Many countries in the world experience demographic transition - significant decrease of fertility rates and increase share of the old population. The pace and characteristics of demographic shifts however are individual for each country. At the same time these countries face low inflation rates or even deflation. In this thesis I demonstrate how demographic changes are correlated with low inflation rates. I estimated two different models - VAR and FEM for panel data using two samples of developing countries. The primary argument of using two separate groups for estimating the same problem is robustness check, whether all three imposed hypotheses will hold in any sample of the population. These hypotheses are - first, deflation is positively correlated with increased share of the old population, second, low inflation in developing economies has structural pattern due to demographic changes and third, deflation can be forecastable if it is driven by demographic trends. Despite the heterogeneity of the results from PVAR and FEM, a negative impact of aging population on inflation has been proved. Also estimation results support our two hypotheses that low inflation if it is partially driven by aging structure changes, has structural rather than cyclical characteristics and is predictable. Contribution...

[pt] Neste estudo iremos empiricamente avaliar o impacto do envelhecimento da população na eficácia da política monetária. Primeiramente, estimaremos o impacto da política monetária sobre o hiato do produto e inflação, evidenciando um enfraquecimento geral da transmissão da política monetária ao longo do tempo. Em outras palavras, hiato do produto e inflação menos sensíveis às mudanças nas taxas de juros. Depois, utilizaremos o método de OLS para testar o efeito negativo e estatisticamente significativo das alterações demográficas na eficácia da política monetária. / [en] In this study we will empirically evaluate the impact of population aging on the effectiveness of monetary policy. First, we will estimate the impact of monetary policy on the output gap and inflation, evidencing a general weakening of monetary policy transmission over time. In other words, output gap and inflation are less sensitive to changes in interest rates. Then we will use the OLS method to test the negative and statistically significant effect of demographic changes on the effectiveness of monetary policy.

Le vieillissement de la population dans les pays développés fait surgir des enjeux dans le champ de la santé, parmi lesquels la déficience auditive tient une place importante. En France, environ 5,5 millions de personnes seraient malentendants. Des travaux ont été menés sur le retentissement des problèmes auditifs sur la vie quotidienne des individus présentant une déficience auditive liée à l’âge: difficultés de communication, isolement progressif, restrictions des activités quotidiennes sociales, modifications de l’humeur, troubles cognitifs... Le handicap et les conséquences précédemment listées vont avoir un impact sur la qualité de vie des individus et également celle de leur entourage. Le couple (ou dyade), formé par la personne déficiente et son aidant principal, va ainsi devoir faire face à l’installation progressive de la déficience. Celle-ci va modifier les relations entre les deux membres formant ce couple ainsi que les relations sociales du couple en général, qu’elles soient familiales, professionnelles ou sociales au sens large. Chaque membre du couple va mobiliser des stratégies d’adaptation qui lui sont propres. Dans le but d’explorer les différents mécanismes d’ajustement au sein de cette dyade et comprendre les liens potentiels entre la nature des stratégies d’ajustement utilisées sur leur qualité de vie, nous avons procédé séquentiellement à différentes étapes: 1. Lister les outils mesurant la qualité de vie des individus présentant une déficience auditive liée à l’âge ; 2. Identifier les déterminants de la qualité de vie de ces individus et celle de leurs proches ; 3. Examiner les liens entre les stratégies d’ajustement mobilisées par chaque membre. / The aging population in developed countries gives rise to considerable challenges in the health field, including hearing loss has a very important place. In France, about 5.5 million people are hearing impaired. Work has been conducted on the impact of hearing loss on the daily life of individuals with hearing loss related to age: communication difficulties, progressive isolation, restriction of social activities of daily living, mood changes, cognitive disorders ... The disability itself and all the consequences listed above will obviously have an impact on the quality of life of individuals and also those around them. The pair (or dyad), formed by the impaired person and his primary caregiver, itself defined as the person it considers most involved in his daily life, will thus be faced with the progressive installation of disability. This will gradually alter the relationship between the two members forming the couple and the social relations of the couple in general, be they family, professional or social at large. Each member of the couple will mobilize coping strategies of its own. In order to explore the various adjustment mechanisms within the dyad and understand the potential links between the nature of adjustment strategies on their quality of life, we performed sequentially at the following stages: 1. List tools for measuring quality of life of individuals with hearing loss related to age; 2. Identify the major determinants of the quality of life of these individuals and that of their close; 3. Examine the specific links between adjustment strategies used by each member of the dyad on its own quality of life and that of his close.

Aging population is becoming the potential social and economic problem for many governments all around the world. These countries including Taiwan are seeking for solutions for the increased healthcare spending. According to the United Nations’ population estimates, we are living in a rapidly aging world. The global share of what we call “senior” or people age over 65 is expected to rise from nearly 8% in 2015 to more than 14% by 2050. The situation in Taiwan is not much different. With increasing life expectancy and a birth rate that continues to decline, the aging population in Taiwan has become more and more obvious. Widespread adoption of Generic and Biosimilar drugs, as opposed to patented or brand name drugs, could help governments reduce healthcare costs and increase the reach of healthcare services. Patented drugs in the prescription drugs segment account for about 70% of total prescription spending in Taiwan. However, the share is set to decline gradually under pressure from government policies promoting the use of generic products and the increasing switches from prescription segment to OTC segment (RX-to-OTC). We expect the penetration of generic drugs in Taiwan OTC drugs segment to increase as the generic drug market has continued to gain prominence within the pharmaceutical sectors in recent years. Despite the fact that OTC generic drug market is a highly competitive market in Taiwan, Genedex Co. still aims to provide good quality generic drugs at a competitive price to meet the generic drugs demands. In addition, Genedex Co. understands the ability to quickly bring new products to the market will play a large role in the future success. Thus, product innovation and differentiation will also be the center focus in the business model. Looking into the future, Genedex Co. expects to see growth at a more rapid pace starting from year 2020 as newly developed generic OTC drugs will be introduced to the market to compete with the branded counterparts and also expects to achieve a more solid presence in the market by year 2021.

Canada’s aging population is expected to have an impact on all public institutions; for public libraries, the emergence of a large, multi-generational user group of older adults challenges the current paradigm of services to seniors. This thesis examines a subset of this user group: baby boomer library patrons who are in a caring relationship with elders. It investigates how these patrons interact with the public library both for themselves, and as carers, in order to reveal library-related issues particular to this growing segment of the population. The study takes place within a conceptual framework derived from the ethic of care, and from emerging theories of library-as-place rooted in the fields of human geography and sociology. Using a qualitative instrumental case study method, long form interviews were conducted with respondents recruited through theoretical sampling extended by snowball sampling. While not generalizable, findings suggest that while these baby boomer respondents value their libraries deeply, there is potential to create services and practices more attuned to the needs of older adults who are in relationships with elders.

The purpose of this project was to design a chronic care plan using the chronic care management (CCM) framework to improve health services at lower healthcare costs. The practice-focused question explored whether the operationalization of the CCM model would impact progress toward the management of chronic illness for the target population of Medicare beneficiaries with 2 or more chronic illnesses in an urban acute care agency located in the western United States. The middle-range theory, logic rational plan model, Lewin’s change theory, and the CCM’s coordination care and collaborative care concepts were used to guide the project. Data were collected from nursing databases and government agencies. Nurses were significant to the CCM reform by supporting the elements for proactive care. Nurse practitioners can bill using the CCM codes, and clinical nurses can performed patient sensitive care. The social changes were patients with chronic illnesses realized a better quality of life at lower health costs.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the social context of demographic changes and the consequences for social policy of the state with a focus on active aging and with respect to support of employment. In the first part of the thesis are described the basic terms and theoretical backgrounds. Emphasis is put on the social context of demographic changes and issue of active aging. Described are an international genesis and important international documents and initiatives to support active aging. In the second part of the thesis are analyzed the speed of aging, employment in old age and health of the elderly. In the research was ascertained how are applied the methods of Age Management in the banking sector of the Czech Republic. In the conclusion all gained data are evaluated.

Bakgrund: Äldre är en växande befolkningsgrupp globalt och sjuksköterskors möte med äldre sker mer eller mindre överallt inom hälso- och sjukvården. Denna patientgrupp lider i många fall av multisjuklighet med fokus på fysiska symtom, därav kan det vara svårt för vårdpersonal att tolka symtom på depressivitet. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar och erfarenheter av att identifiera depressiva symptom hos äldre personer. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats baserat på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar vilka har analyserats med tematisk analys. Resultat: Två teman utvecklades med fyra underteman. ”En känsla av att vilja men inte kunna” – med underteman ”att sakna rätt förutsättningar” och ”att ha svårigheter att upptäcka symtom”; samt ”en vilja att förstå personen bakom patienten” – med underteman ”att skapa en trygg vårdrelation” och ”att skapa sig en helhetsbild”. Slutsats: Komplexiteten det innebär i vårdmötet för att identifiera depressiva symtom ställer krav på ett öppet förhållningssätt hos både den äldre och sjuksköterskan. Med kontinuitet, tid och lyhört lyssnande kan en trygg vårdrelation byggas, vilket är en förutsättning för att identifiera depressiva symtom. Att ta vara på tiden i alla omvårdnadssammanhang är en väg framåt. / Background: Older people are a growing population globally, which nurses encounter in almost all parts of the healthcare system. This patient group often suffers from multimorbidity with predominantly physical symptoms, which can make it more difficult for healthcare professionals to interpret symptoms of depression. Aim: To describe nurses’ perceptions and experiences of identifying depressive symptoms in older people. Method: A literature review with a qualitative approach based on eight scientific articles, which have been analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Two themes were developed with four subthemes. “A feeling of wanting to help but not being able to” – with subthemes “to lack the right conditions” and “to have difficulty detecting symptoms”; and “a desire to understand the person behind the patient” – with subthemes “to create a safe caring relationship” and “to create an overall picture”. Conclusion: The complexity involved in identifying depressive symptoms requires an open approach from both patient and nurse. With continuity, time and attentive listening, a safe caring relationship can be established, which is a prerequisite for identifying depressive symptoms. Making use of the time at hand in all nursing contexts is a way forward.

This article investigates agglomeration processes in aging societies by introducing an overlapping generation structure into a New Economic Geography model. Whether higher economic integration leads to spatial concentration of economic activity crucially hinges on the economies' demographic properties. While population aging as represented by declining birth rates strengthens agglomeration processes, declining mortality rates weaken them. This is due to the fact that we allow for nonconstant population size. In particular, we show that population growth acts as an important dispersion force that augments the distributional effects on agglomeration processes resulting from the turnover of generations. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

本研究欲觀察人口老化與所得分配之關係，檢視人口老化對於所得分配之影響，而文中主要分別從「內政部統計年報」、「家庭收支調查表」、「人力統計資源年報」以及各縣市統計要覽獲得各種解釋變數，建立出台灣1998年至2005年總計8年台灣各縣市之資料，並且以各縣市之吉尼係數為被解釋變數，採用最小平方法之方式藉此觀察台灣各縣市所得分配與人口老化之關係。 根據實證結果發現，人口老化與所得分配為顯著並且呈現正相關，亦即當人口老化更加嚴重時，將會導致較大的吉尼係數，造成所得不均之惡化。 其他解釋變數為顯著者分別有：平均每人可支配所得、平均每人可支配所得平方項、婦女勞動參與率以及各區域變數，且除了平均每人可支配所得平方項為負相關外，其餘皆與吉尼係數為正相關，其中所得方面之變數顯示出台灣中存在著Kuznets曲線；婦女勞動參與率的擴張則會導致所得分配更加惡化；中部、南部以及東部地區相對於北部區域來說其所得分配之狀況皆較不平均。而其他解釋變數如社會福利變數、教育變數以及工業變數所得之結果皆不顯著，顯示上述三個變數對台灣各縣市所得分配之影響在本研究中無法確定。 / This research discusses the relationship between aging population and income distribution, and examines how the aging population affects income distribution. The independent variables were acquired from the Statistical Yearbook of the Interior, The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, the Statistical Yearbook of Labor Force and the Statistical Yearbook from each twenty-three counties and cities in Taiwan to construct a data set from 1998 to 2005. Using the ordinary least squares method and choosing the gini coefficient as a dependent variable to observe the relationship between income distribution and aging population. According to the result of the empirical study, we discover that the effect of aging population is significant and has a positive relationship with income distribution. Income inequality is worse when the aging population increases. Other significant independent variables are disposable income per person, the square of disposable income per person, female labor participation rate and the regional dummy variables. Besides the square of disposable income per person, all variables have a positive relationship with the gini coefficient. In addition, the variable of income shows that Kuznets curve appears in Taiwan. The expansion of the female labor participation will cause the income distribution to change into inequality. Also the north region has the worst income distribution in Taiwan. The results of the social welfare variable, the education variable and the industry variable are insignificant so that in this article we can not observe how the three variables effect the income distribution in Taiwan.