Orientadores: Rosana de Fátima Possobon, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_LualeLeao_D.pdf: 1787266 bytes, checksum: 2462e51df97412a947920a0fe6605173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Considerando o crescente interesse da odontologia em conceber a saúde bucal para além do paradigma biomédico, visando atender aos preceitos do modelo biopsicossocial e de prevenção e promoção da saúde, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar comportamentos em saúde bucal e variáveis biopsicossociais que permeiam a saúde bucal em escolares. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas três análises baseadas em levantamento epidemiológico observacional com delineamento transversal, que apresentou os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1. Avaliar as variáveis de desfecho frequência de consultas odontológicas e prevalência de cárie, investigando sua associação com variáveis psicossociais e nível socioeconômico; 2. Investigar a ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico nos escolares, e testar associações entre a ansiedade, condições clínicas odontológicas, variáveis psicossociais e socioeconômicas; 3. Avaliar a existência de associações entre odontalgia e fatores socioeconômicas, condições de saúde bucal e variáveis psicossociais. Para o estudo 1 e 2, a amostra foi composta por de 532 escolares de 15 anos de idade, provenientes de escolas públicas estaduais de Piracicaba, São Paulo. Para o estudo 3, a amostra contou com 592 escolares. Foram coletados dados clínicos relativo a presença de cárie dentária, avaliada pelo índice CPOD segundo recomendações da OMS, e sangramento gengival. Informações relativas à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico foram coletadas por questionário validado para população brasileira. Os escolares também responderam a questões referentes ao acesso do adolescente a consultas odontológicas, aos comportamentos de higiene bucal, ao motivo de última consulta odontológica, à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico, à coesão e à adaptabilidade familiar e à alimentação do adolescente em ambiente escolar. Os pais ou responsáveis pelos adolescentes responderam às questões sobre o nível socioeconômico. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva, teste qui-quadrado, Odds Ratio e regressão de Poisson. Em relação ao estudo 1, controlando variáveis confundidoras, observou-se que a baixa higiene bucal diária, renda familiar menor que três salários, mais que quatro pessoas residentes na mesma habitação e alta ansiedade odontológica foram associadas à baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas. A presença de dente cariado foi associada à baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas e a presença de dentes obturados foi associado à alta frequência de consultas e ao gênero feminino. A experiência de cárie associou-se à baixa higiene bucal diária, à alta frequência de consultas odontológicas e pai com até 8 anos de escolaridade. Para o estudo 2, verificou-se que a baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas e a baixa frequência de higiene bucal foram estatisticamente associados à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico dos adolescentes. No estudo 3, a odontalgia foi associada à baixa renda familiar, ao maior número de pessoas residentes no mesmo domicílio, a baixa frequência de escovação diária, à baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas, ao maior tempo da última consulta odontológica, à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico, ao consumo de alimentos cariogênicos em ambiente escolar, à experiência de cárie e à presença de dente cariado. Conclui-se que a frequência de consultas odontológicas e cárie dentária associaram a variáveis socioeconômicas e psicossociais (Capítulo 1). Além disso, a ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico foi associada a frequência de consulta e comportamento de higiene bucal (Capítulo 2). Já a odontalgia associou-se a fatores socioeconômico, a variáveis psicossociais e a condições clínicas bucais (Capítulo 3), demonstrando a importância da avaliação de variáveis comportamentais e psicossociais em aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal em escolares. A associação estabelecida entre estas variáveis indica a importância de uma abordagem biopsicossocial de atenção em saúde, com atuação centrada no adolescente e em seu âmbito familiar / Abstract: Considering the interest to con in designing oral health beyond the biomedical paradigm, meeting biopsychosocial model¿s precepts and prevention and health promotion, this study aimed to assess oral health behavior and biopsychosocial variables that permeate oral health in adolescents. Thus, three analyzes were developed based on observational epidemiological survey with cross-sectional design, which presented the following specific objectives. 1. To assess the frequency of dental visits and oral health, investigating its association with psychosocial variables, and socioeconomic status; 2. To investigate dental anxiety, and test associations between oral health, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors; 3. To assess the association between toothache, socioeconomic factors, oral health status and psychosocial variables. For the study 1 and 2, the sample involved 532 15-year-old adolescents from public schools in Piracicaba, São Paulo. For the study 3, the sample consisted of 592 students. We collected clinical data on dental caries, assessed by DMFT index according to WHO recommendations. Information concerning dental anxiety was collected by a validated questionnaire. The students also answered questions regarding adolescent access to dental visits, oral hygiene, reason for last dental visit, dental anxiety, family cohesion and adaptability and adolescents¿ food intake. Parents answered the socioeconomic status questionnaire. Data analysis were performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, odds ratio and Poisson regression. Regarding the study 1, controlling variables, low oral hygiene, low family income, more than four persons living in the same house and high dental anxiety were associated with low frequency of dental visits. Decayed teeth were associated with a low frequency of dental visits. Filled teeth was associated with a high frequency of dental visits and the female. Caries experience was associated with low oral hygiene, high frequency of dental visits and father with more than 8 years of schooling. For the second study, it was found that low frequency of dental visits and low oral hygiene was statistically associated with dental anxiety. In study 3, toothache was associated with low family income, more than four persons living in the same house, low oral hygiene, low frequency of dental visits, high dental anxiety, consumption of cariogenic foods, caries experience and decayed teeth. We conclude that the frequency of dental visits and oral health associated the socioeconomic and psychosocial variables (Chapter 1). In addition, dental anxiety was associated with frequency of dental visits and oral hygiene behavior (Chapter 2). Toothache was associated with socioeconomic factors, psychosocial variables and oral health status (Chapter 3), demonstrating the importance of behavioral and psychosocial variables in aspects that relates to oral health in school. The association established between these variables indicates the importance of a biopsychosocial approach, with activities centered on the adolescent and their family environment / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutora em Odontologia

Little is known about what variables affect self-management practices of adolescents with T1D. Few studies have examined differences in self-management behaviors by stage of adolescence. Similarly, no studies have examined all of the attributes of self-management, including Collaboration with Parents and Goals. In order to fill the gaps in the literature, a secondary data analysis with a descriptive correlation design was conducted to describe T1D self-management behaviors (Collaboration with Parents, Diabetes Care Activities, Diabetes Problem Solving, Diabetes Communication and Goals) during early, middle and late stages of adolescence. This study also examined whether the roles of covariates (regimen, duration of illness (DOI), gender) in self-management behaviors vary by stage of adolescence. Data from 504 subjects aged 13 – 21 years were analyzed and the age variable was transformed into three adolescent stages early (13-14) (n=163), middle (15-16) (n=159) and late (17-21) (n=182). The findings revealed significant differences between adolescent stages on Collaboration with Parents and the Diabetes Problem Solving subscale. The covariate analysis showed no significant effect modification for the covariates and stage on any of the subscales so the results did not differ from the ANOVA model. Covariate analysis showed significant associations between regimen and Collaboration with Parents, Diabetes Care Activities and Diabetes Problem Solving. DOI showed significant associations only with Diabetes Problem solving and gender had significant associations with Diabetes Care Activities and Diabetes Communication. The mean scores on Collaboration with Parents show an incremental decline in collaboration with parents as adolescents move through stages. The higher mean Diabetes Problem Solving scores found in the late adolescent group compared correlated with a higher degree of problem solving in this group when compared to those in the early or middle adolescent stage group. Regimen had significant associations with three of the five subscales suggesting this is an important variable for future study. DOI did not have a significant impact on self-management whereas gender related differences in the areas of Diabetes Activities and Diabetes communication warrant further investigation.

Citizenship - commitment to and participation in a political community - is the heart of constitutional democracy and a free society. Knowledge of the rights, responsibilities, and privileges are the electrical impulses that keep a steady beat. Without the participation of educated citizens, a democratic republic can not and does not function. This study analyzed the relationship between adolescent behavior and civic engagement. This task was accomplished by examining the amount of civic knowledge possessed by two groups within a population. The population examined, a high school in Flagler County, was composed of "at risk" students (those who had an Individualized Education Plan) and "regular" students (those that did not). The study uncovered the message that the amount of civic knowledge possessed by American youth was not as important as it was for them to be engaged in extracurricular activities. During the course of time, educators appear to have restricted their own ability to plan for and provide learning experiences that take in to consideration the physical characteristics; physical needs; patterns of growth and maturation; physiological changes; intellectual development; intellectual characteristics; learning preferences and styles; emotional development; personality development; and social development of each and every young adolescent attending school. When interesting, affordable activities are not made available, students become bored and get in to trouble during after school hours. Adolescent behaviors such as moral judgment and risk taking (or lack thereof) affect their decision to become civically involved.

Introdução: Atualmente, muito tem se estudado a respeito de a esquizofrenia e do transtorno afetivo-bipolar (TAB) pertencerem a um continuum de sinais e sintomas que caracterizam o espectro da psicose, com etiologias que se sobrepõem parcialmente. O estudo comparativo de crianças filhas de pacientes com esquizofrenia e com transtorno bipolar pode ajudar na compreensão do quanto à vulnerabilidade para o desenvolvimento dessas patologias se assemelha e em quais momentos se diferencia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar crianças e adolescentes em risco para esquizofrenia, para transtorno bipolar e um grupo sem risco para estes transtornos em relação a: 1) presença de problemas de saúde mental, diagnóstico psiquiátrico, competência social, quociente intelectual (QI); 2) associação entre presença de diagnóstico ou sintomas psiquiátricos nas crianças e a presença de diagnóstico psiquiátrico materno (esquizofrenia ou transtorno bipolar do humor), gravidade do diagnóstico materno, complicações obstétricas, nível socioeconômico dos pais, escolaridade da mãe. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal comparando filhos de mulheres com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia e transtorno afetivo bipolar, segundo critérios do DSM-IV, e filhos de mulheres sem transtornos mentais graves, na faixa etária de 6 a 18 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliação da psicopatologia das crianças e adolescentes foram o Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR) e o Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school aged children-lifetime version (KSADS- PL). A psicopatologia das mães foi avaliada com o uso da escala Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID-I/P) e o funcionamento/gravidade destas mulheres com a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Para a avaliação do QI e funcionamento social das crianças foram utilizados as escalas Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) e Children\'s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) respectivamente. O nível socioeconômico foi avaliado com o uso da escala da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) e um instrumento contendo dados demográficos e de gestação e parto foi criado para ser utilizado neste estudo. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 67 filhos de mães com esquizofrenia, 65 filhos de mães com transtorno bipolar e 63 controles. Os filhos de mulheres com transtorno bipolar apresentaram maior prevalência de problemas comportamentais que os outros grupos, com maior prevalência tanto de problemas de internalização quanto de externalização, e apresentaram maior prevalência de diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e de transtorno de conduta. Os filhos de mulheres com esquizofrenia apresentaram pior eficiência intelectual quando comparados aos jovens em risco para transtorno bipolar, e pior ajustamento social quando comparados aos controles. Foi detectada uma diferença na presença de comportamentos agressivos entre os gêneros no grupo em risco para esquizofrenia. Os meninos em risco para esquizofrenia apresentaram prevalência muito menor de comportamentos agressivos que as meninas deste grupo e que tanto meninas quanto meninos dos demais grupos. Os fatores que se associaram à presença de problemas comportamentais nestas crianças e adolescentes além do diagnóstico materno foram: gravidade da doença materna, moradia com a mãe, ter sofrido riscos pela presença de psicopatologia materna, nível socioeconômico, escolaridade da mãe, possuir pai com problemas com uso de álcool ou outras substâncias, intercorrências durante a gestação e parto, mãe não ter sido internada durante crise na gestação. Conclusões: Os filhos de mães com TAB apresentaram mais problemas comportamentais e diagnósticos psiquiátricos, enquanto os filhos de mulheres com esquizofrenia apresentaram mais prejuízos cognitivos e de competência social e funcional. Contribuindo, assim, para a discussão de que as duas patologias possam ser entendidas como entidades diagnósticas distintas na medida em que diferenças aparecem nos jovens vulneráveis a elas / Introduction: Nowadays a lot has been studied about schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder being part of a continuum of signals and symptoms which characterize the spectrum of psychosis, with etiologies that are partially superseded. The comparative study of children who were sons of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can help understanding how much this vulnerability for these pathologies development is similar and in what moments it differs. The aims of this study have been to compare children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and a group without risk for these disorders in relation to: 1) The presence of mental health problems, psychiatric diagnosis, social competence, intelligence quotient; 2) The association between diagnosis presence or psychiatric symptoms in children and the presence of maternal psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia or mood bipolar disorder), severity of maternal diagnosis, obstetric complications, socioeconomic level, mother\'s educational level. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been done comparing the sons of women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria, and sons of women without severe mental disorder, within the age group of 6 to 18. The instruments used for the evaluation of the children\'s and adolescents\' psychopathology were the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school aged children-lifetime version (KSADS-PL). The psychopathology of the mothers was evaluated with the use of the scale Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID) and the functioning/severity of these women with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). For the evaluation of the intelligence quotient and children social function were used Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and Children\'s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) respectively. The socioeconomic level was evaluated with the use of the scale from Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) and an instrument containing demographic data and gestation/childbirth was created to be used in this study. Results: 67 sons of schizophrenic mothers were included in the study, 65 sons of mothers with bipolar disorder and 63 controls. The sons of women with bipolar disorder presented higher prevalence of behavior problems compared to the other groups, with a higher prevalence of both internalization and externalization problems, and they also presented higher diagnosis prevalence of attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. The sons of women with schizophrenia presented worst intellectual efficiency when compared to youngsters with risk of bipolar disorder, and worst social adjustment when compared to the controls. A difference in the presence of aggressive behavior was detected among the genders in the group at risk for schizophrenia. Boys at risk for schizophrenia presented a much smaller prevalence of aggressive behavior compared to the girls in this group and also compared to boys and girls from the other groups. Besides the maternal diagnosis, the factors which were associated to the presence of behavior problems in these children and adolescents were: severity of the maternal disease, sharing residence with the mother, having suffered risk because of the presence of maternal psychopathology, socioeconomic level, mother\'s educational level, father who has a history of alcohol or other substance abuse, complications during gestation and childbirth, mother not being hospitalized when suffering a psychiatric crisis during pregnancy. Conclusions: The sons of mothers with bipolar disorder presented more behavior problems and psychiatric diagnosis, while the sons of mothers suffering from schizophrenia presented more cognitive, social and functional competence impairments. This conclusion corroborates for the discussion that both pathologies may be understood as distinct diagnostic entities insofar as differences appear in the youngsters who are vulnerable to them

Com o objetivo de obter a prevalência de anticorpos anti-HIV e comportamentos de risco relacionados entre adolescentes infratores, foram entrevistados 1122 e 93 jovens do sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente, internados na FEBEM (FundaçãoEstadual para o Bem-Estar do Menor de São Paulo). Ao mesmo tempo obteve-se uma amostra de sangue para sorologia. O questionário avaliou os seguintes comportamentos: prática sexual, uso de drogas ilícitas, conhecimento sobre a AIDS. A soroprevalência para o HIV foi obtida erelacionada com os comportamentos de risco por análise uni-, bi- e multivariada. A positividade para o HIV foi 2,6% e 10,3% para sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente. O risco de transmissão parenteral foi maior que o de transmissão sexualentre meninos, sendo o contrário nas meninas / In order to study the prevalence of HIV and related risky behaviors among disadvantaged youth, we interviewed and bled, between December 1994 and April 1995, 1122 young male and 93 young female who were serving time in FEBEM, a state institution that cares for homeless and offender youth of São Paulo, Brazil. Our questionnaire covered the following areas: sexual practices and use of illicit drugs: knowledge of HIV and STDs and their prevention; and myths and beliefs about AIDS. Seroprevalence of HIV was assessed and related with risk-taking behaviors by means of uni-,bi- and multivariate analysis. We found 2.6% of the males and 10.3% of the females to be positive to HIV. The prevalence of HCV antibodies resulted in 5.9% for males and 4.6% for females, respectively. The risk for parenterally transmitted HIV among males was higher than that for sexually related transmission. The inverse relationship was found among females.

Introdução: Atualmente, muito tem se estudado a respeito de a esquizofrenia e do transtorno afetivo-bipolar (TAB) pertencerem a um continuum de sinais e sintomas que caracterizam o espectro da psicose, com etiologias que se sobrepõem parcialmente. O estudo comparativo de crianças filhas de pacientes com esquizofrenia e com transtorno bipolar pode ajudar na compreensão do quanto à vulnerabilidade para o desenvolvimento dessas patologias se assemelha e em quais momentos se diferencia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar crianças e adolescentes em risco para esquizofrenia, para transtorno bipolar e um grupo sem risco para estes transtornos em relação a: 1) presença de problemas de saúde mental, diagnóstico psiquiátrico, competência social, quociente intelectual (QI); 2) associação entre presença de diagnóstico ou sintomas psiquiátricos nas crianças e a presença de diagnóstico psiquiátrico materno (esquizofrenia ou transtorno bipolar do humor), gravidade do diagnóstico materno, complicações obstétricas, nível socioeconômico dos pais, escolaridade da mãe. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal comparando filhos de mulheres com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia e transtorno afetivo bipolar, segundo critérios do DSM-IV, e filhos de mulheres sem transtornos mentais graves, na faixa etária de 6 a 18 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliação da psicopatologia das crianças e adolescentes foram o Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR) e o Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school aged children-lifetime version (KSADS- PL). A psicopatologia das mães foi avaliada com o uso da escala Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID-I/P) e o funcionamento/gravidade destas mulheres com a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Para a avaliação do QI e funcionamento social das crianças foram utilizados as escalas Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) e Children\'s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) respectivamente. O nível socioeconômico foi avaliado com o uso da escala da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) e um instrumento contendo dados demográficos e de gestação e parto foi criado para ser utilizado neste estudo. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 67 filhos de mães com esquizofrenia, 65 filhos de mães com transtorno bipolar e 63 controles. Os filhos de mulheres com transtorno bipolar apresentaram maior prevalência de problemas comportamentais que os outros grupos, com maior prevalência tanto de problemas de internalização quanto de externalização, e apresentaram maior prevalência de diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e de transtorno de conduta. Os filhos de mulheres com esquizofrenia apresentaram pior eficiência intelectual quando comparados aos jovens em risco para transtorno bipolar, e pior ajustamento social quando comparados aos controles. Foi detectada uma diferença na presença de comportamentos agressivos entre os gêneros no grupo em risco para esquizofrenia. Os meninos em risco para esquizofrenia apresentaram prevalência muito menor de comportamentos agressivos que as meninas deste grupo e que tanto meninas quanto meninos dos demais grupos. Os fatores que se associaram à presença de problemas comportamentais nestas crianças e adolescentes além do diagnóstico materno foram: gravidade da doença materna, moradia com a mãe, ter sofrido riscos pela presença de psicopatologia materna, nível socioeconômico, escolaridade da mãe, possuir pai com problemas com uso de álcool ou outras substâncias, intercorrências durante a gestação e parto, mãe não ter sido internada durante crise na gestação. Conclusões: Os filhos de mães com TAB apresentaram mais problemas comportamentais e diagnósticos psiquiátricos, enquanto os filhos de mulheres com esquizofrenia apresentaram mais prejuízos cognitivos e de competência social e funcional. Contribuindo, assim, para a discussão de que as duas patologias possam ser entendidas como entidades diagnósticas distintas na medida em que diferenças aparecem nos jovens vulneráveis a elas / Introduction: Nowadays a lot has been studied about schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder being part of a continuum of signals and symptoms which characterize the spectrum of psychosis, with etiologies that are partially superseded. The comparative study of children who were sons of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can help understanding how much this vulnerability for these pathologies development is similar and in what moments it differs. The aims of this study have been to compare children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and a group without risk for these disorders in relation to: 1) The presence of mental health problems, psychiatric diagnosis, social competence, intelligence quotient; 2) The association between diagnosis presence or psychiatric symptoms in children and the presence of maternal psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia or mood bipolar disorder), severity of maternal diagnosis, obstetric complications, socioeconomic level, mother\'s educational level. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been done comparing the sons of women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria, and sons of women without severe mental disorder, within the age group of 6 to 18. The instruments used for the evaluation of the children\'s and adolescents\' psychopathology were the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school aged children-lifetime version (KSADS-PL). The psychopathology of the mothers was evaluated with the use of the scale Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID) and the functioning/severity of these women with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). For the evaluation of the intelligence quotient and children social function were used Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and Children\'s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) respectively. The socioeconomic level was evaluated with the use of the scale from Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP) and an instrument containing demographic data and gestation/childbirth was created to be used in this study. Results: 67 sons of schizophrenic mothers were included in the study, 65 sons of mothers with bipolar disorder and 63 controls. The sons of women with bipolar disorder presented higher prevalence of behavior problems compared to the other groups, with a higher prevalence of both internalization and externalization problems, and they also presented higher diagnosis prevalence of attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. The sons of women with schizophrenia presented worst intellectual efficiency when compared to youngsters with risk of bipolar disorder, and worst social adjustment when compared to the controls. A difference in the presence of aggressive behavior was detected among the genders in the group at risk for schizophrenia. Boys at risk for schizophrenia presented a much smaller prevalence of aggressive behavior compared to the girls in this group and also compared to boys and girls from the other groups. Besides the maternal diagnosis, the factors which were associated to the presence of behavior problems in these children and adolescents were: severity of the maternal disease, sharing residence with the mother, having suffered risk because of the presence of maternal psychopathology, socioeconomic level, mother\'s educational level, father who has a history of alcohol or other substance abuse, complications during gestation and childbirth, mother not being hospitalized when suffering a psychiatric crisis during pregnancy. Conclusions: The sons of mothers with bipolar disorder presented more behavior problems and psychiatric diagnosis, while the sons of mothers suffering from schizophrenia presented more cognitive, social and functional competence impairments. This conclusion corroborates for the discussion that both pathologies may be understood as distinct diagnostic entities insofar as differences appear in the youngsters who are vulnerable to them

Com o objetivo de obter a prevalência de anticorpos anti-HIV e comportamentos de risco relacionados entre adolescentes infratores, foram entrevistados 1122 e 93 jovens do sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente, internados na FEBEM (FundaçãoEstadual para o Bem-Estar do Menor de São Paulo). Ao mesmo tempo obteve-se uma amostra de sangue para sorologia. O questionário avaliou os seguintes comportamentos: prática sexual, uso de drogas ilícitas, conhecimento sobre a AIDS. A soroprevalência para o HIV foi obtida erelacionada com os comportamentos de risco por análise uni-, bi- e multivariada. A positividade para o HIV foi 2,6% e 10,3% para sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente. O risco de transmissão parenteral foi maior que o de transmissão sexualentre meninos, sendo o contrário nas meninas / In order to study the prevalence of HIV and related risky behaviors among disadvantaged youth, we interviewed and bled, between December 1994 and April 1995, 1122 young male and 93 young female who were serving time in FEBEM, a state institution that cares for homeless and offender youth of São Paulo, Brazil. Our questionnaire covered the following areas: sexual practices and use of illicit drugs: knowledge of HIV and STDs and their prevention; and myths and beliefs about AIDS. Seroprevalence of HIV was assessed and related with risk-taking behaviors by means of uni-,bi- and multivariate analysis. We found 2.6% of the males and 10.3% of the females to be positive to HIV. The prevalence of HCV antibodies resulted in 5.9% for males and 4.6% for females, respectively. The risk for parenterally transmitted HIV among males was higher than that for sexually related transmission. The inverse relationship was found among females.

Objetivo: Disminuir la prevalencia de embarazo adolescente en la comunidad Villa Jardín Remanente en San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Perú durante los meses de agosto a diciembre del 2019. Métodos: Se identificó al embarazo adolescente como un problema presente en la comunidad Villa Jardín Remanente mediante el análisis de una investigación realizada previamente. En base a ello, se realizó un árbol de problemas y de objetivos con el fin de establecer los puntos de abordaje del problema identificado. Posteriormente, se realizó una matriz de viabilidad para proceder al planteamiento resultados y sus respectivas actividades. A continuación, se eligió 1 actividad: charlas informativas sobre salud sexual y reproductiva; y se delimitaron las tareas a realizar. Se realizó un pretest seguido de una charla informativa y una dinámica. Posterior a dichas actividades, se aplicó la misma evaluación con la intención de valorar la mejora en el conocimiento de los participantes y la efectividad de nuestra intervención. Resultados: Luego de las actividades propuestas, se evidenció una mejora en 4 de las 8 preguntas de la prueba, en 2 de ellas las respuestas no variaron y en otras 2 el resultado fue negativo. Se evidenció una buena disposición por parte de la población. Conclusión: Se logro aumentar los conocimientos de los participantes ya que se evidencio una mejora del 50% de las notas obtenidas en la evaluación; sin embargo, en ciertas preguntas, no se obtuvo una mejora en el conocimiento. Esto último podría deberse a una manera incorrecta de enseñar ciertos conceptos o a una mala interpretación por parte de los participantes de la información brindada. / Objective: To reduce the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in “Villa Jardín Renamente” Community in San Juan de Miraflores, Lima Perú from August to December in 2019. Methods: To identify teenage pregnancy as a present problem in the “Villa Jardín Remanente” community with the analysis of a previous investigation. To create a problem tree and an objective tree and establish the solution of identified problems. After that, there was a viability matrix done to proceed to establish results and the activities thar had to be done. Therefore, the activity was chosen, which were informative conferences of sexual and reproductive health. Finally, we conducted a pretest, followed by the conference, ending with a posttest to evaluate the effectivity of our intervention. Results: After the proposed activities, it was found that there was an improvement of 4 of the 8 questions on the test, 2 did not vary and another 2 had a negative result. The community had a positive outreach. Conclusion: There was an improvement of the knowledge of the participants since an improvement of 50% of the marks obtained in the evaluation was evidenced; however, in certain questions, no improvement in knowledge was obtained. This could be due to an incorrect way of teaching certain concepts or a misinterpretation by the participants of the information provided / Tesis

Research has shown that the caregiving environment and the type of parent-child interactions that occur during development can have significant impact on future child outcomes for positive as well as negative outcomes (Ruffman, Slade, Devitt, & Crowe, 2006; Fonagy, Gergely, & Target, 2007). Language and emotional expressiveness are common themes that past research suggest are aspects of healthy and open parent-child interactions, and which may have associations with positive child outcomes (Carlson, Mandell, & Williams, 2004). Participants included 1359 children from the longitudinal NICHD Study of Early Child Care—variables were measured at 54 months, 3 rd , 4 th , and 6 th grades and at age 15. The early caregiving environment was found to predict 4 th grade language skills, but this relationship was not mediated by family emotional expressiveness in 3 rd grade. Family emotional expressiveness was found to predict 6 th grade social skills, but this was not mediated by 4 th grade language skills. Evidence of an indirect effect of language skills on social skills was found. Fifth grade language skills were not found to predict adolescent problem behavior, however, an overall significant indirect effect was found. Finally, family emotional expressiveness was found to predict adolescent problem behavior, and this relationship was partially mediated by 6th grade social skills. Direct, indirect, and total effects of the various predictors of adolescent problem behavior are discussed in the final chapter.

Background. Adolescent antisocial behaviors are versatile in terms of their onset, severity, pervasiveness, continuity, and developmental outcomes. A substantial body of literature on developmental pathway of antisocial behaviors indicates that meaningful subtypes exist within these heterogeneous antisocial behaviors, rendering important implications to their etiology, causal mechanism and intervention. This study tests a taxonomy of antisocial behavior by examining whether different offending groups can be distinguished by their different group features including background risks and external correlates. First, two broad offending groups, i.e., the early-onset group and the adolescent-onset group were identified in a clinical sample of 118 adjudicated male adolescents based on age of onset of symptoms of Conduct Disorder. Further, two distinct subtypes, i.e. antisocial behavior associated with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and antisocial behavior associated with callous-unemotional traits ii (CD traits), a defining feature of psychopathy, were hypothesized to coexist within the broad early-onset offending group, based on two lines of recent studies indicating ADHD and CD traits as important correlates of antisocial behaviors. These two subgroups were identified within the sample in this current study. / Conclusion. Different offending groups could be discerned by their distinctive associated group risks and deficits, giving evidence to different developmental pathways to antisocial behaviors. Implications to understanding and intervention of antisocial behaviors were discussed. / Method. Data were collected from 118 adjudicated male adolescents from a centralized probation facility in Hong Kong and 63 non-delinquent male control subjects from mainstream secondary schools, all aged between 12 and 17. Group comparisons and multinominal logistic regression were performed to test whether these offending groups could be distinguished by different background risks and deficits including variables pertaining to cognitive processes, family, parenting, and deviant peers, etc. / Results. The early-onset offending group could be differentiated from the adolescent-onset offending group by their association with adolescent adjustment iii difficulties, more background risks, ADHD diagnosis, and callous unemotional traits. The two early-onset subgroups, early-onset ADHD and early-onset CU traits group, shared similarities of having severer delinquency and poorer adolescent adjustment, but demonstrated differences in terms of disinhibitory processes. / Law, Yuen Wah Sonya. / Adviser: Patrick Wing-leung Leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-289). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix in Chinese.