Kvinnojourer i Sverige utför varje dag ett viktigt arbete med att hjälpa våldsutsatta kvinnor. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka de som arbetar på kvinnojourers erfarenheter kring våldsutsatta kvinnors uppbrottsprocesser och om dessa erfarenheter har ändrat deras arbetssätt med att hjälpa andra våldsutsatta kvinnor. Två frågeställningar användes för att besvara syftet där den första berörde kvinnors uppbrottsprocesser och den andra jourernas arbete. Utförandet av studien underbyggs av att det råder en kunskapslucka kring just detta område. I studien genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio anställda på olika kvinnojourer i Sverige. En tematisk analys gjordes för att analysera den insamlade datan, för att sedan identifiera kodord som bildades till teman. Åtta teman bildades; omgivning, stöd, kunskap, yttre faktorer, kvinnan, kunskap, support och individuella faktorer. Resultatet visade att enligt kvinnojourerna är det individuellt varför en kvinna lämnar en våldsam relation men de främsta orsakerna är när barn eller omgivning drabbas, att våldet eskalerar eller att kvinnan helt enkelt fått nog. De ansåg även att erfarenheter och kunskap kring kvinnors uppbrottsprocesser har en inverkan på hur de arbetar med andra utsatta kvinnor. / Women's shelters in Sweden perform every day an important job of helping abused women. This study aims to examine those who work at women's shelters and their experiences on abused women's leaving processes. Also if these experiences has changed their way of working with helping other abused women. Two questions were used to achieve the purpose. The first question is about women’s leaving processes and the second is about the shelters work. The execution of the study is supported by the fact that there is a knowledge gap in this area. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine employees at various women's shelters in sweden. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data, and then to identify codewords formed into themes. Eight themes were found; environment, support, knowledge, external factors, the woman, knowledge, support and individual factors. The results showed that according to the women's shelters, it's individual why a woman leaves a violent relationship but the main reasons are when children or the environment is affected, that the violence escalates or that the woman has had enough. They also felt that experiences and knowledge about women's leaving processes have an impact on their work with other abused women.

Men´s violence against women causes major physical and psychological consequences and is therefore classified as a prioritized public health issue by the UN. The government offers various forms of help for abused women, including support and protection through non-profit women´s shelters. The national association Unizon incorporate 90 women´s shelters that through knowledge of violence, gender and power, offer support and protection to women and children that are victims of violence. This study aims to increase the knowledge of women´s shelters work with abused women. The basis of the study is formulated through two research questions; “How do professionals work to shed light on resistance and the responsibility for the violence?” and “How does shedding the light on resistance interact with the placement of responsibility?” Based on the aim of the study, a qualitative research approach was adopted in which five semi-structured interviews with professionals at Unizon´s women´s shelters were conducted. Through a thematic analysis, two themes were identified; “To prepare the woman to leave” and “To prepare the woman to not return”. The results were analyzed using a relational perspective on power and the power triangle, as well as the concept of empowerment. The results demonstrated that by referring to violence as violence, the resistance of the abused woman is made visible, which in turn leads to clarity concerning the issue of responsibility.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Literature and Philosophy)) --University of Limpopo, 2021 / The purpose of this study is to examine the violation of men’s rights in selected Xitsonga drama texts. The study is guided by qualitative approach. The approach involves collecting and analysing non - numerical data to understand concepts, opinions or experiences. In this study purposive sampling is employed. The researcher deliberately chooses who to include in the study based on their ability to provide the necessary data. Data are collected using content and document analysis from sampled drama texts. Like other analytical methods in qualitative research methods, documents analysis requires that data be examined and interpreted in order to elicit meaning, gain understanding and develop empirical knowledge. The advantage of document analysis includes, efficiency which means that it is not time consuming but is more efficient than other research methods. Its effectiveness entails that it is less costly and makes it the method of choice. Thematic analysis is also used as the method of systematically identifying, organising and offering insight into patterns of meaning (themes) across dataset. The process involves a careful more focussed, re – reading and review of data. Two main reasons to use thematic analysis are its accessibility and flexibility. Nhlonipha theory is tested in this study. Hlonipha can be described as politeness register originating from Nguni and primarily used by Zulu women before and after marriage (Rudwick & Msibi, 2016). The motive behind using this theory is that if you hlonipha you cannot violate another person’s rights but you will have to respect them. The study finds out that men become victims of abuse, and the violation of their rights is just as criminal as the violation of the rights of their female counterparts. This study also inspires harmony and peaceful coexistence among consumers of its content. It is recommended that more studies of similar kind should be undertaken to influence humanity to desist from violating the rights of other human beings. KEYWORDS Man abuse, woman abuse, child abuse, human rights, violation of rights, nhlonipha

Bakgrund: En av tre kvinnor utsätts för våld i en nära relation, detta har kommit att bli ett stort samhällsproblem inte bara i Sverige utan i hela världen. Då sjuksköterskan oftast har det första mötet med patienten är det av stor vikt att sjuksköterskan besitter relevant kunskap kring omvårdnad av kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relation.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att beskriva sjuksköterskors kunskap och attityder kring omvårdnad av kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relation.Metod: Studien har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt av sexton artiklar från hela världen. De databaser som används för att hitta artiklarna var CINAHL och PubMed.Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor upplever en brist på kunskap gällande omhändertagandet av våldsutsatta kvinnor samt att det saknades möjligheter till klinisk övning på att kunna vårda dessa kvinnor på ett adekvat sätt. Bristen på behandlingsriktlinjer från klinikens organisation var bidragande till bristfälliga omvårdnadsinsatser. Ännu en barriär som framkom ur resultatet var bristande beredskap inför mötet med kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer. Detta baseras på sexton vetenskapliga artiklar vilka sammanfattades i tre huvudteman; Attityder, förhållningsätt och stigmatisering¹, Brist på kunskap², Brist på utbildning och behandlingsriktlinjer³.Slutsats: Utifrån studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att sjuksköterskor behöver mer utbildning, kontinuerlig övning och tydliga riktlinjer för att på ett adekvat sätt vårda kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer. / Background: One out of three women are exposed to some type of intimate partner violence during a relationship. Since the nurse usually is the one having the first meeting with the patient it is out of great importance that the nurse has relevant knowledge about the care given to women exposed to intimate partner violence.Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe nurses´ knowledge and attitudes of caring for women exposed to intimate partner violence (IVP).Methods: The method of this study were a literature review of sixteen articles from around the world. The databases used to find the articles were CINAHL and PubMed.Results: The result showed that nurses experience a lack of knowledge regarding the care of abused women and that there are no opportunities for clinical practice in being able to care for these women in an adequate manner. The lack of treatment guidelines from the clinic's organization contributed to inadequate nursing efforts. One more barrier emerged from the result were lack of preparedness for the meeting with women who are exposed to intimate partner violence. This is based on sixteen scientific articles which were summarized in three main themes: Attitudes, approaches and stigma¹, Lack of knowledge², Lack of education and guidelines³.Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that nurses need more training, continuous practice and clear guidelines to adequately care for women who have been subjected to intimate partner violence.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att det finns stor okunskap och tveksamhet hos vårdpersonal inför mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Hälso- och sjukvården är en ledande aktör för att förebygga mäns våld mot kvinnor. Det dolda våldet i hemmet identifieras sällan, vilket orsakar stort lidande hos våldsutsatta kvinnor. Kvinnor lever i otrygghet vilket gör att de har all rätt att få den vård som krävs. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser av bemötande inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har tillämpats baserat på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Hälso- och sjukvårdens bristfälliga kompetens låg till grund för att kvinnor undvek att söka professionell hjälp med rädslan av att inte bli tagna på allvar. Negativa attityder från vårdpersonal skapade sårbarhet och skuldkänslor hos våldsutsatta kvinnor. Kvinnors läkningsprocess påbörjades när de blev tillfrågade om våldet, bekräftades i sina upplevelser samt erhölls verktyg och ytterligare stöd i form av remittering. Konklusion: Våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser av bemötandet grundade sig i både positiva och negativa faktorer. Bemötandet av våldsutsatta kvinnor ska bygga på öppen dialog i en trygg miljö vilket möjliggör identifiering av våldet. Större kompetens krävs hos vårdpersonal där tydligare riktlinjer och handlingsplaner bör ligga till grund inför mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. / Background: Previous research shows severe ignorance in health care workers meeting abused women. Health care is a leading instance preventing violence against women. Hidden violence in the domestic is seldom identified, causing women great suffering. Women live in insecurity, giving them right to required health care. Purpose: Shed light on abused women’s experiences receiving health care. Method: A literature review has been applied based on eight scientific articles. Result: Health care’s inadequate competence was the main reason women avoided professional help, fearing not being treated sincerely. Medical order lies negative attitude established vulnerability and guild amongst victims. The healing process began when consulted about the violence, confirmed in their experiences, obtaining tools, and referring additional care. Conclusion: Abused women’s experiences receiving care founded in positive, and negative factors. Building treatment of abused women on dialog and a safe environment enables identification of domestic violence. Greater competence in medical order lies where guidelines and action plans is preparatory to consulting abused women.

Studien syftar till att undersöka vilka insatser socialtjänsten erbjuder våldsutsatta kvinnor samt socialarbetares åsikter kring de erbjudna insatserna. Studien grundar sig på semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med sju socialarbetare från sex olika kommuner som arbetar med våld i nära relation. Med anledning av pandemin genomfördes samtliga intervjuer digitalt. Resultatet visar på att kommunerna tenderar att använda sig av samma insatser, medan arbetssätten kunde skilja sig åt. Insatserna som socialtjänsten använder sig av i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor består främst av samtalsstöd, ekonomiskt bistånd, praktisk hjälp och olika former av boende. Socialarbetarna ser både styrkor och brister inom de erbjudna insatserna. Det finns även en uttalad känsla av maktlöshet hos en del informanter, eftersom att deras arbete påverkas och begränsas av andra aktörer i samhället. Samtliga informanter i undersökningen uttrycker att för att nå Sveriges nationella mål kring våld i nära relation behöver hela samhället samarbeta. / This study aims to investigate the support provided by the Swedish social services for women who are victims of intimate partner violence. It also investigates the opinions of the social workers on the provided help from the social services. The study is based on semistructured, qualitative interviews with seven social workers from six different municipalities within the Swedish social services. Due to the pandemic, hence why the interviews were held digitally. The results show that the social services tend to use the same kinds of support, whereas ways of working with the support could vary. The social services’ support consists primarily of conversational therapy, economic aid, practical support and different forms of accomodations. The social workers identified both strength and deficits within the provided support. Furthermore, the social workers talk about feeling powerless since other authorities affect and confine their work. All informants express that the society as a whole has to cooperate to achieve the Swedish national goals on intimate partner violence.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor med barn i nära relationer är ett samhällsproblem. Socialstyrelsen har tagit fram en handlingsplan till hjälp för socialtjänsten vid arbete mot våld i nära relationer. Metod: Empirisk studie genom webbenkät med öppna och slutna frågeställningar. Enkäten skickades till socialtjänsterna i 33 kommuner i Västra Götaland, 5 av dessa svarade på enkäten. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka uppfattningar hos anställda på socialtjänster i Västra Götaland om socialtjänsternas arbete enligt handlingsplanen mot våld i nära relationer, och uppfattningar om extern samverkan. Resultat: De anställdas uppfattning är att socialtjänsten tillämpar preventiva åtgärder men i övrigt går detta inte att kartlägga vidare från studiens resultat. Samverkan mellan myndigheter fungerar bra men det framkommer inte av studien vilka myndigheter socialtjänsten samverkar med. Diskussion: Låg svarsfrekvens gör att resultatets trovärdighet är låg. Hade istället kvalitativa intervjuer använts som metod för insamling av data kunde en kartläggning av åtgärdstagandet och samverkan varit möjlig att genomföra. Slutsats: De anställdas uppfattning är att socialtjänsterna arbetar enligt handlingsplanen avseende extern och intern samverkan och att denna fungerar bra. Däremot är kartläggning av våldsutsatthet knapphändig och uppgifter om åtgärdstagande utom våldsprevention saknas i respondenternas svar. Resultatet går således inte att generalisera. / Background: Violence against women with children in close relationships is a societal problem. The National Board of Health and Welfare has developed an action plan to help the social services in working against violence in close relationships. Method: An empiric study using online survey with open and closed questions. The questionnaire was sent to the social services in 33 municipalities in Västra Götaland, 5 of which responded to the questionnaire. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine perceptions of employees at social services in Västra Götaland about the work of social services according to the action plan against violence in close relationships, and perceptions about external collaboration. Results: The employees' view is that the social services apply preventive measures, but this cannot be further mapped from results of the study. Collaboration between authorities works well, but the study does not show which authorities the social services collaborate with. Discussion: The low response rate implies poor reliability of the results. Had instead qualitative interviews been used as a method of data collection, mapping of the measures and collaboration would have been possible. Conclusion: The employees view is that the social services work according to the action plan regarding external and internal collaboration and that this works well. On the other hand, mapping of victims of violence prevention is missing in the respondent’s answers, hence, the result is not possible to be generalized.

Bibliography: pages 204-228. / Historically Muslim women have been marginalised in the examination of Islamic texts and Muslim society. This has resulted in the non-recognition and silencing of women's perspectives as well as the concealment of some of the traumatic realities experienced by groups of Muslim women. Exacerbated by pervading social and religious notions of "private" families, the incidence of wife battery within Muslim societies have been largely hidden violence against wives is seen as the manifestation of a sexist and patriarchal ideology. This study examines the manner in which Islamic gender discourses inform and impact upon the phenomenon of violence against women. The related tensions between patriarchal and egalitarian Islamic perspectives are explored. This study involves a two-fold feminist analysis of gender ideology in religious texts and contemporary Muslim society. At the level of textual studies, I applied a feminist hermeneutic to medieval and contemporary Qur'anic exegetical literature. The examination of medieval period focused on the exegesis of Abu Jafar Muhumammad b. Jarir al-Tabari (839-922), Abu al-Qasim Mahmud b. Umar Zamakshari (1075-1144), Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149- 1210). The study of contemporary exegetical literature concentrated on the approaches and exegeses of Fazlur Rahman and Amina Wadud-Muhsin. Hermeneutical debates on violence against wives were focused on the interpretations of the Qur'anic notion of female nushuz (Q.4:34). In examining contemporary Muslim society, I employed feminist qualitative research methodology. I interviewed a number of women from a South African Muslim community in the Western Cape. Here, the sample consisted of eight women with whom open-ended in-depth interviews were conducted. The interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed. I found that interweaving levels of religious symbols and discourses shaped normative understandings of gender relations. This in turn had implications for both structural and practical discourses of violence against women in Muslim societies. Islamic gender ideology spanned the continuum from patriarchal to feminist approaches. Misogynist religious understandings reinforced the husband's right to control and coerce his wife, even if this implied the use of force. On the other hand, egalitarian Islamic perspectives prioritised the Qur'anic ethics of equality and social justice and rejected the violation of women. I argue that Islam provides numerous resources for the pro-active empowerment of women and the promotion of the full humanity of women.

Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett samhällsproblem och kränker våldsutsatta kvinnors frihet. Kvinnliga offer är överrepresenterade i statiskt som berörvåld i nära relation. Med en kvalitativ ansats har vi haft som syfte att undersöka professionellas syn på varför kvinnor stannar kvar i våldsammaheterosexuella parrelationer och vad som möjliggör för ett uppbrott. Med ett målinriktat urval har sex professionella socialarbetare strategiskt valts ut för att besvara vårt syfte med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Denna studie tar stöd av teorierna, normaliseringsprocessen och uppbrottsprocessen. För att analysera det empiriska materialet har en tematisk analysmetod använts. Resultatet har brutits ner i följande trehuvudteman: rädsla, normaliseringsprocessen samt stöd. Följande subteman är barn, ekonomi, kärlek, kultur, isolering, internalisering, samhällets resurser och kunskap. Studien visade på kvarhållande faktorer, dessa var rädsla och en direkt följd av normaliseringsprocessen. Rädslan kvinnorna upplever kan härledas till barn, ekonomi, kärlek samt kultur. Enligt professionella upplever flera kvinnor en rädsla kring vad som kan hända barnen vid en eventuell separation och hur de ska klara sig ekonomiskt utan mannens finansiering. Rädslan kan även förväxlas med kärlek och en delkvinnor är styrda av kulturella normer, vilket skapar en rädsla för att lämna. Normaliseringsprocessen visade sig även vara ett återkommande tema som synliggör hur gränserna för vad som uppfattas vara normalt förskjuts och att våldet normaliseras för kvinnorna. De faktorer som visade sig möjliggöraför ett uppbrott från våldspräglade relationer var stöd i form av samhällets resurser, barn samt kunskap. Med hjälp av samhällets resurser kan kvinnor få hjälp med ekonomi, skydd samt skyddad identitet, vilket kan vara avgörande faktorer för att kunna lämna. Även kunskap kring kvinnans rättigheter och vilket stöd som finns tillgängligt är viktiga faktorer som möjliggjorde för ett uppbrott. / Men's violence against women is a societal problem that violates the freedom of women who are victims of violence. Female victims are overrepresented in statistics concerning violence in intimate relationships. With a qualitative approach, this study aims to examine professionals' perspectives on why women stay in abusive heterosexual relationships and what enables them to break free. Through purposeful sampling, six professional social workers have been strategically selected to address ouraim through semi-structured interviews. This study draws on the theories ofthe normalization process and the process of leaving an abusive relationship.A thematic analysis method has been employed to analyze the empirical material. The results have been categorized into three main themes: fear, the normalization process, and support. The following sub-themes include children, finances, love, culture, isolation, internalization, love, societal resources, and knowledge. According to the professionals, the most prominent factors keeping women in abusive relationships were fear and, as a direct consequence, the normalization process. The fear experienced by the women could be attributed to concerns about the children, financial dependence, and cultural norms. Several women were afraid of the potential consequences for their children in the event of a separation and how they would manage financially without the partner's support. The normalization process emerged as a recurring theme, highlighting how the boundaries of what is perceived as normal shift, and the violence becomes normalized for women. The factors enabling a break from violent relationships included support in the form of societal resources and knowledge. Through societal resources, women can receive assistance with finances, protection, and secure identity, which can be crucial factors in leaving. Awareness of women's rights and the available support also played significant roles in enabling a break.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The study investigated the phenomena of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in women in Ehlanzeni District, Mpumulanga, South Africa in order to develop coping guidelines. This is because, one in every four, or a quarter (25%) of all women in South Africa, are assaulted by their partners every week. The study adopted a qualitative approach utilising an exploratory, hermeneutic phenomenological research design. A non-probability sample of ten women, who were victims of IPV, was used. The theoretical framework for the study was Afrocentric theory. This framework was used so that the investigation was underpinned by truly African concepts. The study was conducted at Victim Empowerment Programmes in Mkhuhlu and Acornhoek, Ehlanzeni District in Mpumalanga Province. Semi-structured interviews were used as data collection instruments and analaysed using thematic analysis (TA). The following themes and sub-themes emerged out of the data: Theme 1: Understandings of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Theme 2: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) experienced by participants; Theme 3: Reasons for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Sub-theme 3.1: Alcohol as a facilitator of IPV; Sub-theme 3.2: Early parenthood as a facilitator of IPV; Sub-theme 3.3: Poverty as a facilitator of IPV and Sub-theme 3.4: Observed behaviour as a facilitator for IPV; Theme 4: The role of lobola/culture in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Theme 5: What makes participants stay in abusive relationships (marriages) and Theme 6: Steps, or interventions, taken by participants in order to cope with Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Based on these findings it was recommended that a study of male perceptions towards IPV, and a nationwide study or studies on IPV, be carried out under the auspices of the Department of Social Development (DoS) and/or the Department of Health (DoH) with the help of relevant non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Coping guidelines for women victims of IPV were developed out of the research findings.