ABSTRACT SCHOOL SIZE, SCHOOL POVERTY AND SCHOOL-LEVEL MOBILITY: INTERACTIVE THREATS TO SCHOOL OUTCOMES by Sharon M. Thompson School-level mobility is the flow of students moving in and out of schools and has been defined as the rate of student entries and withdrawals per 100 students enrolled in a school during the year (Pike & Weisbender, 1988). Stakeholders report that school mobility disrupts the delivery, pace and effectiveness of classroom instruction, causes problems associated with classroom adjustment, and renders long-term negative effects on schools’ Adequate Yearly Progress rankings (Bruno & Isken, 1996; GAO, 2007; Kerbow, 1996; Lash & Kirkpatrick, 1990; Rhodes, 2005; Sanderson, 2003). Despite these findings very few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of mobility (particularly at the school level) and how it combines with other school-level factors such as school size and school poverty to create threats to positive school outcomes. Of the few relevant studies (e.g., Bourque, 2009; Rhodes, 2007), little attention has been given to understanding mobility’s relationships to achievement in the context of size of student enrollment, degree of poverty and longitudinal examination of achievement across multiple years. To address these gaps in the research literature, this study investigated the effects of school-level mobility on middle school reading achievement after controlling for the effects of school enrollment and poverty. Findings from regression analyses indicated significant relationships between school-level mobility and reading achievement over and beyond the relationships between school size or school-level poverty with achievement. A repeated measures procedure was used to analyze long-term effects on eighth grade reading achievement for Title I middle schools that focused on three, key variables: degree of school mobility (e.g., high versus low rate), size of student enrollment (e.g. big versus small school), test administration year(s) (e.g., 2006, 2007 and 2008) and interactions between these variables. There were significant main effects for school size, school-level mobility as well as for the year of test administration. Reading test scores rose significantly from one year to the next, big schools out-performed small schools , and highly mobile schools performed significantly lower than low mobile schools in reading achievement over a three-year period. No significant interaction effects were found. Results are discussed in terms of research and policy implications.

近年來，因房價急速攀升，居住困難的問題在台灣各都會區越形嚴重，為緩解此一現象，保護人民居住的權利，只租不賣的社會住宅成為政府住宅政策的焦點之一，且受到社會大眾的廣泛討論。本文使用文獻分析法爬梳台灣歷來的住宅政策，以及主導這些政策的意識型態，發掘形塑台灣社會住宅論述的主要成因。並對房地產業從業人員、民間從事土地與住宅之社會運動者及政府相關部門公職人員進行深度訪談，以不同角度交互印證前述文獻分析的結果，同時，以台北市和新北市為例，探討台灣實際執行社會住宅政策以來，其發展的現況、面臨的困境與批評，以及可能的解決之道。研究結果顯示，台灣社會住宅論述形成的原因，是由於台灣既有的住宅持有分配不均與住宅市場失靈，造成人民居住權受到壓迫，進而產生一種新型態的住宅提供之訴求，此訴求可視為對原有自由主義市場經濟主宰住宅分配的反動。台灣目前主要推行社會住宅政策的區域為居住困難情形最嚴重的台北市與新北市，其面臨的主要批評有數量少、租金高、租期短、承租對象年齡侷限等，而在政策實施上面臨的困境則有興建經費不足、政府資源分配不均、周邊社區鄰避效應處理與營運管理維護等問題。政府必須著眼於改善現行社會住宅政策的困境與批評，方能使社會住宅政策更臻完善，並能藉此達到落實居住正義之效。 / In recent years, the dramatic increase in house price has led to difficulties for dwellings to serve their own housing needs in the metropolitan area in Taiwan. Social housing therefore becomes a vital policy, in hope of easing the stress on the difficulties of housing needs and moreover, reserving the civilian’s right of habitation. This study is composed of two major parts: literature review and interview. The literature review provides the background and framework of housing policies in the past, identifies the ideologies that formulated the policies, and concludes the main factors that develop the discourse of social housing in Taiwan. The second part of the study reinforces the attributions of the literature review based on the statement and experience of the interviewees. The group of interviewees consists of chief executive form a construction company, real estate agent, social activists with awareness on land and housing issues, and civil servants involved in social housing affairs. The different perspectives presented by the interviewees explain the development of social housing, bring up the criticism and predicament on the topic, and contribute in discovering solutions for the difficulties of housing needs. The findings of this study indicate that housing inequality and housing market failure has underlain the discourse of social housing. The exploitation on the right of habitation has raised the appeal for social housing, which can also be suggested as a counteraction to the housing distribution dominated by free market. In Taiwan, social housing policy is mainly enacted in Taipei City and New Taipei City, which suffer most from the difficulties of housing needs. However, there are drawbacks that impede the promotion of this policy: lack of fund for construction, inequality on governmental resource, NIMBY in the community, and maintenance for sustaining operation. In addition, arguments about insufficient availability, unaffordable rent, short tenure and age restrict on tenants are also powerful against the policy. To conclude, the government should try to ensure that the system is designed in the way to minimize the disadvantages, which merits achieving social housing policy aim: reserving the civilian’s right to adequate housing.

Svarbu išsiaiškinti, kokią įtaką jaunųjų futbolininkų veiklos aktyvumui bei jų asmenybės raidai turi savęs vertinimas ir pasitikėjimas savimi ir kaip glaudžiai susijęs su žmogaus pretenzijų lygiu, t. y. tikslų, kuriuos jis sau kelia, sudėtingumui. Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti 12 - 13 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų ir 14 - 15 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų teigiamo savęs vertinimo ir pasitikėjimo savimi ugdymo ypatumus. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti 12 – 13 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų ir 14 – 15 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų savęs vertinimo ypatumus prieš ugdymo programą ir po jos. 2. Atskleisti pasitikėjimo savimi ypatumus prieš ugdymo programą ir po jos. Tyrimo metu kėlėme hipotezę, kad po ugdymo programos 12 – 13 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų pasitikėjimas savimi bus didesnis ir savęs vertinimas palankesnis. Išvados: 1. Nustatyta, kad jaunųjų futbolininkų savęs vertinimas po ugdymo programos tapo palankesnis. Prieš ugdymo programą futbolininkų savęs vertinimas 5,11 steno, po ugdymo programos – 5,95 steno (skirtumas statistiškai patikimas (t=14,75; p<0,05). Be to, ir kiekvienos amžiaus grupės futbolininkų (ir 12 – 13 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų, ir 14 – 15 metų jaunųjų futbolininkų) savęs vertinimas po ugdymo programos taip pat tapo palankesnis (p<0,05). 2. Jaunųjų futbolininkų pasitikėjimas savimi po ugdymo programos padidėjo. Prieš ugdymo programą pasitikėjimas savimi buvo 6,65 balo, o po ugdymo programos – 7,44 balo (skirtumas statistiškai patikimas – t=5,05; p<0,05). Be to, ir kiekvienos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / It is important to examine the impact of business activity for young footballers and their personal development is self-evaluation and self-confidence and how closely related to the human level of claims, Ie the goals that he himself raises the complexity. Purpose of the survey - a 12 - 13 years young soccer players and 14 - 15 years young footballers a positive self-evaluation and self-confidence building features. The tasks were: 1. In theory analysis of self-evaluation and self-confidence features. 2. 12 - 13 years young soccer players and 14 - 15 years young footballers Self-assessment features before and after school program for her. 3. Reveal assertiveness specificities before curriculum and after. The study Kelem the hypothesis that the education program for young football players will be more self-confidence and self-esteem more favorable. Conclusion: 1. Young football players self-evaluation of education programs has increased. Before school football program in self-evaluation 5.11 Sten, after school programs - 5.95 Steno (difference statistically significant (t=14,75; p<0,05). 2. Young football players self confidence after the educational program as well as increased: before the curriculum is self-confidence score of 6.65, after school programs - 7.44 points (difference statistically significant – t=5,05; p<0,05).

Objetivo: Avaliar, em uma coorte de bebês prematuros de muito baixo peso de nascimento, a influência da idade gestacional e da nutrição perinatal no desenvolvimento aos 24 meses de idade corrigida. Método: Foram estudadas 125 crianças pré-termo de muito baixo peso de nascimento nascidas ou internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal nas primeiras 48 horas de vida. Os bebês foram classificados como pequenos para a idade gestacional no nascimento (PIG) e na alta (PIG/PIG); adequados para a idade gestacional no nascimento (AIG) e pequenos para idade gestacional na alta (AIG/PIG); e adequados para a idade gestacional no nascimento (AIG) e na alta (AIG/AIG). A Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID-III) foi utilizada para a avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento aos 24 meses de idade corrigida. Resultados: 15 recém-nascidos nasceram ≤ 27 semanas, 73 entre 28-31 semanas e 37 > 31 semanas, as menores pontuações na BSID-III ocorreram no grupo mais imaturo. Por outro lado, 56 foram classificados como PIG/PIG, 55 como AIG/PIG, e 14 como AIG/AIG, não havendo diferença na BSID-III entre estes grupos, embora o grupo PIG/PIG tenha apresentado idade gestacional significativamente maior. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos que foram PIG/PIG tinham idade gestacional maior do que os outros, e tiveram avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento semelhante, sugerindo que a nutrição perinatal desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento aos 2 anos de idade corrigida. / Aim: To assess the influence of gestational age and perinatal nutrition on development at 24 months corrected age in a cohort of very low birth weight preterm infants. Method: 125 very low birth weight preterm infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit within the first 48 hours of life were studied. The infants were classified as born small for gestational age (SGA) and still SGA at discharge (SGA/SGA); born adequate for gestational age (AGA) and SGA at discharge (AGA/SGA); and born AGA and still AGA age at discharge (AGA/AGA). The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID-III) were used for assessment of neurodevelopment at 24 months corrected age. Results: 15 neonates were born at ≤27 weeks, 73 at 28–31 weeks, and 37 at >31 weeks with lowest BSID-III scores in the more immature group. 56 were classified as SGA/SGA, 55 as AGA/SGA, and 14 as AGA/AGA with no difference in BSID-III among the groups even though SGA/SGA group had significantly higher gestational age. Conclusion: Neonates who were SGA/SGA had higher gestational age than the others, and they had similar neurodevelopment assessment suggesting that perinatal nutrition plays an important role in development at 2 years corrected age.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise do processo coletivo no modelo representativo de interesses. Busca-se, inicialmente, além de trazer algumas considerações históricas sobre o direito de conduzir o processo coletivo, estabelecer as distinções que podem e devem ser feitas entre a representação judicial de pessoas, típica das relações interindividuais, e a representação judicial de interesses, aplicável no campo do processo coletivo. A partir desta premissa, será demonstrado que as discussões nefrálgicas incidentes sobre os institutos da legitimidade e da representatividade adequada decorrem da imprópria adoção do modelo representativo de pessoas, no campo do processo coletivo. Ao final, conclui-se que o processo coletivo só terá a utilidade, a efetividade e o alcance estabelecidos pela Carta Constitucional, até mesmo para a denominada ação coletiva passiva, quando perdermos o fascínio pelo individualismo e enfrentarmos o processo coletivo como sendo verdadeiramente um processo de massa e de representação de interesses. / The present study aims to analyze the class action in the interest representation model. Initially, besides bringing up some historical considerations about the right to file a class action lawsuit, it seeks to make a distinction, which can and must be made, between the judicial representation of people - typical of interindividual relations - and the judicial representation of interests, applicable to the class action field. Based on this premise, it will be demonstrated that the discussions which hit a raw nerve and fall upon the legitimacy institutes and the adequate representation result from the improper adoption of the people representation model in the field of the class action. Finally, it is concluded that the class action will only be useful and far-reaching, as established by the Constitution - including the passive class action - when we lose the allure of individualism and view the class action as a real mass action and as the representation of interests.

Objetivo: Avaliar, em uma coorte de bebês prematuros de muito baixo peso de nascimento, a influência da idade gestacional e da nutrição perinatal no desenvolvimento aos 24 meses de idade corrigida. Método: Foram estudadas 125 crianças pré-termo de muito baixo peso de nascimento nascidas ou internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal nas primeiras 48 horas de vida. Os bebês foram classificados como pequenos para a idade gestacional no nascimento (PIG) e na alta (PIG/PIG); adequados para a idade gestacional no nascimento (AIG) e pequenos para idade gestacional na alta (AIG/PIG); e adequados para a idade gestacional no nascimento (AIG) e na alta (AIG/AIG). A Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID-III) foi utilizada para a avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento aos 24 meses de idade corrigida. Resultados: 15 recém-nascidos nasceram ≤ 27 semanas, 73 entre 28-31 semanas e 37 > 31 semanas, as menores pontuações na BSID-III ocorreram no grupo mais imaturo. Por outro lado, 56 foram classificados como PIG/PIG, 55 como AIG/PIG, e 14 como AIG/AIG, não havendo diferença na BSID-III entre estes grupos, embora o grupo PIG/PIG tenha apresentado idade gestacional significativamente maior. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos que foram PIG/PIG tinham idade gestacional maior do que os outros, e tiveram avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento semelhante, sugerindo que a nutrição perinatal desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento aos 2 anos de idade corrigida. / Aim: To assess the influence of gestational age and perinatal nutrition on development at 24 months corrected age in a cohort of very low birth weight preterm infants. Method: 125 very low birth weight preterm infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit within the first 48 hours of life were studied. The infants were classified as born small for gestational age (SGA) and still SGA at discharge (SGA/SGA); born adequate for gestational age (AGA) and SGA at discharge (AGA/SGA); and born AGA and still AGA age at discharge (AGA/AGA). The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID-III) were used for assessment of neurodevelopment at 24 months corrected age. Results: 15 neonates were born at ≤27 weeks, 73 at 28–31 weeks, and 37 at >31 weeks with lowest BSID-III scores in the more immature group. 56 were classified as SGA/SGA, 55 as AGA/SGA, and 14 as AGA/AGA with no difference in BSID-III among the groups even though SGA/SGA group had significantly higher gestational age. Conclusion: Neonates who were SGA/SGA had higher gestational age than the others, and they had similar neurodevelopment assessment suggesting that perinatal nutrition plays an important role in development at 2 years corrected age.

Por mais que os cientistas separem e classifiquem os elementos da realidade para melhor compreendê-la, ele preserva a sua natureza complexa e multidisciplinar. O mesmo raciocínio pode ser aplicado aos conflitos. A sociedade de massa, por sua vez, potencializou o surgimento de conflitos complexos. As peculiaridades e os diferentes aspectos destas situações tornam improvável que sejam adequadamente tratados e solucionados por mecanismos genéricos. Considerando isso e em uma perspectiva de meios adequados de solução de conflito, o método do desenho de sistemas de solução de conflito (Dispute System Design DSD) propõe que sejam criados sistemas personalizados a partir de princípios e técnicas. Dessa forma, seriam dadas as respostas processuais aos diferentes aspectos do conflito. Com o intuito de analisar a aplicação dos princípios e técnicas do DSD à realidade, estudar-se-ão os casos da Câmara de Indenização Voo 3054 (CI3054) e do Programa de Indenização Voo 447 (PI447). Estes sistemas tinham como escopo solucionar os conflitos provenientes de acidentes aéreos que ocorreram em 2007 e 2009, com aeronaves das companhias TAM e Air France, respectivamente. Nas duas tragédias não houve sobreviventes. / Although the scientists separate and classify the elements of reality to understand it better, it preserves its complex and multidisciplinary nature. The same reasoning can be applied to conflicts. The mass society, in its turn, increased the emergence of complex conflicts. The peculiarity and the different aspects of these situations makes it unlikely to be adequately processed and solved by generic mechanisms. Considering this and the perspective of adequate conflict resolution, the Dispute System Design - DSD suggests that custom systems can be created from principles and technical. Therefore would be given the procedural responses to the different aspects of the conflict. In order to examine the application of the principles and techniques of DSD to reality, will be studied the cases of the Câmara de Indenização Voo 3054 (CI3054) and Programa de Indenização Voo 447 (PI447). These systems were scoped to resolve conflicts arising from plane crashes that occurred in 2007 and 2009, with TAM and Air France aircraft. In the two tragedies there were no survivors.

Objetivo: Avaliar, em uma coorte de bebês prematuros de muito baixo peso de nascimento, a influência da idade gestacional e da nutrição perinatal no desenvolvimento aos 24 meses de idade corrigida. Método: Foram estudadas 125 crianças pré-termo de muito baixo peso de nascimento nascidas ou internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal nas primeiras 48 horas de vida. Os bebês foram classificados como pequenos para a idade gestacional no nascimento (PIG) e na alta (PIG/PIG); adequados para a idade gestacional no nascimento (AIG) e pequenos para idade gestacional na alta (AIG/PIG); e adequados para a idade gestacional no nascimento (AIG) e na alta (AIG/AIG). A Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID-III) foi utilizada para a avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento aos 24 meses de idade corrigida. Resultados: 15 recém-nascidos nasceram ≤ 27 semanas, 73 entre 28-31 semanas e 37 > 31 semanas, as menores pontuações na BSID-III ocorreram no grupo mais imaturo. Por outro lado, 56 foram classificados como PIG/PIG, 55 como AIG/PIG, e 14 como AIG/AIG, não havendo diferença na BSID-III entre estes grupos, embora o grupo PIG/PIG tenha apresentado idade gestacional significativamente maior. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos que foram PIG/PIG tinham idade gestacional maior do que os outros, e tiveram avaliação do neurodesenvolvimento semelhante, sugerindo que a nutrição perinatal desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento aos 2 anos de idade corrigida. / Aim: To assess the influence of gestational age and perinatal nutrition on development at 24 months corrected age in a cohort of very low birth weight preterm infants. Method: 125 very low birth weight preterm infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit within the first 48 hours of life were studied. The infants were classified as born small for gestational age (SGA) and still SGA at discharge (SGA/SGA); born adequate for gestational age (AGA) and SGA at discharge (AGA/SGA); and born AGA and still AGA age at discharge (AGA/AGA). The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID-III) were used for assessment of neurodevelopment at 24 months corrected age. Results: 15 neonates were born at ≤27 weeks, 73 at 28–31 weeks, and 37 at >31 weeks with lowest BSID-III scores in the more immature group. 56 were classified as SGA/SGA, 55 as AGA/SGA, and 14 as AGA/AGA with no difference in BSID-III among the groups even though SGA/SGA group had significantly higher gestational age. Conclusion: Neonates who were SGA/SGA had higher gestational age than the others, and they had similar neurodevelopment assessment suggesting that perinatal nutrition plays an important role in development at 2 years corrected age.

The new opportunities that come with the Internet as a worldwide network bring the new threats and risks for private, institutional and corporate users. Therefore, it is important to integrate the security mechanisms into a network environment. Due to the significant increase in computers speed and features of applications, the people are not able any more to make quick and adequate decisions about which security mechanisms should be applied at the moment. In most cases they choose the strongest security level available. Along with the high security this approach brings additional costs and resources consumption and drastically reduces the performance of devices with limited resources. For such devices a trade-off between performance and security should be provided. Most of the time there are no risks and threats to devices since there are not under attacks, and the use of strong security wastes the available resources. A user of computer networks and electronic devices (e.g. PCs, smartphones, PDAs) is faced with a wide range of different security mechanisms. These mechanisms differ in terms costs, complexity of used cryptographic algorithms, types of licence, processing speed, and required resources. The user has to make a decision on which security mechanism to apply. This decision is often based on user&apos;s preferences, device capabilities and available resources. While a broad range of security mechanisms has been developed to secure devices and networks, too little attention is given to actual process of making a decision about the required security level with respect to the set of predefined requirements. The main goal of this thesis is the developing of a practical decision making model for dynamic reasoning about an adequate security level providing trade-off between security and performance. The thesis presents the methodology for security metrics identification, selection and quantification. The developed approach is not limited to a particular system or number of metrics. The scheme can be used to select and quantify security metrics for any decision making models and different systems under consideration. This thesis analyses the range of decision making methods for their fitness to fulfil the main goal of this work. Three models are developed based on fuzzy reasoning, simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for making decisions about an adequate security level. The models take into consideration the selected metrics (e.g. threat level, location, content, resources), and user&apos;s preferences and make a recommendation regarding security level. The models differ in terms number of security metrics used, user&apos;s intervention into decision making process, and number of security levels. Finally, the thesis presents the results of the experiment that has been conducted to evaluate a performance of the adaptive approach for selecting an adequate security level. The motivation for this experiment is based on the fact that decision making process requires additional computations, which can lead to increased resources consumption and can make the use of adaptive approach impractical. The results show that with right software design and implementation the computations related to adaptive approach does not decrease the performance of mobile devices. Furthermore, the use of the adequate security level improves the resources utilization for memory and battery life. The improvements are feasible already for small data rates (~3.4 Mb). Thus, for the real life scenarios with the data rates of hundred megabytes, we can expect significant improvements in resources usage by using an adequate security level / E-mail: ssmirnow@msn.com

The purpose of this study was to determine if teachers and administrators hold differing beliefs about grade retention. School districts in Northeast Tennessee participated in this study. Participants in eight school districts took an online survey designed to collect data on beliefs about grade retention. The survey consisted of two sections. Section A inquired about beliefs about grade retention. Section B collected demographic information and also included an openended response question. Respondents were also asked to choose a factor that has the strongest influence on their belief. Responses from 205 surveys were analyzed and informed the results of this study. A quantitative study was conducted to determine if significant differences about grade retention existed between teachers and principals. Overall belief scores were measured to determine if teachers and administrators favor grade retention as an effective intervention strategy. Independent variables in this study included: type of system, grade level, years of experience, and type of degree. Factors that had the strongest influence on beliefs about grade retention included: other people’s opinions, principal’s opinion, research, experience with a retained student, or other. Respondents choosing other were asked to explain their answer. 3 Findings from the study indicated that there is not a significant difference in beliefs about grade retention between teachers and administrators in a city school system versus a county school system. Additional analysis did not show significant differences in beliefs about grade retention between teachers in grades kindergarten through fourth grade (K-4) versus teachers in grades fifth through eighth (5-8). A teacher’s or administrator’s number of years of experience did not indicate significant differences in beliefs about grade retention. The type of degree held by teachers and administrators did reveal a significant difference in beliefs about grade retention between the two degree types (graduate or bachelor’s). Results from this test indicated that teachers with a graduate degree significantly favor retention over teachers who hold a bachelor’s degree. Additionally, an overall belief score for all respondents was calculated for significance. Overall belief scores showed that, in spite of the research showing retention as a negative practice, both teachers and principals are significantly in favor of grade retention as an effective intervention strategy.