Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study was developed in Serra do Sudeste and Encosta do Sudeste physiographic regions of Rio Grande do Sul state. The objective was to identify the physical and hydraulic soil properties related to forest yield sites in two distinct areas, including physical-structural properties and soil available water capacity (AW) of Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico latossólico (ARG) and Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico (NEO), as well as perform parameterization of the Physiological Principles to Predicting Growth model (3-PG). In the two sites with high (ARG) and low (NEO) productive potential capacity, the growth and productivity of stands characterization was based on data from forest inventories and from destructive sampling and cube by Smalian method of 30 trees of medium quadratic mean diameter (dg). Soil properties were determined in undisturbed and disturbed soil samples, taken from 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.40, 0.40-0.60, 0.60-0.80, 0.80-1.00 e 1.00-1.20 m soil depths, in 12 sampling points. Eucalyptus yield was different in the ARG (from clay loam to clay texture) and NEO (sandy texture) areas, characterized by mean values of 373.9 m³ ha-1 and 272.3 m³ ha-1, for 89-months-old stands. In the ARG, AW ranged from 0.100 up to 0.304 cm3 cm-3. The highest soil bulk density (BD; 1.64 Mg m-3) was observed in the 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers. Multiple regression analysis with BD and macroporosity (Mac) of the 0.40-0.60 m soil layer had r2 ~ 0.22 in variance estimation of mean annual volume increment (MAIV). Soil air permeability (Kar) was the main soil property related to productivity in ARG stands. In the NEO (sandy texture) areas, AW ranged from 0.025 up to 0.04 cm3 cm-3 and BD had the highest values (1.60 Mg m-3) in the 0.80-1.00 m soil layer. The BD determined from surface up to 0.60 m explained 14% of MAIV variance and 27% of the total height variance (h). Multiple regression that included BD and Kar of the surface layers explained around 23% of mean annual stem biomass increment (MAISB) variance. In the parameterization of the model 3-PG we obtained estimates characterized by r2 higher than 0.9 for the wood volume with bark (V; m3 ha-1), wood biomass (BL; Mg ha-3) and total height (h), and equal to 0.78 for the diameter at breast high (dbh; cm). The statistical efficiency described by the Nash-Sutcliffe indicator had values higher than 0.8, while the PBIAS indicator showed a tendency of underestimation of less than 12%. In the validation process of the model, performed in unused portions in the parameterization, the results were similar to those obtained in the efficiency evaluation, except for the variable dbh, which was underestimated at the lowest ages. The results showed that the soils with high water availability have their physical quality, based on productivity, determined by the properties that represent the flow of solutes and gases, while coarse soils, highly drainable, have their productive capacity inversely related to BD. The 3-PG model was efficient and accurate for the estimation of E. saligna productivity in the observed climatic conditions, with a higher sensitivity for coarse textured soils. / O presente estudo foi realizado nas regiões fisiográficas da Serra do Sudeste e Encosta do Sudeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as propriedades físico-hídricas dos solos relacionadas à produtividade dos sítios florestais, distintos quanto às propriedades físico-estruturais e à água disponível (AD), caracterizados pela presença de Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico latossólico (ARG) e de Neossolo Quartzarênico Órticos típicos (NEO), e ainda, realizar a parametrização do modelo Physiological Principles to Predicted Growth (3-PG). A caracterização do crescimento e produtividade dos povoamentos foi realizada por meio de inventários florestais e pela amostragem destrutiva e cubagem, pelo método de Smalian, de 30 árvores de diâmetro médio quadrático (dg). As propriedades físico-hídricas dos solos foram determinadas em amostras de solos de estrutura preservada e alterada, coletadas nas camadas de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20, 0,20-0,40, 0,40-0,60, 0,60-0,80, 0,80-1,00 e 1,00-1,20 m, em 12 pontos amostrais. A produtividade foi distinta nas áreas ARG e NEO, com média de 373,9 m³ ha-1 e 272,3 m3 ha-1, aos 89 meses de idade. Nos solos ARG (classe textural franco arenosa a muito argilosa), a AD variou entre 0,100 e 0,304 m3 m-3, e os maiores valores de densidade do solo (Ds; 1,64 Mg m-3) foram observados nas camadas 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. Pela análise de regressão múltipla a Ds e a macroporosidade (Mac) da camada 0,40-0,60 m tiveram eficiência estatística com r2 ~ 0,22 na estimativa da variância do incremento médio anual em volume (IMAV). A permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Kar) foi a principal propriedade do solo relacionada à produtividade dos povoamentos das áreas ARG. Nas áreas NEO (classe textural areia) a AD variou entre 0,025 e 0,04 m3 m-3 e a maior Ds foi observada na camada 0,80-1,00 m (1,60 Mg m-3). A Ds determinada nas camadas acima de 0,60 m de profundidade explicou 14% da variância observada no IMAV e 27% da variância da altura total (h). Pela regressão múltipla a Ds e a Kar das camadas superficiais explicaram em torno de 23% da variância observada no incremento médio anual em biomassa de lenho (IMABL). Na parametrização do modelo 3-PG foram obtidas estimativas caracterizadas por r2 superior a 0,9 para o volume com casca (V; m3 ha-1), biomassa de lenho (BL; Mg ha-3) e altura total (h; m), e igual a 0,78 para o dap (cm). O indicador estatístico Nash-Sutcliffe teve valores superiores a 0,8, enquanto o indicador Bias percentual (PBIAS) apontou tendência de subestimativa inferior a 12%. No processo de validação do modelo, realizado em parcelas não utilizadas na parametrização, os resultados foram semelhantes aos obtidos na avaliação da eficiência, com exceção para a variável dap, que foi subestimada nas menores idades. Solos com alta disponibilidade de água podem ter sua qualidade física, com base na produtividade, determinada pelas propriedades que representam o fluxo de solutos e gases, enquanto solos de textura grossa, altamente drenáveis, têm sua capacidade produtiva inversamente relacionada a Ds. O modelo 3-PG foi eficiente e preciso para a estimativa da produtividade do E. saligna nas condições climáticas observadas, com maior sensibilidade para os solos de textura grossa.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The increased land use for food production is causing problems related to soil compaction in the different systems of land use, agricultural, livestock and forestry. Soil degradation caused by compression can often be irreversible is a global problem that is getting worse year after year, because the machines are showing an increase of its mass, but often have no proportional increase in the area of tire-soil contact. This study was conducted to evaluate the physical properties (density, porosity and air permeability), water (water permeability and soil water retention curve) and mechanical (compressibility, in situ stress measures) of three soils (Oxisols, Alfisols 1, and Alfisols 2): Oxisols with crops under no-tillage (NT) and native forest (NF), and Alfisols 1 and Alfisols 2 with crops under no-tillage (NT) and grassland (NG). The different times of loading (7.200 and 600 s) did not affect the preconsolidation pressure (σp) value in three soil layers (0.00-0.07, 0.10-0.15, 0.25-0.30, and 0.40-0.45 m). The σp in Oxisols and Alfisols was greater in the no-tillage soil, compared with the native forest and grassland in the layers of 0.00-0.07, 0.10-0.15 and 0.25-0.30 m, due to the traffic of agricultural machines. Thus, successive farm machinery traffic on no-tillage soil affects σp to deeper soil layers. In theory, such effect was expected in depth Oxisols, since soils with higher clay content pressure is transmitted to greater depths, thereby increasing the depth of compaction. The soil air permeability (ka) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) were higher in Oxisols under native forest, with the largest macroporosity, especially in the uppermost soil layer, where soil drying had no effect on ka. The ks for Oxisols under NF was 754 mm h-1, which is the largest, whereas the smallest was 3 mm h-1 in the surface layer of NT. Measurements of pressure were made in situ with Soil Stress Transducer, SST. When traffic was conducted with the harvester, the highest pressures were measured in the layer 0.00-0.07 m of the Oxisols, and pressure was lower in the layer 0.40-0.45 m of the Ultisol 1, as expected, because in sandy soils the pressures are not transmitted to greater depths. These results show that the no-tillage of the soil can be affected significantly by soil compaction and that appropriate management systems should be used to maintain a balance of physical properties and flow of water and air in the soil. / O aumento do uso dos solos para a produção de alimentos vem causando problemas referentes à compactação nos diversos sistemas de exploração do solo, agrícola, pecuária e florestal. A degradação do solo causada pela compactação muitas vezes pode ser irreversível, sendo um problema mundial que vem se agravando ano após ano, pois as máquinas vêm apresentando aumento de sua massa, mas muitas vezes não têm aumento proporcional da área de contato pneusolo. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as propriedades físicas (densidade, porosidade e permeabilidade ao ar), hídricas (condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e curva de retenção de água) e mecânicas (compressibilidade, tensão medidas in situ) de três solos (Latossolo, Argissolo 1 e Argissolo 2) sob dois usos: Latossolo plantio direto (PD) e mata nativa (MN); e Argissolo 1 e Argissolo 2 PD e campo nativo (CN). Os diferentes tempos de carregamento (7.200 e 600 s) não alteraram a pressão de preconsolidação (σp) nos três solos em quatro camadas (0,00-0,07, 0,10-0,15, 0,25-0,30 e 0,40-0,45 m). A σp no Latossolo e Argissolo foi maior no plantio direto, em comparação com a mata nativa e o campo nativo, nas camadas de 0,00-0,07, 0,10-0,15 e 0,25-0,30 m, fato esse devido ao tráfego das máquinas agrícolas. Assim, observa-se o sucessivo tráfego de máquinas sobre o solo no plantio direto altera a σp em camadas mais profundas. Em teoria, era esperado um efeito em profundidades no Latossolo devido à textura argilosa, em relação ao Argissolo 1 e Argissolo 2, uma vez que solos com maior teor de argila as pressões são transmitidas para profundidades maiores, aumentando desta forma a profundidade de compactação. A permeabilidade do solo ao ar (ka) e a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (ks) foram maiores no Latossolo sob mata nativa, com a maior macroporosidade, em particular na camada superior, onde o secamento não teve efeito sobre a ka. A ks para o Latossolo sob MN foi de 754 mm h-1, sendo esta a maior, e a menor foi de 3 mm h-1 para o PD na camada superior do solo. As medições das pressões in situ foram feitas com o Transdutor de Tensão no Solo (Soil Stress Transducer, SST). As maiores pressões foram medidas quando o tráfego foi realizado com a colhedora no Latossolo na camada de 0,00-0,07 m, e a menor pressão foi no Argissolo 1 na camada de 0,40-0,45 m, como era esperado, pois em solos arenosos as pressões não são transmitidas em maiores profundidades. Esses resultados demonstram que o plantio direto do solo pode ser alterado significativamente pela compactação do solo e que sistemas de manejo adequados devem ser utilizados para manter o equilíbrio das propriedades físicas e fluxos de água e ar no solo.

La construction des biosystèmes d’oxydation passive du méthane (BOPM) est une option économique et durable pour réduire les émissions de méthane des sites d’enfouissement de déchets et des effets subséquents du réchauffement climatique. Les BOPM sont constitués de deux couches principales: la couche d'oxydation du méthane (MOL) et la couche de distribution du gaz (GDL). L'oxydation du méthane se produit dans la MOL par les réactions biochimiques des bactéries méthanotrophes, et la GDL est construite sous la MOL pour intercepter et distribuer les émissions fugitives de biogaz à la base de la MOL. Fondamentalement, l'efficacité d'un BOPM est définie en fonction de l'efficacité d'oxydation du méthane dans la MOL. Par conséquent, il est indispensable de fournir des conditions adéquates pour les activités bactériennes des méthanotrophes. En plus des paramètres environnementaux, l'intensité et la distribution du biogaz influencent l'efficacité des BOPM, et ils peuvent rendre le matériau de la MOL - avec une grande capacité d'accueillir les activités bactériennes - inutilisables en termes d'oxydation du méthane sur place. L'effet de barrière capillaire le long de l'interface entre la GDL et la MOL peut provoquer des émissions localisées de méthane, due à la restriction ou la distribution non uniforme de l’écoulement ascendant du biogaz à la base de la MOL. L'objectif principal de cette étude est d'incorporer le comportement hydraulique non saturé des BOPM dans la conception des BOPM, afin d’assurer la facilité et la distribution adéquates de l'écoulement du biogaz à la base de la MOL. Les fonctions de perméabilité à l'air des matériaux utilisés pour construire la MOL des BOPM expérimentaux au site d’enfouissement des déchets de St Nicéphore (Québec, Canada), ainsi que celles d'autres de la littérature technique, ont été étudiés pour évaluer le comportement d'écoulement non saturé du gaz dans les matériaux et pour identifier le seuil de migration sans restriction du gaz. Ce dernier seuil a été introduit en tant que un paramètre de conception avec lequel le critère de conception recommandé ici, c’est à dire la longueur de la migration sans restriction de gaz (LMSG), a été défini. La LMSG est considérée comme la longueur le long de l'interface entre la GDL et la MOL où le biogaz peut migrer à travers la MOL sans restriction. En réalisant des simulations numériques avec SEEP/W, les effets de la pente de l'interface, des paramètres définissant la courbe de rétention d'eau, de la fonction de la conductivité hydraulique du matériau de la MOL sur la valeur de la LMSG (représentant la facilité d'écoulement du biogaz à l'interface) et de la distribution de l'humidité (et par conséquent celle du biogaz) ont été évalués. Selon les résultats des simulations, la conductivité hydraulique saturée et la distribution des tailles de pores du matériau de la MOL sont les paramètres les plus importants sur la distribution de l'humidité le long de l'interface. Ce dernier paramètre influe également sur la valeur du degré de saturation et donc la facilité du biogaz à la base de la MOL. La densité sèche du matériau de MOL est un autre paramètre qui contrôle la facilité d'écoulement ascendant du biogaz. Les limitations principales de la présente étude sont associées au nombre de matériaux de MOL testés et à l'incapacité de SEEP/W de considérer l'évapotranspiration. Toutefois, compte tenu des hypothèses raisonnables dans les simulations et en utilisant les données de la littérature, on a essayé de réduire ces limitations. En utilisant les résultats des expériences et des simulations numériques, des étapes et des considérations de conception pour la sélection du matériau de MOL et de la pente d'interface ont été proposées. En effet,le comportement hydraulique non saturé des matériaux serait intégré dans les nécessités de conception pour un BOPM efficace, de sorte que la capacité maximale possible d'oxydation du méthane du matériau de la MOL soit exploitée. / Abstract : Implementation of passive methane oxidation biosystems (PMOB) is a cost effective and sustainable solution to eliminate the methane emissions of landfills to the atmosphere and ensuing global warming effects. PMOBs consist of two main layers: methane oxidation layer (MOL) and gas distribution layer (GDL). The oxidation of methane occurs in MOL through the biochemical reactions of methanotrophic bacteria, and GDL is constructed beneath the MOL to intercept and distribute the fugitive biogas emissions at the base of MOL. Basically, the efficiency of a PMOB is defined based on the methane oxidation efficiency in MOL. Therefore, it is indispensable to provide adequate conditions for the bacterial activities of methanotrophs. In addition to the environmental parameters, the intensity and the distribution of the biogas reaching the MOL material influence the efficiency of PMOBs, and they may cause the MOL material possessing great capacity to host the bacterial activities to be unserviceable in terms of in field methane oxidation. The capillary barrier effect along the GDL MOL interface may provoke localized surface methane emissions, resulted from the restricted and/or non uniform distribution of upward flow of biogas at the base of MOL. The main focus of present study is to incorporate the unsaturated hydraulic behavior of PMOBs into the design of PMOBs, providing adequate ease and distribution of upward flow of biogas at the base of MOL. The air permeability functions of the materials used to construct the MOL of experimental PMOBs at the St Nicephore landfill (Quebec, Canada), along with other materials from the technical literature, were studied to evaluate the unsaturated gas flow behavior of the materials and to identify the threshold of unrestricted gas migration. This latter threshold was introduced as a design parameter based on which the recommended design criterion herein, i.e. the length of unrestricted gas migration (LUGM), was defined. LUGM is considered as the length along the GDL MOL interface along which biogas can migrate upwards without restriction. Performing sets of numerical simulations in SEEP/W, the effect of slope of interface and the parameters defining the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity function of MOL material on value of LUGM (representing the ease of upward flow of biogas at the interface) and distribution of moisture (and therefore biogas) along the GDL MOL interface were assessed. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and the pore size distribution of the MOL material were the most influencing parameters in distribution of moisture along the interface. The latter parameter influences also the value of degree of saturation and therefore, the ease of biogas at the base of MOL. Dry density of MOL material is another parameter that controls the ease of upward flow of biogas. The main limitations of the present study are associated with the number of tested MOL materials and the inability of SEEP/W in considering the evapotranspiration. However, considering reasonable assumptions in simulations and using the data from the literature, it was attempted to reduce the limitations. Based on the results of experiments and numerical simulations, some design steps and considerations for selection of the MOL material and the slope of interface were suggested that incorporate the unsaturated hydraulic behavior into the design necessities for an efficient PMOB so that the maximum possible methane oxidation capacity of MOL material is exploited.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The social and economical importance of onion in Uruguai is very relevant. The soil mobilization and ridge till are crucial to reduce bulk density and increase the macro/micropores relation for Argiudoll, to induce conditions for a normal growth and development for most crops. The objectives of this study were to measure the effects of soil and plant management on aggregate stability, organic matter and some soil physico-hydric properties as porosity, bulk density, water retention curve, air permeability and water conductivity. Two experiments from National Institute of agriculture investigation (INIA) initiated in 1995 were used. Experiment one used the following treatment: 1) alfalfa; 2) festuca; 3) birdfoot trefoil, alfalfa and white clover mixture; 4) onion after alfalfa; 5) onion after festuca; 6) onion after plant mixture. The experiment two used the following treatments: Summer season - 1) fallow; 2) feijão; 3) corn; 4) setaria. During winter season onion was cultivated at all plots. In both experiments the plots were split to receive 0, 80 and 120 kg de N ha-1. To measure aggregate stability and organic matter preserved three soil samples from each plot were taken from 0-0.05 m layer. To measure soil physico-hydric properties samples were taken using metalic rings from 0-0.01 and 0.1-0.2 m layers. The variation of water stable aggregates were higher than of dry stable aggregates. The stability index was higher for pastures in the experiment I and for fallow in the experiment II, implying lower aggregates impact due tillage or higher organic matter addition by plants on soil surface. However, there is clear indication that tillage was necessary, in order to improve macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability. / A importância social e econômica da cebola é muito grande no Uruguai. O revolvimento do solo e a construção de camalhões são essenciais para diminuir a densidade e aumentar a relação macro/microporos em solos com características vérticas para que ocorra o bom desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos, tendo como parâmetros a alteração da estabilidade de agregados, teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MO) e algumas propriedades físico-hídricas do solo como porosidades, densidade do solo, curva característica de retenção de água no solo, permeabilidade ao ar e condutividade hidráulica. Foram analisados dois experimentos pertencentes ao Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agropecuária (INIA) instalados no ano de 1995. No experimento I foram cultivadas as culturas de alfafa, festuca, consórcio (cornichão, alfafa e trevo-branco), cebola-pós-alfafa, cebola-pós-festuca e cebola-pós-consórcio, resultando em seis tratamentos. No experimento II no verão, as parcelas são ocupadas com pousio estival, feijão, milho e moha e, no inverno, cultiva-se cebola. Em ambos os experimentos as culturas foram submetidas a três distintas doses de nitrogênio (0, 80 e 120 kg de N ha-1). Para análise de agregados e MO, coletaram-se amostras com estrutura preservada na camada de 0-0,05 m, utilizando três subamostras de campo; para determinar as propriedades físico-hídricas do solo coletaram-se amostras utilizando cilindros volumétricos em duas camadas, 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m de profundidade. Os resultados demonstraram uma maior variação do diâmetro geométrico úmido (DMGu) em relação ao peneiramento a seco. O índice de estabilidade (IE) foi maior nas parcelas cultivadas com pastagem no experimento I e na parcela que permaneceu em pousio no experimento II, resultando em uma maior preservação dos agregados ocasionado pela ausência de preparo ou adubação orgânica, a qual ocasionou um incremento de MO. Analisando as propriedades físico-hídricas, constatou-se que o preparo convencional é necessário neste tipo de solo, pois aumenta o volume de macroporos ocasionando redução na densidade do solo e incrementos na condutividade hidráulica saturada e permeabilidade ao ar.

The thesis examines the influence of choice of input parameters Blowerdoor test equipment on the final value of air permeability. Measurements have been performed on a set of four experimental buildings and one room.

The subject of this master's thesis is warm air heating system. The task is to apply this heating method to a specified building and to design technical solutions. The degree of completion of the extended project is appropriate for the requirements of building permit documentation. Proposed solutions were evaluated in the viewpoint of inner environment, space requirements, operation economy and environmental impact. Warm air heating system made by Atrea is used for building heating. The text part of the thesis deals with building air permeability and the experimental part describes performance of blower door test in a family house and evaluation of experiment data

Skaljackor är ett praktiskt plagg för att reglera komforten för användaren. Detta gör de genom att skaltyger kan hålla vind och väta ute samtidigt som de är genomsläppliga för vattenånga. Det är känt att funktionaliteten i skaltyger försämras med tiden men det finns fortfarande en osäkerhet om hur olika åldringsfaktorer påverkar den. Det arbete som denna rapport redovisar har utsatt fem olika tyger för mekanisk nötning och UV-exponering för att ta reda på dess påverkan på skaltygets funktionalitet. Arbetet har gjorts i syfte att öka kompetensen om hur skaltyger åldras för att kunna utveckla mer hållbara skaljackor i framtiden. Åldringen via mekanisk nötning genomfördes med 30 000 cykler tyg mot tyg i en Martindale M235 Abrasion tester. Åldring med UV-ljus genomfördes under 250h enligt ISO 105-B04:1994 i väderkammare. Därefter testades de åldrade tygerna i vattentäthet, vattenavvisning, andningsförmåga och luftgenomsläpplighet. Testerna utvärderades på icke åldrat tyg samt åldrat tyg. Resultatet visar att både UV och mekanisk nötning har en tydlig påverkan på skaltygernas funktionalitet. Det krävs dock vidare forskning för att undersöka åldringsgrad och hur de påverkar varandra. / Shell jackets are a practical garment for regulating user comfort. This is due to the fabric that keep wind and water out while still allowing moisture vapor to permeate. It is known that the functionality of the fabrics deterioate over time, but there is still an uncertainty about the impact of various aging factors. The work presented in this report subjected five different shell fabrics to abrasion and UV exposure to determine their impact on the functionality. This was done with the aim of increasing knowledge about the aging of shell fabrics in order to develop more sustainable shell jackets in the future. Aging was performed through 30 000 cycles of fabric-to-fabric abrasion using a Martindale M235 Abrasion tester, and for 250h of UV-exposure in a weather chamber according to ISO 105-B04:1994. Subsequently the aged fabrics were tested for water penetration resistance, water repellency, breathability and air permeability. The tests were evaluated on new fabrics and aged fabrics. The results indicate that both UV and abrasion have an impact on the funtionality of shell fabrics. However,further research is required to investigate the degree of aging and how they mutually affect each other. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-06-07</p>

This master´s thesis is focused on assessment of properties of vibropressed concrete products. The important point of the thesis is measuring fresh concrete air permeability by Qaver control tool and confrontation this results with results of hardened concrete. The relationship between results obtained is examined.

<p>Stor förvirring råder kring hur lufttätheten ska mätas i flerbostadshus. De metoder som finns och de resultat som erhålls vid täthetsprovning av småhus är inte alltid applicerbara på flerbostadshus även om mätenheterna är de samma. Detta föranleder problemställningen för detta examensarbete:</p><p><em>Varför och hur kontrolleras lufttätheten i ett flerbostadshus på ett praktiskt tillämpbart sätt, som också gör det möjligt att jämföra resultat från olika objekt?</em></p><p>Metoderna som används för att undersöka detta är litteraturstudier och samtal med erfarna personer, samt demonstration av en mätmetod i fullskala. En diskussion med initiativtagarna till detta examensarbete leder fram till en rekommenderad metod och en mall för hur detta ska utföras.</p><p>Byggnadsskalets luft-, diffusions- och vindtätning har stor betydelse för en byggnads energianvändning, fuktsäkerhet, termiska komfort och hygien, luftkvalitet, ljudmiljö, spridning av brand samt spridning av luftföroreningar utifrån och in. Lufttätheten är en avgörande faktor både för konstruktionens beständighet och för en god innemiljö i moderna byggnader. Lufttäta hus är dessutom lönsamma i längden för de inblandade aktörerna. På lång sikt även för miljön. Studier som gjorts visar att en byggnads energiåtgång för uppvärmning minskar med nästan 30 % om lufttätheten (egentligen luftgenomsläppligheten) förbättras från 0,8 l/s·m² till 0,4 l/s·m². En så stor minskning av energianvändningen kunde inte åstadkommas med andra energiförbättringsåtgärder som undersöktes.</p><p>I Boverkets Regelsamling för byggande, BBR 2008 har kravet på lufttäthet tagits bort till förmån för ett funktionskrav för energianvändningen, under vilken lufttätheten faller in. Regelsamlingens allmänna råd hänvisar till standarden, SS-EN 13829 för bestämning av luftläckage.</p><p>De metoder som idag finns att tillgå för att mäta lufttätheten hos byggnader är spårgasmetoden, täthetsprovning med provisorisk vägg, det egna ventilationssystemet, med mottryck i angränsande utrymmen samt med tryckdörr. Den sistnämnda metoden provades på flerbostadshus i Umeå med goda resultat.</p><p>Observera att resultatet för denna rapport är en mall för mätningsförfarandet och den rekommenderade metoden för att mäta lufttäthet inom NCC i Umeå. Den beskriver en praktiskt tillämpbar metod där resultatet går att jämföra mellan olika objekt. Även en intern mätstorhet som beskriver ytterväggens täthet är framtagen.</p><p>Mätstorheten och standardens relevans diskuteras. Ändringen i BBR från specificerade krav till funktionskrav anses vara kunskapsdrivande. Det förfarande som beskrivs i resultatet har bedömts vara det mest optimala under rådande förhållanden med den standard som finns. En förändring av standarden skulle kunna leda till en bättre metod som ger mer informativt resultat.</p> / <p>There is a great perplexity about how air permeability should be measured in multiple-unit dwellings. The methods available and the obtained results for determination of air permeability in single-dwelling houses are not applicable for multiple-unit dwellings, even if the derived quantities are the same. This causes the problem for this report:</p><p><em>Why and how should the air permeability be determined for a multiple-unit dwelling in a functional and applicable way, which also makes it possible to compare the obtained results from different dwelling units?</em></p><p>The methods used to explore solutions are literature studies, conversation with professionals and a full-scale demonstration of one of the methods. A discussion with the initiators of this report leads to the recommended method and a model for how it should be performed.</p><p>The air-, diffusion- and windtightness of the building envelope are of big importance to the building. The use of energy, moisture transfer, thermal comfort and hygiene, air quality, noise, spreading of fire and spreading of air pollutions are all affected by it. The air tightness is a crucial element for the durability of the building and to secure a good indoor environment. Air tight buildings are also cost-effective in the long run for the involved participants. They are also good for the environment. A study that have been made show that the energy-use for heating buildings will be reduced with almost 30 % if the air permeability improves from 0,8 l/s·m² to 0,4 l/s·m². Such a big reduction of the energy use could not be accomplished with any other energy improvement-move that was investigated in the study.</p><p>The Swedish building regulations, Boverkets Regelsamling för byggande BBR, used to have a demand for the air tightness of buildings. It has been removed in favor of a demand of the function for the energy use, which also include the air tightness. The common advices in BBR refer to the standard, SS-EN 13829 for determination of air permeability.</p><p>The methods available for determination of air permeability in buildings are the tracer-gas method, determination with a temporary wall, the ventilation system, with corresponding pressure in adjacent spaces and determination with a Blower Door. The last method was demonstrated in multiple-unit dwellings in Umeå, Sweden, with good results.</p><p>Note that the result of this report is a methodology and how the method should be performed within buildings erected by NCC in Umeå. It describes a functional and applicable method where the results can be compared between different objects. An internal quantity which describes the air permeability of the external wall has been developed.</p><p>A discussion of the relevance if the derived quantity and the standard has been made. The change in BBR to demands of the function for the energy use has been considered to be a driving force for knowledge. The procedure described in the results has been considered to be the optimum procedure for existing conditions with the standard available. A change in the standard would lead to a better method which would give more informative results.</p>

Stor förvirring råder kring hur lufttätheten ska mätas i flerbostadshus. De metoder som finns och de resultat som erhålls vid täthetsprovning av småhus är inte alltid applicerbara på flerbostadshus även om mätenheterna är de samma. Detta föranleder problemställningen för detta examensarbete: Varför och hur kontrolleras lufttätheten i ett flerbostadshus på ett praktiskt tillämpbart sätt, som också gör det möjligt att jämföra resultat från olika objekt? Metoderna som används för att undersöka detta är litteraturstudier och samtal med erfarna personer, samt demonstration av en mätmetod i fullskala. En diskussion med initiativtagarna till detta examensarbete leder fram till en rekommenderad metod och en mall för hur detta ska utföras. Byggnadsskalets luft-, diffusions- och vindtätning har stor betydelse för en byggnads energianvändning, fuktsäkerhet, termiska komfort och hygien, luftkvalitet, ljudmiljö, spridning av brand samt spridning av luftföroreningar utifrån och in. Lufttätheten är en avgörande faktor både för konstruktionens beständighet och för en god innemiljö i moderna byggnader. Lufttäta hus är dessutom lönsamma i längden för de inblandade aktörerna. På lång sikt även för miljön. Studier som gjorts visar att en byggnads energiåtgång för uppvärmning minskar med nästan 30 % om lufttätheten (egentligen luftgenomsläppligheten) förbättras från 0,8 l/s·m2 till 0,4 l/s·m2. En så stor minskning av energianvändningen kunde inte åstadkommas med andra energiförbättringsåtgärder som undersöktes. I Boverkets Regelsamling för byggande, BBR 2008 har kravet på lufttäthet tagits bort till förmån för ett funktionskrav för energianvändningen, under vilken lufttätheten faller in. Regelsamlingens allmänna råd hänvisar till standarden, SS-EN 13829 för bestämning av luftläckage. De metoder som idag finns att tillgå för att mäta lufttätheten hos byggnader är spårgasmetoden, täthetsprovning med provisorisk vägg, det egna ventilationssystemet, med mottryck i angränsande utrymmen samt med tryckdörr. Den sistnämnda metoden provades på flerbostadshus i Umeå med goda resultat. Observera att resultatet för denna rapport är en mall för mätningsförfarandet och den rekommenderade metoden för att mäta lufttäthet inom NCC i Umeå. Den beskriver en praktiskt tillämpbar metod där resultatet går att jämföra mellan olika objekt. Även en intern mätstorhet som beskriver ytterväggens täthet är framtagen. Mätstorheten och standardens relevans diskuteras. Ändringen i BBR från specificerade krav till funktionskrav anses vara kunskapsdrivande. Det förfarande som beskrivs i resultatet har bedömts vara det mest optimala under rådande förhållanden med den standard som finns. En förändring av standarden skulle kunna leda till en bättre metod som ger mer informativt resultat. / There is a great perplexity about how air permeability should be measured in multiple-unit dwellings. The methods available and the obtained results for determination of air permeability in single-dwelling houses are not applicable for multiple-unit dwellings, even if the derived quantities are the same. This causes the problem for this report: Why and how should the air permeability be determined for a multiple-unit dwelling in a functional and applicable way, which also makes it possible to compare the obtained results from different dwelling units? The methods used to explore solutions are literature studies, conversation with professionals and a full-scale demonstration of one of the methods. A discussion with the initiators of this report leads to the recommended method and a model for how it should be performed. The air-, diffusion- and windtightness of the building envelope are of big importance to the building. The use of energy, moisture transfer, thermal comfort and hygiene, air quality, noise, spreading of fire and spreading of air pollutions are all affected by it. The air tightness is a crucial element for the durability of the building and to secure a good indoor environment. Air tight buildings are also cost-effective in the long run for the involved participants. They are also good for the environment. A study that have been made show that the energy-use for heating buildings will be reduced with almost 30 % if the air permeability improves from 0,8 l/s·m2 to 0,4 l/s·m2. Such a big reduction of the energy use could not be accomplished with any other energy improvement-move that was investigated in the study. The Swedish building regulations, Boverkets Regelsamling för byggande BBR, used to have a demand for the air tightness of buildings. It has been removed in favor of a demand of the function for the energy use, which also include the air tightness. The common advices in BBR refer to the standard, SS-EN 13829 for determination of air permeability. The methods available for determination of air permeability in buildings are the tracer-gas method, determination with a temporary wall, the ventilation system, with corresponding pressure in adjacent spaces and determination with a Blower Door. The last method was demonstrated in multiple-unit dwellings in Umeå, Sweden, with good results. Note that the result of this report is a methodology and how the method should be performed within buildings erected by NCC in Umeå. It describes a functional and applicable method where the results can be compared between different objects. An internal quantity which describes the air permeability of the external wall has been developed. A discussion of the relevance if the derived quantity and the standard has been made. The change in BBR to demands of the function for the energy use has been considered to be a driving force for knowledge. The procedure described in the results has been considered to be the optimum procedure for existing conditions with the standard available. A change in the standard would lead to a better method which would give more informative results.