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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

Solução tampão que mimetiza as características ácido-base do tampão SMP em resposta à acidez de solos brasileiros / A buffer solution that mimics the acid-base characteristics of the SMP buffer in resposnse to the acidity of brazilian soils

Toledo, Jaderson dos Anjos 21 February 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the SMP buffer has been used since the 60's as the main method to estimate the potential acidity and/or the soil lime requirement. However, SMP contains pnitrophenol and potassium chromate, substances with high potential for environmental contamination and able to promote the development of methemoglobin and carcinomas in lab handlers as a result of continued exposure. This work aimed to develop a buffer solution free of hazardous substances which can mimic the acid-base characteristics of the SMP buffer, with the composition used in the states of RS and SC (SMP-RS/SC), in response to the acidity of Brazilian soils. To develop the new buffer, imidazole and 2-(Nmorpholino) ethanessulfonic acid monohydrate (MES) were used as substitutes for pnitrophenol and potassium chromate, respectively. The titration of the buffer SMP-RS/SC with HCl was carried out and these data were used as the starting point for the new buffer reproduce the potentiometric behavior of SMP-RS/SC buffer. To achieve this, multiparametric regression analysis was used, taking as adjustable parameters the pKa values and the concentrations of the components of the new buffer. The final composition for the new buffer, called Santa Maria buffer (TSM) was obtained with: 37.5 mM of triethanolamine; 17.3 mM of imidazole; 30.7 mM of MES; 20.7 mM of calcium acetate and 721 mM of calcium chloride; with initial pH adjusted to 7.5. For comparison between TSM and SMP-RS/SC, we utilized 42 soil samples collected in different physiographic regions of Brazil. Linear regression was performed with pH-SMP and pHTSM values, and also, between the lime requirement by SMP and TSM, reaching determination coefficient (R2) greater than 0.99 in both cases. The TSM had equivalent sensitivity to the SMP-RS/SC in differentiating the acidity degree of soils, and can be used replacing this, without the need for change in routine laboratory and interpretations already developed to estimate the potential acidity or need limestone of soil. At temperature from 22 to 27 °C, the TSM has a long shelf life and can be stored in plasticpolypropylene or glass containers protected from light, for a period of 120 to 150 days. The replacement of SMP-RS/SC buffer by TSM is a viable alternative for soil testing laboratories to avoid the generation of hazardous wastes and to reducing the health risks for the lab handlers. / No Brasil, o tampão SMP vem sendo utilizado desde a década de 60 como o principal método para a estimativa da acidez potencial e/ou da necessidade de calcário do solo. No entanto, em sua composição, a solução SMP apresenta p-nitrofenol e cromato de potássio, substâncias essas com elevado potencial de contaminação ambiental e capazes de promover o desenvolvimento de metahemoglobina e carcinomas aos seus manipuladores, como conseqüência da exposição continuada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal desenvolver uma solução tampão livre de substâncias tóxicas, capaz de mimetizar as características ácido-base do tampão SMP, na composição utilizada nos estados do RS e SC (SMP-RS/SC), em resposta à acidez de solos brasileiros. Para o desenvolvimento do novo tampão, utilizaram-se como substitutos ao p-nitrofenol e ao cromato de potássio, o imidazol e o ácido 2-(N-morfolino) etanossulfônico monohidratado (MES), respectivamente. Realizou-se a titulação do tampão SMP-RS/SC com HCl e esses dados de titulação foram utilizados como ponto de partida para que o novo tampão reproduzisse o comportamento potenciométrico do tampão SMP-RS/SC. Para tanto, empregou-se análise de regressão multiparamétrica, considerando como variáveis os valores de pKa e as concentrações dos componentes do novo tampão. A composição final para o novo tampão, denominado Tampão Santa Maria (TSM), foi obtida com: 37,5 mM de trietanolamina; 17,3 mM de imidazol; 30,7 mM de MES; 20,7 mM de acetato de cálcio e 721 mM de cloreto de cálcio; com pH inicial ajustado a 7,5. Para comparação entre o TSM e o SMP-RS/SC, utilizaram-se 42 amostras de solo oriundas de diferentes regiões fisiográficas do Brasil. Ajustou-se regressão linear entre os valores de pH-TSM e pH-SMP, e também, entre a recomendação de calcário por TSM e por SMP, alcançando-se coeficiente de determinação (R2) superior a 0,99 em ambos os casos. O TSM apresentou sensibilidade equivalente ao SMP-RS/SC na diferenciação do grau de acidez dos solos estudados, podendo ser utilizado em substituição a esse, sem a necessidade de alteração da rotina e das interpretações laboratoriais já desenvolvidas para a estimativa da acidez potencial ou necessidade de calcário do solo. À temperatura de 22 a 27 ºC, o TSM apresenta uma longa vida útil, podendo ser armazenado em recipiente de plástico-polipropileno ou vidro protegido da luz, por um período de 120 a 150 dias. A substituição do tampão SMP-RS/SC pelo TSM é uma alternativa viável para os laboratórios de análise de solo evitarem a geração de resíduos perigosos e reduzirem os riscos à saúde dos técnicos manipuladores.
252

The impact of soil acidity amelioration on groundnut production and sandy soils of Zimbabwe

Murata, Monica Rujeko 15 August 2003 (has links)
The bulk of Zimbabwe’s groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop is grown on sandy soils in the smallholder sector where sustainable production is hindered by acid soil infertility. The study goal was thus to examine the effects of soil acidity amelioration by four Ca-containing materials on nutrient composition, vegetative and reproductive growth, and quality of groundnut to formulate ameliorative strategies to improve productivity on acid soils. The effectiveness of calcitic lime (CL), dolomitic lime (DL), gypsum (G) and single superphosphate (SSP) in ameliorating soil acidity was determined in field experiments conducted for three seasons at two Research Stations in Zimbabwe, and in greenhouse experiments conducted for two seasons at Harare Research Station. In both experiments the lime application rates were from 0 to 4000 kg ha-1, while G application rates were from 0 to 3450 kg ha-1, and those of SSP were from 0 to 250 kg ha-1. Calcitic or dolomitic lime applied at 2000 or 4000 kg ha-1 increased soil pH and Ca and Mg contents in the pod and root zones, and in the plant material. Gypsum and SSP applications at 200 and 250 kg ha-1 respectively, had no significant effects on pH, Ca and Mg levels, but when applied in equivalent amounts of Ca as lime, gypsum improved soil Ca status. Effects of the four ameliorants on the N, P and K levels in the soils and in plant material were generally neither significant nor consistent. The direct and residual benefits of application of CL or DL were manifested in improved plant stands, better growth, nodulation, productivity and quality of groundnut. Gypsum applied at equal Ca rates as CL or DL was the superior Ca-source in improving pod and kernel quality. By the end of the third season, the increases in cumulative kernel yields due to application of 4000 kg ha-1 lime over non-application were up to 319%. The major growth-limiting factors on the studied acid soils were identified as deficiencies of Ca and Mg, and low pH per se. In a field experiment conducted to evaluate the tolerance of 15 groundnut genotypes to soil acidity, significant differences in yield and nutrient utilization efficiency of the genotypes were observed, implying that productivity on acid soils can be increased by growing genotypes efficient in uptake and utilization of nutrients. Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies conducted to examine the effects of pH (3.0 - 7.0) and its interactions with Ca (0 - 2000 µM Ca) on early seedling growth and reproductive growth of groundnut indicated that low pH per se has a major detrimental impact on seedling survival, growth, pod formation, yield and quality of groundnut, but not on germination. The adverse effects of low pH were more pronounced in the absence of Ca, and became progressively less as the solution Ca concentrations increased. Further experiments showed that it is feasible to mitigate the adverse effects of soil acidity on groundnut germination and seedling survival by pelleting seeds with small amounts of CaCO3, or priming with CaSO4. / Dissertation (PhD (Plant Production: Agronomy))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted
253

Vers une meilleure connaissance des propriétés acides des catalyseurs hétérogènes en présence d’eau : application à la déshydratation d’alcools biosourcés en oléfines / Investigation of water effects on heterogeneous acid catalysts : application to bio-alcohols dehydration into olefins

Buniazet, Zoé 10 November 2016 (has links)
La valorisation de la biomasse en molécules plateformes, telles que les oléfines pour l'industrie des polymères, rend nécessaire l'adaptation des catalyseurs utilisés en pétrochimie à la transformation de composés fortement hydratés. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de développer une méthode de caractérisation complète des catalyseurs acides en présence d'eau et en conditions réactionnelles. Cette méthode combine un examen des propriétés catalytiques en étudiant l'effet de l'eau sur des paramètres tels que le temps de contact, la température ou le vieillissement du catalyseur, mais aussi des propriétés physico-chimiques en étudiant la structure et la texture des catalyseurs usés et une études des sites acides en présence d'eau et en température. L'évolution de sites acides a été mesurée par FTIR in situ sous flux continu de NH3 et H2O. Les éventuelles compétitions d'adsorption entre H2O et NH3 mais aussi entre H2O et le réactif ont été estimées par la mesure des chaleurs d'adsorptions de ces espèces. Des oxydes d'intérêt (SnO2/SiO2, WO3/SiO2, TiO2/SiO2 et H4SiW12O40/SiO2) ont été synthétisés. Ces oxydes ont été caractérisés finement, notamment au niveau de leur acidité (utilisation de quatre molécules sondes différentes) / The use of biomass to obtain platforms molecules such as olefins for the polymer industry, require an adaptation of the catalysts already used in petrochemical processing for the conversion of highly hydrated compounds. During this project we developed a method for acid catalysts characterization in the presence of water and in reaction conditions. This method combines an analysis of catalytic properties by studying the effect of water on parameters such as contact time, temperature, or aging of the catalyst, but also of physicochemical properties in studying the structure and texture of spent catalysts and a study of the acid sites in the presence of water and temperature. The acid sites evolution of was measured by FTIR in situ under continuous flow of NH3 and H2O. The possible competition of adsorption between H2O and NH3 but also between H2O and the reactant were estimated by measuring the heat of adsorption of these species. Oxides of interest (SnO2 / SiO2, WO3/SiO2, TiO2/SiO2 and H4SiW12O40 / SiO 2) were synthesized. These oxides have been finely characterized, particularly in terms of their acidity (using four different probes molecules)
254

Étude de nouveaux catalyseurs pour la valorisation du glycérol en acroléine / Study of new catalysts for glycerol dehydration to acrolein

Lauriol-Garbey, Pascaline 15 October 2010 (has links)
La déshydratation du glycérol en acroléine a été étudiée sur de nouveaux catalyseurs à base d'oxydes en vue de mettre au point un nouveau procédé de production de la méthionine. Ces catalyseurs performants sont des zircones niobiées et des zircones tungstées dopées à la silice. Si les catalyseurs proposés dans la littérature jusqu'à présent pouvaient être sélectifs, ils se désactivaient rapidement par cokage. Les nouveaux catalyseurs mis au point sont aussi actifs et sélectifs mais beaucoup plus stables sous flux réactionnel. Les performances des zircones niobiées sont très sensibles à la méthode de préparation; les catalyseurs ont été caractérisés par DRX, spectroscopie Raman, MET, EDX, XPS. Ces analyses ont montré qu'une partie du niobium est incorporée dans la zircone qui est recouverte d'espèces polymères de niobium. Les zircones tungstées performantes sont constituées d'une zircone recouverte de silice et de polytunsgtates. L'acido-basicité des catalyseurs a été étudiée par différentes techniques: réactions modèles de transformation du méthylbutynol et du 2-propanol, TPD-NH3, adsorption de NH3 et SO2étudiée par microcalorimétrie et adsorption de pyridine suivie par IR. Ces études ont permis de montrer que les sites basiques de la zircone sont néfastes pour les performances et que les sites acides de Brönsted avec une large gamme de force acide sont actifs et sélectifs en acroléine. Nous avons montré par microcalorimétrie que même les sites acides très faibles participent à la réaction / Glycerol dehydration to acrolein has been studied over innovative oxide catalysts in order to develop a new methionine production process. These performing catalysts are niobiate zirconia mixed oxides and tungstated zirconia doped with silicium. The catalysts proposed so far in the literature are active and selective but they show fast deactivation under reaction flow due to coke deposition. The new catalysts appear at least as active and selective but much more stable. The niobiate zirconia mixed oxides, which catalytic performances are very sensitive to the preparation method, have been characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM with EDX analyses and XPS. Theses analyses show that niobium cations are partially incorporated into zirconia and covered its surface as polymeric niobium oxide species. The efficient tungstated zirconia catalysts consist of zirconia cover with silicium and polymeric tungstate species. Acid-base properties of the catalysts have been studied by model reaction of methylbutynol and 2-propanol, NH3-TPD, SO2 and NH3adsorption followed by microcalorimetry and IR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption. These studies show that the zirconia uncovered by silica or containing no niobium are unselective sites and that Brönsted acid sites of the polymeric tungstate or niobium oxide species are the selective sites in acrolein. The strength of these sites does not appear as a key parameter to acrolein selectivity and even weak sites participate to the reaction
255

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally Stable Silica-Doped Alumina with Tunable Surface Area, Porosity, and Acidity

Khosravi Mardkhe, Maryam 12 March 2014 (has links)
Mesoporous γ-Al2O3 is one of the most widely used catalyst supports for commercial catalytic applications. The performance of a catalyst strongly depends on the combination of textural, chemical and physical properties of the support. Pore size is essential since each catalytic system requires a unique pore size for optimal catalyst loading, diffusion and selectivity. In addition, high surface area and large pore volume usually result in higher catalyst loading, which increases the number of catalytic reaction sites and decreases reaction time. Therefore, determination of surface area and porosity of porous supports is critical for the successful design and optimization of a catalyst support. Moreover, it is important to produce supports with good thermal stability since pore collapsing due to sintering at high temperatures often results in catalyst deactivation. In addition, the ability to control the acidity of the catalyst enables us to design desirable acid sites to optimize product selectivity, activity, and stability in different catalytic applications. This dissertation presents a simple, one-pot, solvent-deficient method to synthesize thermally stable silica-doped alumina (SDA) without using templates. The XRD (X-ray diffraction), HTXRD (high temperature X-ray diffraction), SS NMR (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), TGA(thermogravimetric analysis), and N2 adosorption techniques are used to characterize the structures of the synthesized SDAs and understand the origin of increased thermal stability. The obtained SDAs have a surface area of 160 m2/g, pore volume of 0.99 cm3/g, and a bimodal pore size distribution of 23 and 52 nm after calcination at 1100◦C. Compared to a commercial SDA, the surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of synthesized SDAs are higher by 46%, 155%, and 94%, respectively. A split-plot fractional-factorial experimental design is also used to obtain a useful mathematical model for the control of textural properties of SDAs with a reduced cost and number of experiments. The proposed quantitative models can predict optimal conditions to produce SDAs with high surface areas greater than 250 m2/g, large pore volume greater than 1 cm3/g, and large (40-60 nm) or medium (16-19 nm) pore diameters. In my approach, I control acid sites formation by altering preparation variables in the synthesis method such as Si/Al ratio and calcination temperatures. The total acidity concentration (Brønsted and Lewis) of the synthesized SDAs are determined using ammonia temperatured program, pyridine fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and MAS NMR. The total acidity concentration is increased by introducing a higher mole ratio of Si to Al. In addition, the total acidity concentration is decreased by increasing calcination temperature while maintaining high surface area, large porosity, and thermal stability of γ-alumina support. I also present an optimized synthesis of various aluminum alkoxides (aluminum n-hexyloxide (AH), aluminum phenoxide (APh) and aluminum isopropoxide (AIP)) with high yields (90-95%). One mole of aluminum is reacted with excess alcohol in the presence of 0.1 mole % mercuric chloride catalyst. The synthesized aluminum alkoxides are used as starting materials to produce high surface area alumina catalyst supports. Aluminum alkoxides and nano aluminas are analyzed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 27Al NMR, gCOSY (2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), IR (infrared spectroscopy), XRD, ICP (induced coupled plasma), and elemental analysis.
256

Impacts de l'oxygène sur les évolutions chimiques et sensorielles du vin rouge / Oxygen impacts on chemical and sensory evolutions in red wine

Pechamat, Laurent 18 December 2014 (has links)
L’impact de l’oxygène a été suivi pendant 4 mois pour 3 vins de Merlot d’IPT 61, 63 et 76. Le vin d’IPT 63 était enrichi par une fraction d’ellagitannins de bois de chêne. Les vins ont été ajustés à pH 3, pH 3,5 et pH 4. Pour chaque pH, des doses de 0, 2, 8 et 20 mg/L d’oxygène ont été fournies à l’aide d’oxygène pur, puis des analyses mensuelles ont permis de suivre les évolutions chimiques et sensorielles des vins afin d’apprécier les impacts liés à l’oxygène.Les résultats montrent pour tous les vins, que la consommation de l’oxygène augmente de 2 à 4 fois plus lorsque l’on passe de pH 3 à pH 4. La présence d’ellagitannins dans le vin favorise la consommation d’oxygène, ainsi qu’en solutions modèles hydro-alcooliques de fractions phénoliques. Les teneurs en tannins totaux sont globalement stables. Les polymérisations analysées par la méthode DMACH se produisent majoritairement à pH 3 et pH 3,5 pour le vin d’IPT 61, alors que les différences liées à l’oxygène sont moins fortes sur le vin d’IPT 76. Pour le vin d’IPT 63 + ellagitannins, les polymérisations sont favorisées à pH 3. Les teneurs en anthocyanes totales et moléculaires montrent généralement des diminutions en fonction du temps, de l’oxygène ainsi que de l’acidité. Pour le vin d’IPT 76 et d’IPT 63 + ellagitannins, les anthocyanes se polymérisent davantage aux tannins polymères en présence d’oxygène, et à pH plus acide. 13 pyranoanthocyanes ont pu être identifiées et quantifiées, dont deux molécules de pyranomalvidine-di-(épi)catéchine quantifiées pour la première fois dans des vins rouges secs qui peuvent être considérées comme des marqueurs en lien avec l'apport en oxygène subi par le vin. Les analyses sensorielles réalisées sur le vin d’IPT 76 en fonction des pH montrent que l’amertume est plus forte à pH 4, et pH 3,5 dans une moindre mesure. Cette tendance se retrouve aussi sur la perception d’oxydation.Pour les deux autres vins, d’IPT 61 et d’IPT 63 enrichi par une fraction d’ellagitannins, l’intensité du fruité diminue globalement avec les doses d’oxygène, tandis que le caractère oxydé est bien corrélée avec les doses croissantes d’oxygène, ainsi que l’amertume dans une moindre mesure. / The impact of oxygen has been followed-up during 4 months for 3 Merlot red wines of TPI 61, 63 anf 76. The wine of TPI 63 was supplied by a fraction of ellagitannin from oak wood. Wines have been adjusted at pH 3, pH 3.5 and pH 4. For each pH, quantities of 0, 2, 8 and 20 mg/L of pure oxygen have been added. Then, anlyses have been performed each month to follow the wine chemical and sensory evolutions in order to determine the impact of oxygen.For all wines, the results show that oxygen consumption is 2 to 4 fold higher from pH 3 to pH 4. The presence of ellagitannin in wine favors oxygen consumption, as well as in wine model solutions with phenolic fractions. Total tannin contents remain quite constant. Polymerisations analysed by DMACH index occur mainly at pH 3 and pH 3.5 for the wine of TPI 61, while the differences related to oxygen are less important in the wine of TPI 76. For the wine of TPI 63 + ellagitannins, polymerisations are favored at pH 3. Total and molecular anthocyanins contents generally show a decrease according to time, oxygen and acidity. For the wines of TPI 76 and TPI 63 + ellagitannins, the anthocyanins polymerise more to polymers of tannins with oxygen and acidity. 13 pyranoanthocyanins have been identified et quantified. Among them, two molecules of pyranomalvidin-di-(epi)catechin quantified for the first time in a dry red wine. They can be considerated as marker related to oxygen amount consumed by wine. Sensory analyses realized on wine of TPI 76 according to pH show that bitterness is higher at pH 4, and pH 3.5 in a lesser extent. There is the same trend with the oxidation perception.For the two other wines, of TPI 61 and 63 with ellagitannin fraction, fruity intensity globally decreases with oxygen quantities, while the oxidized parameter is well related to increasing oxygen amounts, as wella s bitterness in a lesser extent.
257

Characterization of lamellar or nanostrutured materials based on transition metal oxides for liquid phase catalysis / Caractérisation des matériaux lamellaires ou nanostructurés à base d’oxydes de métaux de transition pour la catalyse en phase liquide

Fayad, Ghinwa 05 December 2018 (has links)
Les oxydes de métaux de transition lamellaires peuvent servir de catalyseurs pour la conversion de la biomasse, mais leur développement nécessite une meilleure compréhension de leurs propriétés. En conséquence, plusieurs matériaux lamellaires, tels que HNbMoO6, HNbWO6, H2W2O7 et H2WO4, ainsi qu'un nouveau type d'oxydes en couches basés sur Nb et W et caractérisés par des phases d'Aurivillius “en escalier” ont été largement caractérisés notamment par spectroscopie DRX et spectroscopie Raman. La possibilité de convertir les solides précurseurs au lithium ou bismuth en phases protonées a été étudiée. Ces oxydes ont la spécificité d'intercaler des molécules entre les couches, ce qui peut contribuer à l’activité catalytique en phase liquide. Pour identifier les rôles respectifs de l’intercalation et des propriétés de surface comme l’acidité, les matériaux ont été caractérisés en phase liquide par spectroscopie Raman en utilisant des bases organiques telles que les n-alkylamines (butylamine et octylamine) et la pyridine. L'intercalation avec des réactifs possibles, les n-alcools et le 2,5-hexanediol, a également été étudiée. L'activité catalytique de ces oxydes lamellaires a été déterminée grâce à une nouvelle réaction: la cyclo-déshdrataion du 2,5-hexanediol en 2,5-diméthyltétrahydrofurane. HNbMoO6 s’est avéré le catalyseur le plus actif, comparé à des catalyseurs acides conventionnels ou aux autres matériaux lamellaires. L’acidité et la capacité d’intercalation de ces divers matériaux lamellaires ont été comparées pour comprendre les différences observées pour l’activité catalytique. / Layered transition metal oxides have a potential as catalysts for biomass conversions, but their development necessitates a better understanding of their properties. Consequently, several layered materials such as HNbMoO6, HNbWO6, H2W2O7 and H2WO4 as well as new types of layered oxides based on Nb and W and characterized by a “stair-like” Aurivillius phases were extensively characterized notably by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The possibility to convert the as-synthesised lithium or bismuth precursors to protonated phases was also thoroughly evaluated. Layered oxides have the specificity to intercalate molecules within their interlayer regions, which may be a key feature to catalytic activity for reactions in the liquid phase. In order to evaluate the respective roles of intercalation and surface properties such as acidity, the materials were characterized in the liquid phase by Raman spectroscopy using organic bases such as n-alkylamines (butylamine and octylamine) and pyridine. Intercalation with possible reagents, n-alcohols and 2,5-hexanediol, was also studied. The catalytic activity of these layered oxides was evaluated using a novel test reaction: the cyclo-dehydration of 2,5-hexanediol into 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran. HNbMoO6 proved to be the most active catalyst, compared to conventional acidic catalysts or other layered materials. The acidity and intercalation ability of the various layered materials were compared to understand the differences observed for the catalytic activity.
258

Screening of ten maize genotypes for tolerance to acid soils using various methods

Peterson, Mkafula Thembalethu 11 1900 (has links)
Breeding maize (Zea mays L.) for tolerance to acidic soils could improve maize yields. The current study aims to identify maize genotypes with tolerance to acidic soils, as well as identifying secondary traits associated with the tolerance to soil acidity. Ten maize varieties were screened for tolerance to aluminium (Al) toxicity under glasshouse, laboratory and field conditions. In the glasshouse, two soil acidity levels (limed and unlimed soil) were used and the experiment was set up in a complete randomised design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment lasted for 10 days and measurements were taken on plant height (PH), leaf area, stem diameter and dry matter. In the laboratory, a haematoxylin staining (HS) experiment was conducted to determine the response of 10 maize varieties to Al toxicity. Two Al concentrations (0 and 222 μM) were used and the experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 7 days, shoot length, was recorded. Five stress tolerance indices were estimated to determine the resilience of each genotype. A root growth stress tolerance index was also computed for both experimental procedures. In the field, two trials were established at two sites, namely Mbinja and Mpumaze. Limed and unlimed plots were used, and the trial was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Maize kernel yield and other standard field parameters were recorded. Selection of tolerant genotypes from the field screening was also done using three indices, namely harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI). Both the glasshouse and laboratory assays identified similar genotypes of maize as being tolerant. These tolerant genotypes were Ngoyi, PANBG3492 BT, PAN 6Q408 and PHB 3442 based on the root growth stress tolerance index (RGSTI). It was therefore demonstrated that these two assays produced the same level of efficiency in identifying tolerant genotypes using this index. Based on ranking of seedling vigour index under soil acidity stress, the top three genotypes at Mpumaze were PHB32W71, PAN6616 and Sahara while at Mbinja, the top three were PAN6616, PAN6Q408 CB and PAN6P110. The genotypes PANBG3492 BT, PAN6Q408 and PHB3442 were also found to be tolerant to acidic soils at seedling stage. These genotypes are recommended for further evaluation in more sites to confirm their tolerance and yield potential under acidic soils. The study also revealed that plant height, leaf area and stem diameter could be used for indirect selection for tolerance to Al toxicity under glasshouse conditions. The seedling vigour index was also effective in identifying tolerant genotypes under glasshouse conditions. On the other hand, shoot length stress tolerance index and the haematoxylin score were useful for indirect selection for tolerance to Al toxicity in the laboratory. In the field, it was observed that ear length, leaf area and ear diameter can be useful in identifying genotypes that are tolerant to soil acidity. They can therefore be useful as indirect selection criteria under field conditions. Additionally, the best selection indices for identifying soil acidity tolerant genotypes under field conditions were the HM and the STI. It is recommended that varieties that were identified as tolerant be further evaluated in several soil acidity hot spots to confirm their tolerance and stability of performance under field conditions. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)
259

Der Einfluss von Bodenschutzkalkungen auf die Lumbricidenfauna in sächsischen Fichtenforsten

Patzelt, Josephine 22 May 2019 (has links)
Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Bodenschutzkalkung gegen die flächendeckende Bodenversauerung im sächsischen Mittelgebirge wurde die Regenwurmfauna an acht Punkten der Bodenzustanderhebung (BZE-Punkte) im Erzgebirge und im Vogtland erfasst. Die Untersuchungspunkte sind durch Fichtenforste auf vier verschiedenen Lokalbodenformen charakterisiert, jeweils nicht gekalkt und gekalkt. Die verwendeten chemischen Daten stammen aus der Bodenzustandserhebung. Die Erfassung der Lumbriciden erfolgte mittels Elektroaustreibung und anschließender Handauslese, die Tiere wurden lebend und mit Darminhalt gewogen. Daraus wurden die Populationsparameter Individuendichte und Biomasse pro Quadratmeter ermittelt und mit dem U-Test nach Wilcoxon, Mann und Whitney auf signifikante Unterschiede geprüft. Bei Betrachtung der Daten der BZE fallen auf den gekalkten Flächen im Vergleich zu den nicht gekalkten Flächen der angehobene pH-Wert, die gesteigerte effektive Austauschkapazität (AKe) und die erhöhte Basensättigung (BS) im organischen Auflagehorizont sowohl in der Streu und in der fermentierten organischen Auflage (L + Of) als auch in der humifizierten organischen Auflage (Oh) auf. [...] Das C/N-Verhältnis weist in keinem der Horizonte einen offensichtlichen Zusammenhang zur Kalkung auf. Auf den gekalkten Flächen wurde sowohl eine höhere Individuendichte als auch eine höhere Biomasse der Lumbriciden festgestellt. Die Unterschiede sind zu verschiedenen Niveaus signifikant. Zwischen den Populationparametern und pH-Wert, AKe und Basensättigung besteht kein linearer Zusammenhang, bei erhöhten Werten dieser Bodenchemie-Komponenten wurden jedoch höhere Individuendichten und Biomassen festgestellt. Zum C/N-Verhältnis konnte keine Beziehung festgestellt werden. Auf den gekalkten Flächen wurden auch mehr Arten als auf den nicht gekalkten gezählt. [...] Es ist zu überlegen, inwieweit sich (Wieder-)Ansiedelungsmaßnahmen entsprechender Arten durchführen ließen.:1 Einleitung und Zielstellung ...........................................................................6 2 Grundlagen und Methodik ...........................................................................9 2.1 Naturraum ................................................................................................9 2.2 Regenwurmbiologie ................................................................................13 2.3 Methodik .................................................................................................18 2.4 Statistik ...................................................................................................21 3 Ergebnisse .................................................................................................23 3.1 Chemische Daten der Bodenzustandserhebung ....................................23 3.2 Individuendichte und Biomasse ..............................................................28 3.3 Zusammenhänge zur Bodenchemie .......................................................32 3.4 Artenfunde .............................................................................................42 4 Diskussion ..................................................................................................43 4.1 Kritik an der Methodik und der statistischen Auswertung .......................43 4.2 Ergebnisbewertung ................................................................................45 5 Zusammenfassung und Fazit ......................................................................49 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................51 7 Literaturverzeichnis .....................................................................................52 Anhang ...........................................................................................................62 / Since the end of the last century, liming is a common melioration measure in German forest and wood management against the acidity of soils, especially in the uplands like the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) in Saxony. To record changes in ecosystems, there are different monitoring programms, for example the 'Bodenzustandserhebung (BZE)'. But also a biological component for detecting effects of liming on flora and fauna is needed. Earthworms are a very important group of the soil fauna. Therefore, this study was aimed at this family to track their reaction to liming in spruce forests in the Saxon Ore Mountains. The expectation of a positive reaction could be significantly approved on the basis of four paired habitats, each couple with a not limed and a limed counter-part. Four species of earthworms were recorded. Three of them are epigeic forms, one is an endogeic type. Important factors for their abundance and biomass are pH, exchange capacity of cations and saturation of bases. A linear correlation was not detected. In this study, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in soils showed a link neither to lime nor to earthworms abundance or biomass. As a result, liming is a reasonable measure to reactivate the biological components in acid affected soils, but it is also needed to cultivate a more various forest ecosystem.:1 Einleitung und Zielstellung ...........................................................................6 2 Grundlagen und Methodik ...........................................................................9 2.1 Naturraum ................................................................................................9 2.2 Regenwurmbiologie ................................................................................13 2.3 Methodik .................................................................................................18 2.4 Statistik ...................................................................................................21 3 Ergebnisse .................................................................................................23 3.1 Chemische Daten der Bodenzustandserhebung ....................................23 3.2 Individuendichte und Biomasse ..............................................................28 3.3 Zusammenhänge zur Bodenchemie .......................................................32 3.4 Artenfunde .............................................................................................42 4 Diskussion ..................................................................................................43 4.1 Kritik an der Methodik und der statistischen Auswertung .......................43 4.2 Ergebnisbewertung ................................................................................45 5 Zusammenfassung und Fazit ......................................................................49 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................51 7 Literaturverzeichnis .....................................................................................52 Anhang ...........................................................................................................62
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Neue effiziente Wege zur Synthese hierarchisch poröser Titanzeolithe als Epoxidierungskatalysatoren und zur Bestimmung von Zeolithacidität

Werner, Anja 11 January 2022 (has links)
Die Herausforderungen der Ressourcenknappheit und des Klimawandels erhöhen den weltweiten Bedarf an nachhaltigen Lösungen für Produktion und Konsum drastisch. Die Effizienzsteigerung industrieller Prozesse spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Einsparung von Energie und Ressourcen. Optimal designte, heterogene Katalysatorsysteme könnten den Energieaufwand um bis zu 50 % senken. Eine solche Energieeinsparung wird in der Realität jedoch nicht erreicht, da ihre Leistung dem Einfluss von Massen- und Wärmetransportphänomenen unterliegt. Bei Zeolithen beeinträchtigen hohe Transportwiderstände in den Mikroporen die Katalysatorleistung maßgeblich. Die von sterischen Restriktionen bestimmte Zugänglichkeit der Mikroporen beschränkt zudem ihre Anwendbarkeit auf Reaktionen mit relativ kleinen Reaktanten und Produkten. Eine bewährte Strategie zur Erhöhung der Diffusivität in Zeolithen und Erweiterung ihres Einsatzfelds stellt die Einführung größerer Transportporen (Meso-/Makroporen) dar. Aus der Ergänzung ihrer intrinsischen Mikroporosität durch eine Sekundärporosität werden hierarchisch poröse Materialien erhalten. Enormes Potenzial zur Effizienzsteigerung von Prozessen in der Kunststoff-, Agrar-, Kosmetik- und Lebensmittelindustrie sowie in der pharmazeutischen Industrie birgt der Einsatz hierarchisch poröser Titanzeolithe, die als Epoxidierungskatalysatoren wirksam sind. Ihre Synthese ist bisher jedoch zeit- und kostenintensiv und produziert große Mengen chemischen Abfalls. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde ein daher neuer, effizienter Syntheseweg erschlossen. Die Synthesestrategie basiert auf der simultanen Durchführung zweier Modifizierungsschritte: der Hierarchisierung eines Zeolithen durch Desilizierung – d.h. der Einführung von Transportporen durch Herauslösen von Silikatspezies aus seinem Kristallgitter – und der Titanierung, d.h. dem Einbau katalytisch aktiver Titanzentren in das Gitter. Die Schwierigkeit liegt dabei in der Kombination zweier konzeptionell gegensätzlicher Prozesse: Während die Titanierung einen konstruktiven Charakter hat, handelt es sich bei der Hierarchisierung um einen destruktiven Ätzvorgang, der das Material substanziell angreift. Das Ergebnis jedes einzelnen Prozesses hängt dabei stark von den experimentellen Bedingungen ab. Die Auswahl optimaler Bedingungen für einen Syntheseschritt, der beide Einzelprozesse vereint, stellt daher ein komplexes Multiparameterproblem dar, dem in vorliegender Arbeit mit der Anwendung statistischer Versuchsmethodik (Design of Experiments) begegnet wurde. Zu den größten Stärken der simultanen Desilizierung und Titanierung (SDT) gehören neben der Beschränkung auf nur einen Modifizierungsschritt die Möglichkeit zur Verwendung kommerziell verfügbarer Ausgangsmaterialien sowie der deutlich höhere Nutzungsgrad der ins Material eingebrachten aktiven Katalysezentren. Weitere positive Aspekte, die in dieser Arbeit demonstriert werden konnten, bilden ihre einfache Durchführbarkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit und Skalierbarkeit. Die Synthesemethode lässt sich zudem auf Zeolithe unterschiedlicher Struktur und chemischer Zusammensetzung anwenden. Ausgehend von Zeolith Beta gelang die Synthese eines hierarchischen Ti Beta mit Tetraethylammoniumhydroxid und Tetrabutylorthotitanat bei hydrothermalen Bedingungen. Weitere erfolgreiche SDT-Experimente wurden mit den Zeolithen ZSM-58 und Silikalith durchgeführt. Aus der Behandlung von Silikalith hervorgehender hierarchisch poröser TS-1 ist aufgrund seiner Anwendbarkeit für die Propenoxidsynthese besonders industrierelevant. Die hierarchische Porosität der SDT-Produkte wurde mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Physisorptionsmessungen mit Stickstoff bzw. Argon nachgewiesen. Unter nahezu vollständiger Erhaltung von Mikroporenvolumen und Oberfläche entstanden durch die Behandlung Makroporen sowie ungeordnete intrakristalline Mesoporen mit breiter Porengrößenverteilung und flaschenhalsartiger Form. Die Kristallinität des Materials wurde dabei nur geringfügig beeinträchtigt, wie Pulverröntgendiffraktometrie-Messungen zeigten. Die Koordination der (Oberflächen-)Titanspezies wurde mittels verschiedener Spektroskopietechniken (DRUV/Vis, FTIR, XPS) untersucht. Neben dem gewünschten Einbau vierfach koordinierter Gittertitanzentren kam es auch teilweise zur Bildung von katalytisch inaktiven höher koordinierten Gitter- bzw. Extragittertitanspezies sowie Anatasverunreinigungen. Den hinreichenden Nachweis für das Vorhandensein aktiver Titanzentren lieferten Katalysetests. Als Modellreaktion diente die Flüssigphasenepoxidierung verschiedener Cycloalkene mit Wasserstoffperoxid. Der positive Effekt der Einführung größerer Transportporen auf die Katalysatorleistung konnte durch den direkten Vergleich von rein mikroporösem mit hierarchisch porösem Ti-Beta erbracht werden. Bei gleichbleibend hoher Epoxidselektivität wurde im Test mit der hierarchischen Katalysatorprobe eine fast dreimal so hohe Epoxidausbeute erreicht. Ihre hohe Aktivität lässt sich nach der Reaktion wieder nahezu vollständig regenerieren. Sie geht auf eine langsamere Verkokung zurück. Diese ist eine Folge der höheren Desorptionsrate in den Transportporen, wie aus thermischen Antwortmessungen mit n-Butan am optischen Kalorimeter InfraSORP geschlussfolgert werden konnte. Die hohe katalytische Aktivität ist außerdem auf die hervorragende Erreichbarkeit der mittels SDT eingebrachten Ti-Zentren zurückzuführen. Die Produkteigenschaften reagieren sensibel auf Veränderungen der experimentellen SDT-Parameter und ihrer synergetischen bzw. antagonistischen Wechselwirkung untereinander. Mittels Festkörperanalytik identifizierte Parametereffekte wurden mit den Daten der Katalysetests korreliert und bildeten so eine aussagekräftige Grundlage für die wissenschaftliche Interpretation zugrundeliegender Struktur-Aktivitätsbeziehungen. Ausgehend von den gefundenen Parametereffekten wurde eine Optimierung ausgewählter SDT-Parameter in Bezug auf die mit dem Syntheseprodukt erzielte Epoxidausbeute vorgenommen. Das Produkt der optimierten Synthese erreichte im Katalysetest die höchste Ausbeute aller getesteten Katalysatorproben. Seine Turnover Frequency (TOF) übertraf die einer rein mikroporösen Vergleichsprobe um mehr als das Neunfache. Auch im Vergleich mit mikroporösen und mesoporösen Referenzproben aus der Literatur schnitt es überragend ab. Viele Prozesse aus der Raffinerietechnik, Petrochemie und Feinchemikalienherstellung nutzen Zeolithe nicht als Epoxidierungs-, sondern als Säurekatalysatoren. Eine effiziente Methode zur Bestimmung der Zeolithacidität ist demnach von hoher Wichtigkeit für die Industrie. Zur quantitativen Analyse der Säurezentren hat sich die temperaturprogrammierte Desorption von Ammoniak (NH3-TPD) etabliert. Der größte Nachteil dieser Methode liegt in der langen Messzeit. In vorliegender Arbeit wurde die Anwendbarkeit thermischer Antwortmessungen mit Ammoniak am Gerät InfraSORP als schnelle Screeningmethode für Zeolithacidität demonstriert. Die Säurezentrenanzahl einer Probe lässt sich dabei in etwa 30 min abschätzen. Die enorme Zeitersparnis, der geringere Materialverbrauch und die Möglichkeit zur Parallelisierung der Messungen aufgrund des modularisierbaren Messprinzips machen die Methode vor allem für die industrielle Prozess- und Qualitätskontrolle interessant.

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