No / This article starts from recognition that child sexual abuse is perpetrated in all communities, but appears to be under-reported to varying degrees in different communities. It acknowledges that children who have been sexually abused will usually benefit from services designed to assist them in moving on from this experience and to provide future protection from perpetrators. It notes, in particular, the apparent disproportionately low take-up of relevant services by members of Asian communities in Britain. It places this in the context of reported responses to child sexual abuse in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh and explores the likely impact of factors arising from cultural norms in relation to family structure and role relationships. It reports on work begun within Asian communities in Bradford to increase awareness of and appropriate responses to child sexual abuse which hopefully address issues which are or relevance elsewhere. In particular, it discusses responses to a preliminary questionnaire, discussions with community groups, a consultation event held in April 2003, and a multilingual information booklet produced as a result. It urges respectful dialogue with women, men, children and young people in Asian communities as being essential to progress regarding appropriate responses to child sexual abuse

La ratificación del Acuerdo de Escazú en Perú es un tema relevante y discutido, ya que contiene implicancias importantes con relación a la protección del medio ambiente y los derechos humanos en temas ambientales, siendo formalmente conocido como el Acuerdo Regional sobre el Acceso a la Información, la Participación Pública y el Acceso a la Justicia en Asuntos Ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe. El cual busca fomentar la transparencia de los Estados parte a brindar acceso a la información ambiental, acreditando que los ciudadanos obtengan datos relevantes. A su vez, fortalece la participación pública y activa de la sociedad en la formulación de políticas, proyectos y decisiones que afecten su entorno. Finalmente, garantiza a ciudadanos y comunidades afectadas por los daños ambientales tengan acceso a recursos legales y mecanismos de justicia efectivos, asegurando la protección de sus derechos, siendo estas algunas de las razones que respaldan la necesidad de ratificar el Acuerdo de Escazú en Perú. Por ello, puede tener un impacto positivo en cuanto a su compromiso con la protección del medio ambiente y los derechos humanos, encerrando un deber legal del país para cumplir con sus disposiciones, lo cual, puede estar sujeto a debate y consideración por parte de las autoridades gubernamentales y el Congreso, siendo un paso significativo hacia un enfoque más integral y sostenible en la gestión de los recursos naturales y la protección del medio ambiente. Para ello, se utilizó el método cualitativo, mediante recopilación documental, demostrando que sí cumplió los resultados esperados. / The ratification of the Escazu Agreement in Peru is a relevant and discussed issue, as it contains important implications in relation to the protection of the environment and human rights in environmental matters, being formally known as the Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean. It seeks to promote transparency in the States Parties to provide access to environmental information, ensuring that citizens can obtain relevant data. At the same time, it strengthens the public and active participation of society in the formulation of policies, projects and decisions that affect their environment. Finally, it guarantees that citizens and communities affected by environmental damage have access to legal remedies and effective justice mechanisms, ensuring the protection of their rights, these being some of the reasons that support the need to ratify the Escazú Agreement in Peru. Therefore, it can have a positive impact in terms of its commitment to environmental protection and human rights, enclosing a legal duty of the country to comply with its provisions, which can be subject to debate and consideration by government authorities and Congress, being a significant step towards a more comprehensive and sustainable approach in the management of natural resources and environmental protection. For this purpose, the qualitative method was used, by means of documentary compilation, demonstrating that it did meet the expected results.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) stipulates that every person has the right of access to information held by government. To give effect to this right, legislation in the form of the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000) was promulgated. This study explores the access to information regime that was established by die aforementioned legislation with specific reference to similar regimes in the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Attention is also devoted to the prerequisites and potential obstacles associated with the implementation of the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000. Based on the practices in other states, the conclusion was reached that the nature of information that may be requested in the South African context should be expanded, that cabinet records should only be excluded to the extent that disclosure thereof would be harmful, that frequently requested records should be made automatically available and that decision-making guidelines of government institutions should be published. As far as procedural requirements are concerned, it is proposed that information officers should acknowledge receipt of requests and that, where necessary, records should be translated to ensure that they are useful to a requester. It is further proposed that the wording of the ground of refusal regarding policy formulation and decision-making in government institutions be amended to take account of the consequences of disclosure. It is imperative that appeal and review mechanisms be accessible to members of the public and it is therefore proposed that an information commissioner be instituted to settle disputes in information related matters. Lastly it is proposed that sanctions be imposed against officials who deliberately undermine the public's right of access to information and that separate units be established in government institutions to deal exclusively with requests for access to information. / Public Administration / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996) stipulates that every person has the right of access to information held by government. To give effect to this right, legislation in the form of the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000) was promulgated. This study explores the access to information regime that was established by die aforementioned legislation with specific reference to similar regimes in the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Attention is also devoted to the prerequisites and potential obstacles associated with the implementation of the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000. Based on the practices in other states, the conclusion was reached that the nature of information that may be requested in the South African context should be expanded, that cabinet records should only be excluded to the extent that disclosure thereof would be harmful, that frequently requested records should be made automatically available and that decision-making guidelines of government institutions should be published. As far as procedural requirements are concerned, it is proposed that information officers should acknowledge receipt of requests and that, where necessary, records should be translated to ensure that they are useful to a requester. It is further proposed that the wording of the ground of refusal regarding policy formulation and decision-making in government institutions be amended to take account of the consequences of disclosure. It is imperative that appeal and review mechanisms be accessible to members of the public and it is therefore proposed that an information commissioner be instituted to settle disputes in information related matters. Lastly it is proposed that sanctions be imposed against officials who deliberately undermine the public's right of access to information and that separate units be established in government institutions to deal exclusively with requests for access to information. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

Bibliography: pages 86-93 / In South Africa, freedom of information (FOI) or the right of access to information (ATI) is entrenched in section 32 of the Constitution. Section 32 guarantees every citizen the right of access to any information held by the state or held by any other person that is to be used for the protection or exercise of any right. The Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) is the law that gives effect to section 32 of the Constitution. Regardless of a remarkable trend towards the adoption of FOI laws globally, international trends have shown this does not automatically translate into fulfilment of people’s right to information, as access to information by citizens remains a challenging factor. This study utilised mixed method research through the explanatory sequential design to assess compliance with FOI legislation by public bodies in South Africa with the view to ensure transparency, accountability and good governance. In this regard, the study first conducted a quantitative study by analysing the reports of the South African Human Rights Commission from the reporting years 2006/07 to 2016/07 to assess compliance with sections 14, 17 and 32 of the PAIA. The compliance trends were identified and thereafter a qualitative study was conducted to answer the question why the situation was the way it was. In this regard, interviews were conducted with a purposively chosen sample from complying and non-complying public bodies. The targeted participants were records managers, deputy information officers or officials responsible for PAIA in each chosen public body. The mixing strategy for the current study was at the data analysis, presentation and reporting level. Key results suggest that over the years, there were problems in the implementation of the FOI legislation in South Africa and its use was limited. Where implementation has taken place, it has been partial and inconsistent. The responsibility for implementation of FOI legislation in most public bodies is assigned to legal departments that do not have knowledge of what records are created, where and how they are kept. With regard to compliance, in terms of the degree of comparison, the situation was better in national departments, worse in provincial departments (with full compliance from the Free State, Limpopo, Western Cape and, to some extent, KwaZulu-Natal) and worst in municipalities. The study recommends the establishment of an information governance unit to implement FOI in public bodies. This unit will also be responsible for other information functions such as records management and information technology. Failure to assign responsibility to a relevant unit would perpetuate the non-compliance with FOI legislation in South Africa. As a result, accountability, transparency and good governance preached by the public sector to advance democracy in South Africa would be a mirage. A model for the implementation of PAIA within a public body is suggested. / Information Science / M. Inf.

O advento da internet e sua constante evolução exigiu o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação em saúde, permitindo aos alunos de enfermagem o acesso à informação mais amplo, rápido e eficaz, agregando qualidade às buscas bibliográficas. Apesar da evolução e dinâmica atualização desses recursos informacionais, além da sua disponibilização gratuita, alguns alunos ainda apresentam fragilidades quando se envolvem com a busca e recuperação dessa informação. O objetivo desse estudo qualitativo é conhecer e analisar como são realizadas as buscas bibliográficas quanto à elaboração das estratégias de busca, determinação dos descritores de assunto, uso de bases de dados bibliográficas, recuperação de documentos em texto completo e quais são as dificuldades e os avanços encontrados nesse processo por alunos de graduação em enfermagem, dos cursos de Bacharelado e Bacharelado e Licenciatura da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto-USP. Foram entrevistados 21 alunos desses cursos no mês de novembro de 2010. A partir da análise temática, foram configurados alguns temas: 1 - necessidades e práticas de busca da informação: dificuldades experimentadas pelos estudantes de enfermagem; 2 - a organização do ensino da busca bibliográfica e o papel do professor e 3 - o bibliotecário como educador. O Google destaca-se como principal recurso de busca da WEB privilegiado pelos estudantes, tendo em vista dificuldades de acesso às bases de dados bibliográficas, de domínio da língua inglesa e de recuperação de texto completo. Os alunos apontam a necessidade de orientações e apoio por parte dos professores, assim como destacam atividades educativas desenvolvidas pelo bibliotecário de modo pontual. Nesse contexto, faz-se necessário rever o ensino da busca bibliográfica, inserindo atividade educativa de modo mais integrado às disciplinas dos currículos dos cursos envolvidos, ao longo do processo de formação; reconstruir as práticas pedagógicas dessas atividades, a partir de referencial problematizador e fortalecer a parceria entre professor e bibliotecários. Este estudo também desperta reflexões sobre a formação e a prática profissional do bibliotecário, tendo em vista sua inserção mais significativa no apoio ao desenvolvimento dos cursos de graduação, no contexto da Universidade. / The advent of the Internet and its constant evolution demanded the development of health information systems, which has provided nursing students broad, fast and efficient access to information, adding quality to bibliographic searches. Despite the improved and dynamic actualization of these information resources and their free access, some students still experience difficulties when attempting to search and retrieve information. This qualitative study identifies and analyzes how these bibliographic searches are performed in terms of search strategies, choice of subject descriptors, use of bibliographic databases, recovery of full text documents and also investigates the difficulties faced and advancements achieved in this process by undergraduate nursing students from the Bachelor and Teaching Degree Programs at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing. A total of 21 students from these programs were interviewed in November 2010. Some themes emerged from the thematic analysis: 1 - Needs and information-seeking practices: difficulties faced by nursing students; 2 - Organization of teaching bibliographic searches and the role of professors; and 3 - The librarian as an educator. Google stands out as the main search resource on the web used by students given the difficulties faced in accessing bibliographic databases, English-based databases, and in the recovery of full texts. Students point to the need to obtain guidance and support from professors and also stress one-time educational activities developed by the librarian. The need to review the teaching of bibliographic searching is identified in order to include educational activities in a more integrated manner with the courses from the involved programs over the educational process, reconstruct the pedagogical practices of such activities based on the problematizing framework, and strengthen the partnership between professors and librarians. This study also encourages reflecting on the education and professional practice of librarians toward a more significant participation in supporting the development of undergraduate programs in the university context.

Esse trabalho explora a relação entre política externa e democracia a partir das reflexões sobre o acesso à informação na política externa brasileira com a inserção da temática ambiental no caso dos pneus, entre a controvérsia do Mercosul e o contencioso da OMC. Por meio de uma aproximação entre o instrumental teórico de análise de política externa e de políticas públicas foi possível questionar os limites do acesso à informação como condição para a participação de outros atores além do Ministério de Relações Exteriores (MRE) na redefinição da defesa do Brasil, com a inserção da temática ambiental, de uma instância para outra. A hipótese demonstrada refere-se à ampliação do acesso à informação que seguiu a ampliação dos espaços de definição da política externa no caso. Essa ampliação foi observada a partir do processo de descentralização dos espaços tradicionais de definição da política externa brasileira (MRE), com a inclusão, por exemplo, do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. No entanto, a tendência de ampliação do acesso à informação como condição para a participação de atores não governamentais, neste caso, mostrou-se limitada por uma conduta seletiva e informal pelos órgãos do governo para interlocução com determinados atores / This research aims at studying the relationship between foreign policy and democracy. The study focuses on access to information in Brazilian foreign policy through the introduction of the environmental arguments in the retreaded tyres dispute from Mercosur to the WTO (WT/DS332). The research was based on foreign and public policy analysis. These theoretical bases enabled to investigate the limits to a wider participation of actors other than the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MRE) on foreign policy. The research shows an enlargement on policy making with the integration of the environmental arguments which resulted, for instance, in the participation of the Ministry of the Environment. Subsequently, it was possible to notice a wider access to information to a whole new range of actors, including non state actors. Nevertheless, in the present case study the tendency to a democratic access to information found its limits on the selective and informal conduct of the MRE to interact with certain actors in certain circunstances

O direito à informação em saúde é um direito que se legitima a partir da informação mediada pelo profissional de saúde, permitindo com que o paciente se empodere desta informação, com a possibilidade de gerar conhecimento e, conseqüentemente, facilitar o exercício de sua cidadania. Esta pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, com orientação analítico-descritiva, apresentou como objetivo identificar o conhecimento de usuários do setor de Clínica Médica de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBDS) de Ribeirão Preto sobre o seu direito à informação especificado no art. 2º, incisos VI, VII, VIII, e XI da Lei Estadual 10.241/1999: direito a informações claras e objetivas sobre diagnósticos, exames e quaisquer procedimentos realizados pela equipe de saúde, direito de consentir ou recusar procedimentos, direito ao acesso ao seu prontuário médico em caso de necessidade e, por fim, direito a receber receitas médicas legíveis, com assinatura e registro do médico. Utilizou-se para a coleta de dados de entrevista semi-estruturada e a análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da análise de conteúdo. As entrevistas foram realizadas logo após a consulta médica, com 22 usuários de uma UBDS, na tentativa de coletar os dados durante o ato reflexivo do paciente sobre o momento vivido recentemente. Os resultados demonstram que, apesar do estudo ter apontado lacunas na comunicação entre os profissionais de saúde e os usuários do serviço, as necessidades informacionais dos usuários quanto à diagnóstico, exames, medicamentos, riscos e benefícios do tratamento estão sendo supridas parcialmente, o que denota o início do estabelecimento de relações democráticas entre profissional de saúde e paciente. Em relação ao consentimento esclarecido do usuário, pequeno número dos entrevistados foram consultados se consentiam com os procedimentos e tratamentos propostos, contudo, nenhum usuário teve acesso físico ao documento. Sobre o acesso ao prontuário, este direito não se concretizou nesta pesquisa, já que todos os respondentes nunca vivenciaram este acesso, e a maioria dos entrevistados desconheciam este direito. No que diz respeito ao acesso legível às receitas médicas, poucos disseram entender as prescrições, criticando as letras dos médicos. Algumas dificuldades foram relatadas em relação ao acesso a informações, quais sejam: o desequilíbrio nas relações de poder, a falta de acesso a informações verdadeiras e de qualidade sobre sua saúde, as dificuldades na relação interpessoal com o paciente em virtude da rapidez nos atendimentos, problemas para a concretização do cuidado humanizado à saúde, a dificuldade de exercer o direito de escolha do paciente quanto ao profissional que irá atendê-lo e o excesso de burocracia no sistema. Facilidades em relação ao acesso foram evidenciadas já que houve um grande índice de satisfação dentre pacientes que são usuários efetivos do SUS. Outra facilidade foi confirmada já que a grande maioria dos entrevistados reconhece os medicamentos genéricos e apontam que os recebem na própria UBDS. Conclui-se assim que, apesar das lacunas e desafios existentes, o estudo apontou indícios e possibilidades de mudança para a construção conjunta de relações mais democráticas, em que o usuário, como sujeito, exerce direitos, mas também tem consciência de suas obrigações como cidadão, especialmente no que diz respeito à sua relação com o profissional e o serviço de saúde. / The right to health information is legitimized based on information mediated by health professionals, who empower patients with this information, which in turn permits the generation of knowledge and, consequently, facilitates the exercise of citizenship. This qualitative and exploratory study with an analyticaldescriptive approach investigates the knowledge of users from the medical clinic of a Basic Health Unit (BHU) in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil concerning their right to information provided in Article 2, Items VI, VII, VIII, and XI of State Law 10.241/1999: the right to clear and objective information about diagnoses, exams and any procedures performed by the health team; the right to consent or refuse procedures; the right to access medical records in case of need; and finally, the right to receive legible medical prescriptions with the physician\'s signature and registration. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, analyzed via content analysis. Interviews were carried out right after medical consultations with 22 users of a BHU in an attempt to collect data through the reflections of patients concerning their recent experience. Even though the study evidenced that there are gaps in the communication between health professionals and users, results revealed that the users\' information needs concerning diagnosis, exams, medication, risks and benefits of treatment are partially met, which shows that democratic relationships between health professionals and patients are being established. In regard to the users\' informed consent, a small number of users were asked to consent to the proposed procedures and treatments, though, no user had physical access to any form. Access to medical records was not evidenced in this study since none of the respondents ever had such access and most of them were unaware of this right. Concerning legible medical prescription, few reported understanding their prescriptions; physicians\' handwriting was criticized. Some difficulties were reported in relation to access to information as follows: unbalanced power relations, lack of access to truthful and quality information concerning users\' health, difficulties in patients\' interpersonal relationships due to the rapidity with which consultations are performed, difficulties in the concretization of humanized health care, difficulty in exercising their right of choice in relation to the professional who will provide care and the system\'s excessive bureaucracy. Facilities in relation to access were evidenced since a high level of satisfaction was apparent among patients, the effective users of SUS. Another facility was confirmed since most of the respondents acknowledged generic medications and report receiving them in the BHU itself. The conclusion is that despite existent gaps and challenges, the findings indicate that there are possibilities to jointly construct more democratic relationships in which users, as subjects, exert their rights but are also aware of their obligations as citizens, especially in regard to their relationship with professionals and the health service.

[pt] Neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma teoria sobre como a opinião pública influencia as decisões de política econômica implementadas por governantes em uma economia. Mostra-se que a distribuição na população do acesso à informação a respeito das decisões dos governantes pode ter grande impacto sobre a forma como a opinião pública influencia essas decisões. Busca-se assim explicar como diferenças na maneira pela qual a informação a respeito das decisões dos governantes é difundida na população de uma economia podem gerar importantes mudanças nas decisões de política econômica nela implementadas. A análise é apresentada a partir de um modelo de career concern onde governantes tomam decisões de política econômica envolvendo um conflito de interesses entre grupos que observam imperfeitamente suas decisões. Os resultados obtidos permitem explicar o fato aparentemente contraditório de determinados países da América Latina apresentarem simultaneamente um favorecimento arraigado de grupos abastados por parte da estrutura de gastos públicos e uma alta incerteza associada às decisões de política econômica. Eles também permitem se propor um canal explicando como a distribuição do acesso à informação sobre os governantes pode reduzir a taxa de crescimento de uma economia e assim limitar seu desenvolvimento. Ressalta-se então a importância das instituições políticas e do comportamento da imprensa para países em desenvolvimento. / [en] A theory explaining how public opinion may impact the choice of economic policies made by incumbents is developed in this work. Mentioned impact it s shown to be influenced in important ways by the distribution of access to information about incumbent s choices in the population. Thus, the importance of that distribution for economic policies chosen by politicians in an economy is highlighted. The analysis is based on a career concern model where incumbents choose an economic policy involving conflicting interests among voters who are imperfectly informed about their decisions. Based on the obtained results, an explanation for a fact observed in many Latin American countries it s provided. In those countries, although wealthier groups of society are systematically favored by governmental spending, there is a high degree of uncertainty associated with economic policies chosen by governments. A mechanism explaining how the distribution of access to information about incumbent s choices can hinder economic growth and development in an economy is also presented. The analysis suggests that media behavior and the design of political institutions are important factors for the economic development of developing countries.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-12-13T12:36:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Xenise Milhomem Brandão Araújo_.pdf: 1137412 bytes, checksum: c97c40a0e7aa4ebc0a2d88f8cc6b3cd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T12:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Xenise Milhomem Brandão Araújo_.pdf: 1137412 bytes, checksum: c97c40a0e7aa4ebc0a2d88f8cc6b3cd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-27 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa visou analisar o nível de transparência das informações sobre os atos da gestão pública divulgadas nos sítios eletrônicos de prefeituras de municípios dos estados de Tocantins e Goiás. Quanto à metodologia, é classificada como descritiva, documental e quantitativa. Foram acessados os sites oficiais de 66 prefeituras tocantinenses e 71 goianas, analisados por faixa populacional, separando os municípios obrigados e dispensados de publicar informações públicas em meio eletrônico. Os resultados dos 137 municípios, de modo geral, revelam que a observância à LAI, em média, foi melhor do que à LRF. As capitais se equiparam na conformidade com a LAI, mas relacionado à LRF, Palmas (TO) apresenta maior pontuação do que Goiânia (GO). Comparando a aderência à LAI, a pontuação média dos municípios goianos é maior do que a dos tocantinenses, exceto nos municípios com a faixa populacional acima de 100.000 habitantes, que ocorre o inverso. No quesito de obediência à LRF, o índice médio de Goiás é maior, o que se repete em todas as faixas populacionais verificadas. Concernente aos critérios acessibilidade, os estados se destacam na mesma proporção quanto aos aspectos avaliados. Já os aspectos da acessibilidade foram melhor mensurados em Tocantins. / This research aimed to analyze the level of transparency of the information about the public management acts disclosed in the websites of city halls of the states of Tocantins and Goiás. As for the methodology, it is classified as descriptive, documentary and quantitative. The official websites of 66 counties of Tocantins and 71 of Goiás, analyzed by population, were accessed, separating the municipalities required and exempted from publishing public information in electronic media. The results of the 137 municipalities, in general, show that compliance with LAI, on average, was better than that of the RFL. The capitals are equipped in compliance with the LAI, but related to the LRF, Palmas (TO) has a higher score than Goiânia (GO). Comparing the adherence to LAI, the average score of the municipalities of Goiás is higher than that of the Tocantins, except in municipalities with a population of over 100,000 inhabitants, which is the reverse. In the question of compliance with the LRF, the average index of Goiás is higher, which is repeated in all verified population ranges. Regarding accessibility criteria, the states stand out in the same proportion as the evaluated aspects. The aspects of accessibility were better measured in Tocantins.