The proponents for conscience wants to get a clause that will allow the health professionals to due. scruples waive certain duties. Swedens decision makers has despite pressure from the Christian De-mocrats and the Sweden Democrats decided not to implement freedom of conscience in health care. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Sweden has the obligation to provide for freedom of conscience in health care. Furthermore, it must be examined, whose rights according to the law will go first, health professionals right to freedom of conscience or the patient right to equal treat-ment. What reasons did Sweden assigned to why the conscience of health and medical care not are introduced? If conscience would be introduced in health care, witch impact would it bring for the patient safety and the employer's supervision right? To answer these questions, I have used the right-dogmatic, rightsociological method and document analysis. Sweden has no obligations to the Council of Europe or the UN to impose conscience in health care. That because the statutes says that the right to freedom of conscience may be restricted in the benefit of health and other persons rights and freedoms. Sweden should comply with Resolution 1763 if they chooses to introduce a conscience clause. The reasons that go beyond why Sweden not have any ob-ligations to introduce freedom of conscience in health care is, that all patients should have the right to equal treatment and that the health professionals would lose their status if they would waive the educational elements. That could lead to patients that no longer can be sure to be processed by staff who hold full knowledge. The last reason cited is that the employer's labor management rights would suffer. Health Services Act (1982: 763) regulates that all patients should be eligible equivalent care, where patients should be involved in the decisions about their own care. Everyone should have the right to health care regardless, of who you are, where you live, what religion or sexual orientation you have. Since 1995, freedom of conscience is regulated in the Act (1994: 1219) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, of Article 9. This means that the Swedish population has the freedom to follow their religious or moral conviction and with that due object to things that not are consistent with one's conscience. Finally, we can see that health professionals have the right to freedom of conscience but not in therir professionally. / Samvetsförespråkarna vill få till en klausul som möjliggör för vårdpersonal att pga. samvetsbetänk-ligheter avstå vissa arbetsmoment. Sveriges beslutsfattare har trots påtryckningar från Kristdemokra-terna och Sverigedemokraterna valt att inte införa samvetsfrihet inom hälso- och sjukvården. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda huruvida Sverige har som skyldighet att införa samvetsfrihet inom hälso- och sjukvården. Vems rättigheter ska enligt lagen väga tyngst, vårdpersonalens rätt till sam-vetsfrihet eller patienternas rätt till likvärdig vård. Vidare ska det utredas vilka skäl Sverige anför till varför samvetsfrihet inom hälso- och sjukvården inte införs? Om samvetsfrihet skulle införas inom vården, hur skulle det påverkan patientsäkerheten och arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt? För att kunna svara på dessa frågor har jag använt mig av rättsdogmatisk och rättsociologisk metod samt dokument analys. Sverige har inga skyldigheter gentemot Europarådet eller FN att införa samvetsfrihet inom hälso- och sjukvården eftersom det i stadgarna står att rätten till samvetsfrihet får underkastas om den in-skränker på hälsa och andra personers fri- och rättigheter. Däremot bör Sverige följa resolution 1763 om Sverige väljer att införa en samvetsklausul. De skäl som anförs utöver att Sverige inte har några skyldigheter att införa samvetsfrihet inom vården är, att alla patienter ska ha rätt till likvärdig vård, att vårdpersonalens yrkesroll skulle förlora sin status om de skulle frångå utbildningsmoment. Detta skulle kunna leda till att patienterna inte längre kan vara säkra på att bli behandlade av personal som innehar fullständiga kunskaper. Det sista skälet som anförs är att arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt skulle bli lidande. Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen (1982:763) reglerar att alla patienten ska vara berätti-gade likvärdig vård, där patienten ska få medverka i besluten kring den egna vården. Alla ska ha rätt till vård oberoende av vem du är, vart du bor, vilken religion eller sexuell läggning du har. Sedan 1995 regleras samvetsfrihet i lag (1994:1219) om den europeiska konventionen angående skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna och de grundläggande friheternas artikel 9. Det innebär att svenska be-folkningen har friheten att följa sin religiösa eller moraliska övertygelse och med den som grund invända mot sådant som inte stämmer överens med ens samvete. Avslutningsvis går det att konsta-tera att vårdpersonal har rätt till samvetsfrihet men inte i sin yrkesroll.

Two types of placentitis were studied: ascending and nocardioform placentitis. Although the first diagnosis of nocardioform placentitis was made three decades ago, little is known about the disease, due to the lack of an experimental model. In attempt to develop a research model, Crossiela equi was inoculated through intrauterine, intravenous, intrapharyngeal, and oral routes, but none of the routes resulted in nocardioform placentitis. This may indicate that unidentified factors may play a role in disease pathogenesis and that simple presence of bacteria is not sufficient to induce nocardioform placentitis. The second and major component of this dissertation involved the identification of diagnostic markers for placentitis. Because ascending bacterial placentitis is readily and predictably induced using existing experimental models, this model was used to identify diagnostic markers for placentitis in maternal plasma and fetal fluids. Three potential biomarkers were examined: acute phase inflammatory proteins, steroid hormones produced by the fetoplacental unit, and protein composition of the fetal fluids. Of the three acute phase proteins investigated, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin but not fibrinogen increased in association with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Androgens and progestins appear to be poor markers for placentitis. Serum estradiol 17β concentrations were reduced in mares with experimentally induced placentitis and appear to be a good marker for placentitis in mares. Different methods were used to study the protein composition of the fetal fluids. Alpha-fetoprotein was characterized as a major protein present in the equine fetal fluids, and this protein was elevated in plasma of mares with placentitis. In another study, using a high-throughput proteomic technique several new proteins were characterized in the amniotic and allantoic fluids of mares carrying normal pregnancies, and several previously uncharacterized proteins were detected in the allantoic fluid of mares with placentitis. Three secreting proteins were elevated in allantoic fluid of mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis.

The right to freedom of conscience is protected by international conventions and declarations of human rights that have been ratified by Sweden. Nationally, the issue of health professionals’ right to freedom of conscience in the abortion care is not resolved by public inquiry. This has led to that Sweden has been notified to the European Committee of Social Rights on the grounds that the country is considered to be violating the Council of  Europe Resolution 1763 and that the proper question to be determined by regulations of the interests that are balanced, based on their legal value in relation to each other. Freedoms, rights and obligations conflict with each other. In Norway the health professionals are legally entitled to abstain from performing and assisting abortion, which the employer is obliged to consider in organizing its activities. In light of the countries different regulations but similar legal traditions, the study includes an empirical comparison of health care employees experiences of conscience in the context of the abortion care. How the Swedish law relates to the legal ruling and normative rules of conscience and whether a right to conscientious objection can be derived from case law, is examined in the study. The legal investigation shows that Sweden does not recognize and guarantee freedom of conscience in the abortion care. The fact that career choices are based on voluntariness speaks in the essay against a right to conscientious objection. This is proved by the ECHR and the European Commission's general view that the manifestations attributable to belief or religion can not be considered a subject to discrimination, if the situation includes possible obstacles to religious practice can be traced to volunteerism. The essays empirical comparison is displaying what the complexity of freedom of conscience means in abortion activities organized by different legal systems. The informantsworking inSwedenfear thataconscience clauseshalllimit women’s rightto abortionandthat health professionalsshould not havean equivalentapproach tothe patients.Furthermore they fearedproblemsrelated toorganization andwork environment.The informantsworking in Norwayhave experiencedproblemsthrough conflictsbetween health professionalsrelated toreservationright. / Rätten till samvetsfrihet skyddas av internationella konventioner och deklarationer om mänskliga rättigheter som Sverige har ratificerat. Nationellt har frågan om vårdpersonals rätt till samvetsfrihet inom abortvård dock inte bemötts genom offentlig utredning. Detta har föranlett att Sverige anmälts till Europeiska kommittén för sociala rättigheter på grund av att landet betraktas bryta mot Europarådets resolution 1763 samt att rättsfrågan får bedömas utifrån reglering av de intressen som avvägs, utifrån bestämmelsernas rättsliga värde i förhållande till varandra. Friheter, rättigheter och skyldigheter står emot varandra. I Norge ges vårdpersonal lagenlig rätt att reservera sig från att utföra och assistera abortingrepp, vilket arbetsgivaren är skyldig att beakta vid organisering av verksamheten. Mot bakgrund av ländernas skilda reglering men liknande rättstraditioner görs en empirisk komparation av arbetstagares upplevelser av samvetsfrihet inom ramen för abortvård. Vidare bemöts hur svensk rätt förhåller sig till rättsligt styrande och normerande bestämmelser av samvetsfrihet och huruvida en rätt till samvetsvägran kan härledas ur rättspraxis. Av rättsutredningen framgår att Sverige inte erkänner och garanterar samvetsfrihet inom abortvård. Att yrkesval bygger på frivillighet bemöts i uppsatsen emotsäga en rätt till samvetsvägran. Detta styrkes av Europadomstolens och Europeiska kommissionens generella åsikt om att manifestation hänförlig till övertygelse eller religion inte kan anses vara föremål för diskriminering om situationen som inkluderar möjliga hinder för religionsutövning kan härledas till frivillighet. Uppsatsens empiriska komparation visar på den komplexitet som samvetsfrihet innebär inom abortverksamheter styrda av skilda rättsordningar. Informanterna som arbetar i Sverige befarar att en samvetsklausul ska inskränka kvinnors rätt till abort och att vårdpersonalen inte ska ha ett likvärdigt förhållningssätt till patienterna. Vidare befaras problematik hänförlig till organisering och arbetsmiljö. Informanterna som arbetar i Norge har upplevt problematik genom konflikter mellan vårdpersonal hänförlig till reservationsrätten.

Background: The number of childbearing adolescents in Vietnam is relatively low but they are more prone to experience adverse outcome than adult women. Reports of increasing rates of abortion and prevalence of STIs including HIV among youth indicate a need to improve services and counselling for these groups. Midwives are key persons in the promotion of young people’s sexual and reproductive health in Vietnam. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis is to describe the prevalence and outcome of adolescent pregnancies in Vietnam (I), to explore the social context and health care seeking behavior of pregnant adolescents (II), as well as to explore the perspectives of health care providers and midwifery students regarding adolescent sexuality and reproductive health service needs (III, IV). Methods: The studies were conducted from 2002 to 2005, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. A population based prospective survey was used to estimate rates and outcomes of adolescent pregnancies (I). Pregnant and newly delivered adolescents’ experiences of childbearing and their encounters with health care providers were studied using qualitative interviews (II). Health care providers’ perspective on adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) and views on how to improve the quality of abortion care was explored in focus group discussions (FGD). The values and attitudes of midwifery students about ASRH were investigated using questionnaires and interviews (IV). Descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data (I, IV) and content analysis were applied for qualitative data (II, III, and IV). Findings: Adolescent birth rate was similar to previously reported in Vietnam but lower when compared to other Asian countries. The incidence of stillborn among adolescents was higher than for women in higher reproductive ages. The proportion of preterm deliveries was 20 % of all births, higher than previous findings from Vietnam. About 2 % of the deliveries were home deliveries, more common among women with low education, belonging to ethnic minority and/or living in mountainous areas (I). Ambivalence facing motherhood, pride and happiness but also worries and lack of self-confidence emerged as themes from the interviews; and experience of ‘being in the hands of others’ in a positive, caring sense but also in a sense of subordination in relation to husband, family and health care providers (II). Health care providers at abortion clinics and midwifery students generally disapproved of pre-marital sex, but had a pragmatic view on the need for contraceptive services and counselling to reduce the burden of unwanted pregnancies and abortions for young women. Providers and midwifery students expressed a need for training on ASRH issues (III, IV). Conclusion: Cultural norms and gender inequity make pregnant adolescent women in Vietnam vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health risks. Health care providers experience ethical dilemmas while counselling unmarried adolescents who come for abortion and this has a negative impact on the quality of care. Integrated ASRH in education and training programmes for health care providers, including midwives, as well as continued in-service training on these issues are suggested to improve reproductive health care services in Vietnam.

In this thesis, I will argue that Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), a United States Supreme Court case originating in Georgia, enabled all women access to abortion, including groups of marginalized women previously denied this right. An examination of the background of Doe uncovers the roles played by Georgia feminists and the medical community. By comparing Doe v. Bolton with the concurrent Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, I will shed light on the history of abortion in America as well as continuing divisions over abortion access in America today.

Morality of abortion is a topic that tends to prompt heated politic debates. Setting politics aside, it is useful for one to contemplate certain questions if they wish to understand the complex moral dilemmas which abortion poses. One can philosophize and grapple with some of the following questions: Does the human embryo have moral status? Is the human embryo a person? Is it owed the same rights to life protection that a human baby or human adult have? Do we have a strong reason not to harm it? These questions often do not have definitive yes or no answers which apply universally to all cases yet; exploring them will allow one to gain a better understanding of one’s position on the issue of morality of abortion. If one’s intuition tells them that it is morally wrong or morally permissible to kill an early human embryo therefore, ending its potential to experience a future life similar to ours, grappling with these philosophical questions pertaining to the ethics of killing will provide insight that will either validate or contradict these intuitions. This thesis examines morality of abortion by analyzing theories proposed by Don Marquis and Elizabeth Harman in effort to get a sense of what characteristics are necessary for an entity to experience significant levels of harm, be granted moral status and have a strong reason not to be killed. These characteristics help one determine whether or not it is morally permissible to end the life of a developing human organism such as a human embryo.

Thesis (Th.M. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (Th.M. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Denna uppsats beskriver eventuell problematik kring tonårsgraviditeter. I Sverige finns det cirka 200 ungdomsmottagningar, och den första öppnades 1970. I Sverige visar statistiken från 1970-2012 att tonårsgraviditeter har minskat men abortstatistiken har däremot. Syftet med studien är att beskriva eventuell problematik kring tonårsgraviditeter ␣ utifrån personalens perspektiv och erfarenheter på en ungdomsmottagning. Studien var kvalitativ och sju individer intervjuades, varav fem stycken var barnmorskor och två av dem kuratorer. Materialet analyserades sedan med inspiration från en kvalitativ innehållsanalys till tre kategorier, vilka är ␣ det inkonsekventa användandet av preventivmedel, problematiken kring ambivalens och relationen till partnern. Det inkonsekventa användandet av preventivmedel grundar sig i okunskap och nonchalans bland tonårsflickor. Ambivalensen uppstår i valet av att behålla graviditeten eller inte, och sista kategorin, relationen till partnern grundar sig i betydelsen av stöd och delaktighet i valet av att behålla eller avbryta graviditeten. Vår konklusion är att det förebyggande arbetet av tonårsgraviditeter måste öka och ungdomsmottagningar kan starta grupper där tonåringarna får träffa andra tonåringar i samma situation, och diskutera graviditeter. För att det förebyggande arbetet ska bli framgångsrikt, måste vi ha ett helhetsperspektiv gentemot tonårsflickorna och behandla varje individ som ett enskilt fall.

Introduction: Induced abortion is a common medical intervention. Whether psychological sequelae might follow induced abortion has long been a subject of concern among researchers, and there is lack of knowledge about the relationship between posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) and induced abortion. Aims: To study and compare PTSD, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and anxiety- and depressive symptoms among women seeking abortion, allowing for demographic variables. Further aims were to assess risk factors and to assess PTSD and PTSS following induced abortion in relation to experienced care at the clinic. Methods: This was a multi-centre cohort study targeting women who requested an induced abortion at the outpatient clinics of the gynaecology and obstetrics departments of six public hospitals in Sweden. All women who requested an induced abortion before the end of gestational week 12 were approached for participation. PTSD, PTSS, anxiety- and depressive symptoms, personality traits and women’s perceptions of abortion care were measured by means of questionnaires. Measurements were made at the first visit before the abortion as well as three- and six-months thereafter. Data collection was performed from September 2009 to January 2011. Results: 1,514 women filled out the questionnaire before the abortion. Abortion-seeking women did not suffer from PTSD to a greater extent than the general Swedish female population. Few women (51/720) developed PTSD or PTSS after the abortion, 11 did so due to trauma experience related to the abortion. Women at risk of posttraumatic stress were more likely to be young, having anxiety- or depressive symptoms and personality traits related to neuroticism. Furthermore, women with PTSD or PTSS were more likely to perceive certain aspects of the abortion care as deficient. Conclusions: The vast majority of women coped well with the induced abortion. Few developed posttraumatic stress post abortion. The majority did so because of trauma experiences unrelated to the induced abortion. Young women and women with mental distress are vulnerable groups that need to be paid attention to in abortion care. These women are at risk for negative experiences of the abortion care, and may be at risk of PTSD or PTSS post abortion / <p>Contact: Sophiahemmet University, Box 5605, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden</p>