<p>Följande uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt ur den rådande situationen i Adenviken som präglas av illegal piratverksamhet. Adenviken med dess särskilda karaktäristik granskas i syfte att undersöka om det av militärteoretiker formulerade begreppet ”Fourth Generation Warfare” i någon mån är applicerbart på situationen. I syfte att svara upp mot uppsatsens frågeställning avhandlas begreppet 4 GW och dess historik, innebörd samt utveckling. Den empiriska delen av uppsatsen behandlar Adenviken och fokuserar på situationen i landet Somalia med dess pirater och deras illegala verksamhet. Problemområdet är intressant då Sverige idag bidrar med enheter (ME02) till den marina multinationella styrkan, EUNAVFOR, som verkar i Adenviken. Det huvudsakliga syftet för de ingående nationerna är att eskortera fartyg tillhörande WFP (World Food Program), men även bidraga till ökad säkerhet för handelssjöfarten. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att begreppet 4 GW till stor del är applicerbart. Dock är Adenviken och dess specifika karaktäristik säregen varvid vidare forskning krävs i syfte att militärteoretiskt definiera situationen i Adenviken.</p> / <p>The following essay is based on the current situation in the Gulf of Aden, which is characterized by illegal piracy activity. The Gulf of Aden with its peculiar characteristic is being examined inpurpose to identify if the conception “Fourth Generation Warfare” (4 GW) in any means is possible to apply on the situation. In purpose to answer the main issue, the essay will discuss the conception 4 GW considering history, meaning and development. The empirical part of the essay deals with the Gulf of Aden and focuses on the situation in Somalia with the pirates and their illegal activities. The problem area is interesting because today Sweden is contributing units (ME02) to the marine multinational force, EUNAVFOR, which operate in the Gulf of Aden. The main purpose of the participating nations is to escort vessels in WFP (World Food Program), but also contribute to greater security for commercial shipping. The essay concludes that the conception 4 GW in many means is able to apply on the situation. However, the Gulf of Aden and its specific characteristics is peculiar and further research is required in order to define the military situation in the Gulf of Aden.</p>

Följande uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt ur den rådande situationen i Adenviken som präglas av illegal piratverksamhet. Adenviken med dess särskilda karaktäristik granskas i syfte att undersöka om det av militärteoretiker formulerade begreppet ”Fourth Generation Warfare” i någon mån är applicerbart på situationen. I syfte att svara upp mot uppsatsens frågeställning avhandlas begreppet 4 GW och dess historik, innebörd samt utveckling. Den empiriska delen av uppsatsen behandlar Adenviken och fokuserar på situationen i landet Somalia med dess pirater och deras illegala verksamhet. Problemområdet är intressant då Sverige idag bidrar med enheter (ME02) till den marina multinationella styrkan, EUNAVFOR, som verkar i Adenviken. Det huvudsakliga syftet för de ingående nationerna är att eskortera fartyg tillhörande WFP (World Food Program), men även bidraga till ökad säkerhet för handelssjöfarten. Uppsatsen kommer fram till att begreppet 4 GW till stor del är applicerbart. Dock är Adenviken och dess specifika karaktäristik säregen varvid vidare forskning krävs i syfte att militärteoretiskt definiera situationen i Adenviken. / The following essay is based on the current situation in the Gulf of Aden, which is characterized by illegal piracy activity. The Gulf of Aden with its peculiar characteristic is being examined inpurpose to identify if the conception “Fourth Generation Warfare” (4 GW) in any means is possible to apply on the situation. In purpose to answer the main issue, the essay will discuss the conception 4 GW considering history, meaning and development. The empirical part of the essay deals with the Gulf of Aden and focuses on the situation in Somalia with the pirates and their illegal activities. The problem area is interesting because today Sweden is contributing units (ME02) to the marine multinational force, EUNAVFOR, which operate in the Gulf of Aden. The main purpose of the participating nations is to escort vessels in WFP (World Food Program), but also contribute to greater security for commercial shipping. The essay concludes that the conception 4 GW in many means is able to apply on the situation. However, the Gulf of Aden and its specific characteristics is peculiar and further research is required in order to define the military situation in the Gulf of Aden.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertaBC.pdf: 1065704 bytes, checksum: 6e6f9aa3d97c1150d7b5fd4167469597 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma represent a benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasm, respectively, that shares the same histological origin, however with distinct biological behavior. The aim of the present study was identify the -160 C/A polymorphism in the gene CDH1, mutational analysis of CTNNB1 gene and evaluation the expression of the E-cadherin and ?-catenin in pleomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Furthermore, it was proposed correlate the immunochemistry staining patterns with the polymorphism and mutations. Twenty-four pleomorphic adenomas and 24 adenoid cystic carcinomas were retrieved. The polymorphism analysis was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), using the restriction enzymes HphI or AflIII and the mutational screening was performed by PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The immunohistochemical analysis was taken by the counting of cells, recorded as the Hscore index, and considering the presence or absence, intensity, distribution and localization of proteins expression. Comparing the two neoplasms, the results demonstrated statistically significant difference for the E-cadherin and ?-catenin expression, with pleomorphic adenoma presenting weaker immunostaining. Was observed statistical correlation between E-cadherin and ?-catenin expression. CDH1 heterozigotic polymorphism was seen in two cases and 13 cases displayed abnormal mobility electrophoretic shifts, suggesting CTNNB1 gene mutation. The immunohistochemical expression was not statistically correlated with the polymorphism or suggested mutations. In conclusion this study supports that the E-cadherin/?-catenin complex immunohistochemical expression might be related with the myoepithelial component amount and differentiation neither the tumor biological behavior. The cases that showed E-cadherin gene polymorphism presented reduced protein expression and, moreover, CTNNB1 suggested mutations seem not influence in the ?-catenin protein expression / O adenoma pleom?rfico e o carcinoma aden?ide c?stico representam neoplasias de gl?ndula salivar benigna e maligna, respectivamente, que compartilham a mesma origem histol?gica, por?m com comportamentos biol?gicos distintos. O prop?sito deste estudo consistiu na identifica??o do polimorfismo -160 C/A da regi?o promotora do gene CDH1 (E-caderina), na triagem de muta??es no gene CTNNB1 (?-catenina), e ainda na an?lise da express?o imuno-histoqu?mica das prote?nas E-caderina e ?-catenina em adenomas pleom?rficos e carcinomas aden?ides c?sticos. Al?m disso, objetivou-se correlacionar os achados imuno-histoqu?micos com as poss?veis muta??es e polimorfismo. Foram selecionados 24 casos de adenoma pleom?rfico e 24 casos de carcinoma aden?ide c?stico. Para a identifica??o do polimorfismo no gene da E-caderina empregou-se a t?cnica RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) utilizando-se enzimas de restri??o HphI e AflIII. A triagem de muta??es no exon 3 do gene da ?-catenina foi realizada por meio de SSCP (single strand conformational polymorphism). Para a an?lise imuno-histoqu?mica, procedeu-se contagem de c?lulas, por meio do ?ndice HScore e verificou-se presen?a ou aus?ncia, intensidade, padr?o de distribui??o e localiza??o celular e tecidual das prote?nas. Os resultados demonstraram diferen?a estatisticamente significativa quando a marca??o imuno-histoqu?mica, tanto da E-caderina quanto ?-catenina, foi comparada entre as duas neoplasias estudadas, apresentando o adenoma pleom?rfico express?o reduzida. Observou-se correla??o estatisticamente significativa entre a imuno-marca??o da E-caderina e ?-catenina. Dois casos (1 adenoma pleom?rfico e 1 carcinoma aden?ide c?stico) apresentaram polimorfismo heterozig?tico no gene CDH1 e 13 casos (6 adenomas pleom?rficos e 7 carcinomas aden?ides c?sticos) exibiram varia??o no padr?o de corrida eletrofor?tica, sugerindo muta??o do gene CTNNB1. N?o houve correla??o estatisticamente significativa entre a marca??o imuno-histoqu?mica e presen?a de polimorfismo ou poss?veis muta??es. Conclui-se que a express?o imuno-histoqu?mica do complexo E-caderina/?-catenina pode estar relacionada com a quantidade e diferencia??o do componente mioepitelial e n?o ao comportamento biol?gico dos tumores. Os casos que exibiram polimorfismo no gene da E-caderina apresentaram redu??o na express?o prot?ica e, por fim, as poss?veis muta??es no gene CTNNB1 parecem n?o influenciar na express?o da prote?na ?-catenina

The diploma thesis analyzes the impacts of maritime piracy on international community. The study analyzes the situation in terms of economic impacts, but also in terms of international cooperation in solving piracy issues. The aim of the diploma thesis is to define most vulnerable locations, quantify economic impacts and evaluate the impacts of military missions in the affected regions, as well as analyze the published recommendations.

Existing scholarship suggests terrorism is an ineffective method of political contestation; groups rarely achieve their political objectives and are often disrupted by the security services. These findings invite us to look again at the dominant rational choice paradigm, which suggests that terrorism is selected as the best strategy to achieve predetermined goals. Unpicking the assumptions underpinning this model using historical case studies, comparative analysis and typology development, this thesis broadens our interpretation of what those who use terrorism seek to achieve. It does so via a tripartite framework. First, employing a new reading of American pragmatist thought, interpreting militant group goals as culturally and socially mediated problems opens up a new vista of outcomes, in particular examining the way terrorism seeks to change relations between people. Second, using Social Movement Theory as its organising framework, an empirically derived typology of militant groups sets out the background political conditions and organisational characteristics of 28 dormant groups. Using existing models of interpreting outcomes to assess these historical cases demonstrates the unmet challenges of providing robust explanations for why terrorism ends and what it achieves. Third, the thesis explores the promise of a mechanism and process-led approach to explaining outcomes. It does so through in-depth examination of two historical case studies: Kach and the Aden-Abyan Islamic Army. Despite being classified as failures, using largely neglected primary sources, the case studies reveal a range of fascinating and important outcomes that still resonate in Israel and Yemen today. Most of these methodological and conceptual tools are being applied to the question of terrorism's outcomes for only the first or second time. In doing so, this thesis offers greater depth than existing scholarship on how terrorism ends, by looking beyond measures such as success and failure in interpreting outcomes, whilst affording greater breadth through its ability to make comparative assessments at the level of mechanisms and processes. The result is a more detailed and robust set of explanations as to how terrorism ends and what it achieves, illustrated through detailed historical case studies of two interesting, yet often neglected, groups.

This thesis studies the counterpiracy in the Gulf of Aden. Pirates has made the international community deploy military forces to police the Gulf of Aden. However most of the systems usedare not designed for counterpiracy. Many are remnants from the cold war. Also downsizing of military forces in the West has resulted in the need to prioritize resources. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze five systems fighting pirates in the Gulf of Aden using Andersson et al. (2015)´s theory of military utility. The five systems are: light utility helicopter, medium utility helicopter, reconnaissance aircraft, combat boat and drone on tasks of detect, disrupt and deter. With the analysis the thesis discuss how the Swedish Armed Forces can use available recourses more efficiently as possible to aid in producing a greater operative effect on the national and international arena. The conclusions show that all systems have the potential to contribute to counterpiracy. Reconnaissance aircraft and drones are suitable to detect pirates. Light utility helicopters are able to detect and disrupt and partially deter. The combat boats are suitable to disrupt and deter. The medium utility helicopters are suitable for all three tasks. The thesis concludes with discussing the importance of the subsystems carried and its effects on a system´s military utility. / Den här rapporten undersöker piratbekämpningen i Adenviken. Piraterna har gjort att världssamfundet skickat militära styrkor för att patrullera Adenviken. De flesta system som används för piratbekämpningen är däremot inte designade för det ändamålet. Många är kvarlevor från det kalla kriget. Samtidigt som en minskning av de militära styrkorna har lett till behovet att bättre prioritera tillgängliga resurser. Syftet med den här rapporten är att analysera fem system som bekämpar pirater i Adenviken genom att använda Andersson et al. (2015)´s teori om militär nytta. De fem systemen är: Lätt helikopter, medeltung helikopter, spaningsflygplan, stridsbåt och drönare. Uppgifterna de ställs mot är: att upptäcka, avbryta samt avskräcka. För att med den analysen diskutera hur Försvarsmakten kan använda tillgängliga resurser effektivare och skapa operativ effekt, nationellt såväl som internationellt. Slutsatserna visar att alla system har potential att bidra till piratbekämpningen. Spaningsflygplan och drönare är lämpliga för att upptäcka pirater. Lätt helikopter är lämplig för att upptäcka och avbryta samt delvis avskräcka. Stridsbåten är lämplig för att avbryta och avskräcka. Medeltung helikopter är lämplig för alla tre uppgifter. Rapporten har diskuterat den betydelse som subsystemen har för systemens militära nytta.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeriaSF_TESE.pdf: 1554906 bytes, checksum: 59273626aa3c7c32d790e22ae6dd68d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The balance between the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) has been related to various physiological and pathological processes, including salivary gland morphogenesis and tumor invasion and metastasis processes. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) respectively represent benign and malignant neoplasias of salivary glands. Although they share the same cell origin, they present distinct biological behavior. The aim of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of MMPs -2, -7, -9 and -26, and of TIMPs -1 and -2, in cases of PA and ACC of minor salivary glands. Twenty cases of PA and twenty cases of ACC were assessed according to the presence, intensity and location of MMPs and TIMPs in the tumor parenchyma. Most of the PAs and ACCs presented a high expression of MMP -2, -7, -9 and -26 and of TIMP -1 and -2, predominantly located in tumor cells. There was no significant difference in the expression of MMPs -2 (p=0.359), -7 (p=0.081) and -26 (p=0.553), as well as of TIMPs -1 (p=0.657) and -2 (p=0.248), between the parenchyma of PAs and ACCs. However, MMP-9 showed a significant difference of expression between the two tumors, with the ACC showing more intense marking for this gelatinase (p=0.041). The strong expression of MMP-9 observed in the parenchyma suggests that this gelatinase may play an important role in the biological behavior of these tumors. On the other hand, although there was no significant difference between the marking of MMP -2, 7 and 26 in the studied tumors, the data, when analyzed as a whole, suggest that these proteases may take part in the process of tissue remodeling in both tumors, but do not present a direct relation with the pattern of aggressiveness of ACC. Nonetheless, matrilisins may indirectly influence the behavior of this tumor due to their capacity of activating MMP-9, strongly expressed in the parenchyma of ACC / O balan?o entre a express?o das metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) e seus inibidores teciduais (TIMPs) tem sido relacionado a v?rios processos fisiol?gicos e patol?gicos, incluindo a morfog?nese de gl?ndulas salivares e os processos de invas?o e met?stase tumoral. O adenoma pleom?rfico (AP) e o carcinoma aden?ide c?stico (CAC) representam, respectivamente, neoplasias benignas e malignas de gl?ndulas salivares que, embora compartilhem a mesma origem celular, apresentam comportamentos biol?gicos distintos. O prop?sito deste estudo foi comparar a express?o imuno-histoqu?mica das MMPs -2, -7, -9 e - 26 e dos TIMPs -1 e -2 em casos de AP e CAC de gl?ndulas salivares menores. Vinte casos de AP e vinte casos de CAC foram avaliados quanto ? presen?a, intensidade e localiza??o das MMPs e TIMPs no par?nquima tumoral. A maioria dos APs e CACs apresentaram alta express?o das MMPs e dos TIMPs, predominantemente localizada nas c?lulas tumorais. N?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa na express?o das MMPs -2 (p=0,359), -7 (p=0,081) e -26 (p=0,553), bem como dos TIMPs -1 (p=0,657) e -2 (p=0,248), entre o par?nquima dos APs e CACs. A MMP-9 demonstrou uma diferen?a significativa de express?o entre os dois tumores, apresentando o CAC uma marca??o mais intensa para esta gelatinase (p=0,041). A forte express?o da MMP-9 observada no par?nquima dos CACs sugere que esta gelatinase possa desempenhar um papel importante no comportamento biol?gico destes tumores. Por outro lado, apesar de n?o ocorrer uma diferen?a significativa entre as m?dias das MMPs -2, 7 e 26 nos tumores estudados, os dados quando analisados em conjunto sugerem que estas proteases podem estar participando de processos de remodela??o tecidual em ambos os tumores, mas n?o apresentam uma rela??o direta com o padr?o de agressividade do CAC. Entretanto, as matrilisinas poderiam influenciar indiretamente o comportamento deste tumor devido a sua capacidade de ativar a MMP-9, fortemente expressa no par?nquima destes tumores

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarciaCCMiguel_tese.pdf: 1534160 bytes, checksum: 1a3ec415bfaf10c088ec1ae5f6224189 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) consist benign and malignant neoplasm from salivary gland, respectively. These neoplasms share some characteristics, such as cellular origin and considerable production of extracellular matrix, however, with distinct biological behavior. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of D2E1, D3E1 e D5E1 integrins in pleomorphic adenoma from minor and major salivary glands and ACCs. Furthermore, it was investigated possible differences in the expression of these integrins according to histological subtypes of ACC. Fourteen cases of pleomorphic adenoma from major salivary gland, fourteen cases from minor salivary gland and ten cases of ACC were selected. It was taken into consideration the presence or absence, localization and intensity of integrin immunoexpression. The cases of pleomorphic adenoma were grouped in order to compare the expression between the distinct neoplasms. It was observed a highly significant difference (p<0,0001) in relation to D2E1 integrin between the neoplasms since pleomorphic adenoma showed a pronounced immunostaining. It was not possible to perform statistical tests considering the D2E1 integrin expression; nevertheless, it could be observed a tendency of higher staining in pleomorphic adenoma. For comparative reasons the cases ACCs were divided in two groups: solid and tubular/cribriform. It was not detected significant differences in regard to D2E1 integrin; and statistical analysis could not be realized in relation to D3E1 and D5E integrin expression. However, it was also verified a tendency of absence or reduced expression in the solid subtype. It can be concluded that the reduced D2E1 integrin expression observed in CACs may be related to a lesser degree of cell differentiation in this neoplasm and the reduced D5E1 integrin expression can be associated with aggressive biological behavior. Moreover, the absence and/or reduced expression of the studied integrins in solid ACC suggests a role in pathogenesis and more aggressive biological behavior of this histological subtype / O adenoma pleom?rfico e o carcinoma aden?ide c?stico (CAC) representam neoplasias de gl?ndula salivar benigna e maligna, respectivamente, as quais compartilham algumas caracter?sticas como a mesma origem celular e uma marcante presen?a de matriz extracelular, apresentando, por?m, comportamentos biol?gicos distintos. O prop?sito desta pesquisa consistiu em comparar a express?o das integrinas D2E1, D3E1 e D5E1 em adenomas pleom?rficos de gl?ndula salivar menor e maior e CACs. Al?m disso, procurou investigar se havia diferen?as na express?o destas integrinas entre os subtipos histopatol?gicos do CAC. Foram selecionados 14 casos de adenoma pleom?rfico de gl?ndula salivar maior, 14 casos de gl?ndula salivar menor e 10 casos de CACs. Analisou-se a presen?a ou aus?ncia, localiza??o e intensidade de marca??o das integrinas. Os dois grupos de adenomas pleom?rficos foram reunidos em um s? para fazer a compara??o entre os dois tumores. Verificou-se que houve diferen?a estat?stica altamente significativa (p<0,0001) para a integrina D2E1 entre os dois tumores, apresentando o adenoma pleom?rfico, uma marca??o mais intensa para esta integrina. Em rela??o ? integrina D5E1 n?o foi poss?vel a realiza??o de testes estat?sticos, ficando patente, por?m, que houve uma tend?ncia da referida integrina ser mais intensamente expressa no adenoma pleom?rfico. Para an?lise comparativa, os CACs foram subdivididos em 2 grupos: s?lido e tubular/cribriforme. Para a integrina D2E1 observou-se que n?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa e em rela??o ? D3E1 e D5E1 n?o foi poss?vel a realiza??o do teste estat?stico; no entanto, tamb?m foi verificada uma clara tend?ncia para os casos do subtipo s?lido apresentarem express?o ausente ou reduzida das integrinas avaliadas. Concluiu-se que a reduzida express?o da integrina D2E1 observada nos CACs, pode estar relacionada com a menor diferencia??o das c?lulas deste tumor e ? poss?vel que a reduzida express?o da D5E1, possa estar implicada em seu comportamento mais agressivo. Al?m disso, sugere-se que a aus?ncia e/ou redu??o da express?o das integrinas pesquisadas nos casos do subtipo s?lido, pode desempenhar algum papel na patog?nese e no comportamento biol?gico mais agressivo deste subtipo tumoral

This case study is the first comprehensive analysis of the German Democratic Republic’s activities in South Yemen, the only Marxist state in the Arab World and at times the closest and most loyal ally to the Soviet Union in the Middle East during the Cold War. The dissertation analyzes East German Foreign Policy as a case of Socialist state- and nation-building and in doing so produces one major hypotheses: The case of South Yemen may be considered both, an ‘exceptional case’ and the possible ‘ideal type’ of the ‘general’ of East German foreign policy and thus points to what the GDR’s foreign policy could have been, if it hadn’t been for the numerous restraints of East German foreign-policy-making. The author critically engages with the normative and empirical dimensions of the ‘Limits of Foreign Policy’ by including a constructivist perspective of foreign policy. Apart from the case study itself, the dissertation provides the reader with a thorough overview of forty years of East German foreign policy with a focus on the interests and influence of The Soviet Union as well as the first introduction and methodological approach to East Germany's foreign policy in the Middle East. The empirical side of the analysis rests on archival documents of the German Foreign Office, the German National Archive and the former Ministry of State Security of the GDR. These documents are reviewed and published for the first time and are complemented by personal interviews with contemporary witnesses. The interdisciplinary approach integrates and expands methods of both History and Political Science, applicable to other cases. Conducted research is intended to contribute to academic discourse on South Yemen’s unique history, divided Germany’s role in the Cold War, East German foreign policy, but also the long-term impact of Socialist foreign-policy-making in the Global South which so far has been neglected almost completely in academia. / Graduate / miriam.mueller@fu-berlin.de

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Cover title. "June 2002." AD-A405 990. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80). Also available via the World Wide Web.