de structures de carbone à haute pression à travers une recherche de structure systématique. Nous avons trouvé une nouvelle forme allotropique du carbone avec une symétrie Cmmm que nous appelons Z-carbone. Cette phase est prévue pour être plus stable que le graphite pour des pressions supérieures à 10 GPa. Des expériences et simulation de rayon-X et spectre Raman sugèrent l’existence de Z-carbone dans des micro-domaines de graphite sous pression / We present experimental and theoretical studies of sp3 materials, alkaline-earth-metal (AEM) disilicides, disilane (Si2H6) and carbon at high pressure. First, we study the AEM disilicides and in particular the case of a layered phase of BaSi2 which has an hexagonal structure with sp3 bonding of the silicon atoms. This electronic environment leads to a natural corrugated Si-sheets. Extensive ab initio calculations based on DFT guided the experimental research and permit explain how electronic and phonon properties are strongly affected by changes in the buckling of the silicon plans. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically an enhancement of superconducting transition temperatures from 6 to 8.9 K when silicon planes flatten out in this structure. Second, we investigated the crystal phases of disilane at the megabar range of pressure. A novel metallic phase of disilane is proposed by using crystal structure prediction methods. The calculated transition temperatures yielding a superconducting Tc of around 20 K at 100 GPa and decreasing to 13 K at 220 GPa. These values are significantly smaller than previously predicted Tc’s and put serious drawbacks in the possibility of high-Tc superconductivity based on silicon-hydrogen systems. Third, we studied the sp3-carbon structures at high pressure through a systematic structure search. We found a new allotrope of carbon with Cmmm symmetry which we refer to as Z-carbon. This phase is predicted to be more stable than graphite for pressures above 10 GPa and is formed by sp3-bonds. Experimental and simulated XRD, Raman spectra suggest the existence of Z-carbon in micro-domains of graphite under pressure