[pt] Este trabalho teve como finalidade o estudo dos níveis da composição química do MP2,5 e MP10 e gases coletados em áreas urbanas-costeiras, a fim de avaliar o impacto dos Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 e pandemia na qualidade do ar na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostraram o aumento de MP2,5 e MP10 devido às atividades urbanas desenvolvidas durante os Jogos Olímpicos e as obras que ainda estavam sendo realizadas no primeiro semestre de 2016. Em todas as estações as espécies inorgânicas refletiram a influência de aerossóis secundários e contribuições marinhas. As espécies Fe e Cu foram os elementos mais abundantes encontrados nas partículas, detectados principalmente em MP10. As fontes de emissão no MP10 foi obtido através do Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF); quatro fontes de aerossóis foram identificadas nos locais: veicular, spray marinho, formação secundária e um misto de ressuspensão do solo e industrial. Um total de 37 HPA foram determinados e a concentração média da soma dos 16 HPA considerados prioritários representou > 30 %. Para a maioria das estações, a distribuição foi caracterizada pela predominância de compostos com massa molecular entre 252 e 276. Em relação a pandemia, os resultados mostraram que o bloqueio parcial afetou os níveis de poluentes por meio da redução das emissões. Foram observadas a diminuição nos poluentes SO2, NO2 e CO; enquanto houve um aumento na concentração de O3. No geral, o bloqueio parcial contribuiu para a melhoria da qualidade do ar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] This work aimed to study the levels of the chemical composition of PM2.5 and PM10 and gases collected in urban-coastal areas, in order to assess the impact of the Olympic Games and the pandemic on air quality in Rio de Janeiro. The results showed the increase of PM2.5 and PM10 due to urban activities developed during the Olympic Games and the works that were still being carried out in the first half of 2016. In all sites inorganic species reflected the influence of secondary aerosol and marine contributions. The vehicular emitted species Fe and Cu were the most abundant elements found in the particles, mostly detected in PM10. The source apportionment was obtained with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF); four aerosol sources were identified at the sites: vehicular, marine spray, secondary formation and a mix of industrial and soil resuspension. A total of 37 PAHs were analyzed. The average concentration of the 16 PAHs sum considered priority represented > 30 %. For most stations, the distribution was characterized by the predominance of compounds with a mass between 252 and 276. Regarding the pandemic, the results showed that the partial lockdown affected pollutant levels by reducing sources emission. A decrease in SO2, NO2, and CO was observed; while there was an increase in O3 concentration. Thereby, the partial lockdown contributed to improving air quality in Rio de Janeiro City.

[pt] O tema qualidade do ar em ambientes internos é de suma importância para a sociedade devido ao seu impacto na saúde humana, e pela maior permanência de indivíduos em ambientes sem circulação de ar natural. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema portátil e de baixo custo para monitoramento de grandezas atmosféricas ligadas à qualidade do ar em ambientes internos, composto por sensores integrados a unidades locais, incluindo um sistema remoto hospedado na nuvem para armazenar os resultados das medições desses sensores. Apresentam-se as diretrizes e documentos normativos e regulatórios relacionados ao tema, além das tecnologias para sensoriamento utilizadas. Após o desenvolvimento e caracterização dos sensores, as unidades foram distribuídas em ambientes universitários com distintas dinâmicas de uso, onde o gradiente espacial das grandezas atmosféricas foi avaliado e analisado segundo os requisitos para qualidade do ar publicados na regulamentação vigente. Com o monitoramento multiparamétrico identificou-se a heterogeneidade da distribuição dos valores das grandezas, dependente da dinâmica de ocupação e das condições de ventilação, especialmente para as concentrações de CO2. Este parâmetro superou os valores recomendados pela agência reguladora em todos os ensaios realizados em sala de aula, e maiores valores mostraram-se fortemente associados à região do espaço mais próxima das vias aéreas superiores dos ocupantes. Os resultados apontam para a importância de monitoramento contínuo e em vários pontos de um plano posicionado a uma distância estratégica do piso, conforme a dinâmica de ocupação e posição média da emissão de gases pelo processo respiratório. / [en] The topic of indoor air quality is of paramount importance to society due to its impact on human health and the increasing number of individuals staying in environments with no natural air circulation. This work describes the development of the system, low-cost and portable, for monitoring atmospheric quantities linked to indoor air quality, composed of sensors integrated into local units, including a remote system hosted in the cloud to store the results of measurements of these sensors. The normative and regulatory guidelines and documents related to the theme are presented, in addition to the sensing technologies used. After the development and characterization of the sensors, the units were distributed in university environments with different dynamics of use, where the spatial gradient of the atmospheric quantities was evaluated and analyzed according to the requirements for air quality published in the current regulation. With multiparametric monitoring, the heterogeneity of the distribution of the values of the quantities was identified, depending on the dynamics of occupation and ventilation conditions, especially for CO2 concentrations. This parameter exceeded the values recommended by the regulatory agency in all tests performed in the classroom, and higher values were shown to be strongly associated with the region of space closest to the occupants upper airways. The results point to the importance of continuous monitoring and at various points in a plane positioned at a strategic distance from the floor, according to the dynamics of occupation and the average position of the emission of gases by the respiratory process.

Människans välmående och förmåga att prestera optimalt påverkas av inomhusklimatet. de främsta faktorerna som påverkar människans upplevelse av detta är luftkvalitet, ljus och ljudnivåer.I den här rapporten vill vi ta reda på hur en byggnad som vi har valt lever upp till de krav som ställs på inomhusklimatet, ta reda på hur personer i byggbranschen ser på/värderar inomhusklimatet och hur det arbetar för att uppfylla kraven på ett bra inomhusklimat. För att ta reda på detta har vi använt oss av handlingar för det huset vill valt, intervjuer med branschfolk samt en enkätundersökning som delats ut till brukarna av byggnaden.Byggnaden uppfyller de krav som ställs på ljud, ljus, luftkvalité, värmekomfort på vinterhalvåret och värmekomfort på sommarhalvåret enligt miljöbyggnad gulds kriterier för projekterande värden. Enligt vår enkät undersökning med 46 deltagare där frågor som tagits fram av Sweden Green Building Council som handlar om hur nöjda brukarna är med inomhusklimatet klarade ljud, ljus och luftkvalitet kraven på nöjdhet som ska vara minst 80 % av deltagarna. Värmekomforten i byggnaden klarade däremot inte kraven på både vinter och sommarhalvåret.Slutsatsen från den här studien är att i byggnaden överlag håller en hög standard men att det går att göra förbättringar i värmesystemen i form av injusteringar av ventilation och sekundärvärme. Deltagarna var väldigt nöjda med dagsljus och vi kom fram till slutsatsen att på grund av de stora fönsterytorna som skapar detta är det svårt att få en bra värmekomfort i fastigheten då alla typer av öppningar för med sig värmeförluster.De företag och personer vi har varit i kontakt med jobbar alla aktivt med inomhusklimat frågor både i projekteringsstadiet och i brukar stadiet. De ser alla en positiv framtid för den fortsatta utvecklingen av inomhusklimatet och att det är en av de viktigaste frågor man ställs inför vid uppförande av fastigheter. / Human well-being and ability to perform optimally are affected by the indoor climate. The main factors that affect the human experience of this are air quality, light and noise levels.In this report we want to find out how a building we have chosen meets the requirements of the indoor climate, find out how people in the construction industry are looking at/appreciating the indoor climate and how they work to meet the requirements for a good indoor climate. To research this we have used documents from the house we choose, interviews with industry people and a survey conducted to the users of the building.The building meets the requirements for sound, light, air quality, warmth comfort during the winter and heat comfort during the summer months according to the environmental building gold criteria for projected values. According to our survey, a survey of 46 participants where questions raised by the Swedish Green Building Council, which deal with how satisfied the users are with the indoor climate, sound, light and air quality achieved the satisfaction requirements that should be at least 80%. However, the heating comfort in the building did not meet the demands in winter and summertime's.The conclusion from this study is that the building in general has a high standard but that improvements in heating systems can be made in form of adjustments of ventilation and secondary heating. The participants were very happy with daylight and we came to the conclusion that because of the large windows that create this, it is difficult to get a good heating comfort in the property as all types of openings bring heat losses.The companies and people we have been in contact with, all actively work with indoor climate issues, both at the design stage and at the user stage. They all see a positive future for the continued development of the indoor climate and that it is one of the most important issues facing the construction of real estate

According to World Health Organization, around 7 million people die every year due to diseases caused by air pollution. With the improvements in Internet of Things in the recent years, environmental sensing systems has started to gain importance. By using technologies like Cloud Computing, RFID, Wireless Sensor Networks, and open Application Programming Interfaces, it has become easier to collect data for visualization on different platforms. However, collected data need to be represented in an efficient way for better understanding and analysis, which requires design of data visualization tools. The GreenIoT initiative aims to provide open data with its infrastructure for sustainable city development in Uppsala. An environmental web application is presented within this thesis project, which visualizes the gathered environmental data to help municipality organizations to implement new policies for sustainable urban planning, and citizens to gain more knowledge to take sustainable decisions in their daily life. The application has been developed making use of the 4Dialog API, which is developed to provide data from a dedicated cloud storage for visualization purposes. According to the evaluation presented in this thesis, further development is needed to improve the performance to provide faster and more reliable service as well as the accessibility to promote openness and social inclusion. / Enligt World Health Organization dör 7 miljoner människor varje år på grund av sjukdomar orsakade av luftföroreningar. Med förbättringar inom Internet of Things under senare år, har betydelsen av system för miljösensorer. Genom att använda tekniker som molntjänster, RFID, trådlösa sensornätverk och öppna programmeringsgränssnitt, har det blivit enklare att samla in data för visualisering på olika plattformar. Men insamlad data behöver bli representerad på ett effektivt sätt för bättre förståelse och analys, vilket kräver utformande av verktyg för visualisering av data. Initiativet GreenIoT strävar mot att erbjuda öppen data med sin infrastruktur för hållbar stadsutveckling i Uppsala. I detta arbete presenteras en webb-tillämpning, som visualiserar den insamlade miljödatan för att hjälpa kommunen att implementera nya policies för hållbar stadsutveckling, och stimulera medborgare till att skaffa mer kunskap för att göra miljövänliga val i sin vardag. Tillämpningen har utvecklats med hjälp av 4Dialog API, som tillhandahåller data från lagring i molnet för visualiseringssyfte. Enligt den utvärdering som presenteras i denna rapport konstateras att vidare utveckling behövs för att förbättra dels prestanda för att erbjuda en snabbare och mer tillförlitlig service, och dels åtkomstmöjligheter för att främja öppenhet och social inkludering.

More than 50 % of EU’s yearly energy demand is spent on heating and cooling systems with which most of its source is generated from non-renewable fossil fuel [1]. Furthermore, half of the EU buildings are heated with a non-efficient boiler of about 60% or less efficiency [1]. The report released by EU from 1990 to 2007 revealed that fuel combustion and fugitive emission contribute to about 79.3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalents [1]. The EU-EBPD long-term renovation strategy is to improve the energy performance of all residential and non-residential buildings in its member countries through supporting the renovation of the existing buildings into highly energy efficient and decarbonised buildings [2]. Despite all these EU policies and efforts to replace these non-efficient heating systems, the main challenge is price comparison of different solutions and their efficiency in retrofitting of the heating old systems together with the lack of information about the functioning of those old systems [1]. Thus, the development of an easy to install heating system in retrofitting with low exergy heat supply is a significant contribution to a sustainable solution in minimizing energy resources depletion and environmental emission. Furthermore, efficient system control of these easy to install heating systems, hybrids combinations solution for retrofitting building could be a sustainable solution for the preservation of the existing building. The main objective of this work was to design an easy to install hybrid low-temperature floor heating system in retrofitting buildings and compare its results on energy performance, thermal comfort and indoor air quality with other conventional heating mainly used in the Mediterranean climate. This study was performed in two existing radiators heated buildings located in Sant Cugat del vallès in Catalonia, Spain.The results showed that the hybrid low-temperature heating system has the highest energy performance and energy saving of 48 % and 52% compared to that of existing radiator heating and all air heating, respectively. However, hybrid low-temperature floor heating showed a slow heating response, and consequently, it showed lower operative temperature compared to others even though it was within the recommended standards limits. The hybrid low-temperature heating system with demand-controlled ventilation also showed a better indoor air quality, while as existing radiator with its natural ventilation showed the worst indoor air quality. All three compared heating systems showed a better coefficient of performance with low-temperature heat supply and were able to operate with low-temperature heat supply. / Mer än 50% av EU:s årliga energibehov spenderas på värme- och kylsystem där de flesta av deras källor genereras från icke-förnybart fossilt bränsle [1]. Dessutom värms hälften av EU:s byggnader upp med en ineffektiv panna med cirka 60% eller mindre effektivitet [1]. EU:s rapport från 1990 till 2007 avslöjade att bränsleförbränning och flyktiga utsläpp bidrar till cirka 79% av de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser i koldioxidekvivalenter [1]. EU:s och EBPD:s långsiktiga renoveringsstrategi är att förbättra energiprestanda för alla bostäder och andra byggnader i dess medlemsländer genom att stödja renovering av befintliga byggnader till mycket energieffektiva byggnader [2].Trots alla dessa EU-policyer och ansträngningar för att ersätta dessa ineffektiva värmesystem, är den största utmaningen prisjämförelse av olika lösningar och deras effektivitet i renovering av de gamla värmesystemen tillsammans med bristen på information om hur de gamla systemen fungerar [1]. Därför är utvecklingen av ett installationsenkelt värmesystem med låg värmeförsörjning av exergi ett viktigt bidrag till en hållbar lösning för att minimera energiresurser och miljöutsläpp. Dessutom kan effektiv systemkontroll av dessa värmesystem med olika kombinationslösningar för renovering av byggnaden vara en hållbar lösning för att bevara den befintliga byggnaden.Huvudsyftet med detta arbete var att utforma ett lågtemperaturgolvvärmesystem att använda vid renovering av byggnader och jämföra dess resultat på energiprestanda, termisk komfort och inomhusluftkvalitet med annan konventionell uppvärmning som huvudsakligen används i medelhavsklimat. Denna studie utfördes i två befintliga radiatoruppvärmda byggnadet i Sant Cugat del vallès i Katalonien, Spanien. Resultaten visade att hybridsystemet med låg temperatur har den högsta energiprestandan och energibesparingen på 48% och 52% för den befintliga radiatorvärme respektive luftvärme. Emellertid visade lågtemperaturgolvvärme ett långsamt uppvärmningssvar, och följaktligen visade det lägre driftstemperatur jämfört med de andra systemen trots att det låg inom de rekommenderade standardgränserna. Lågtemperaturvärmesystem med efterfrågningsstyrd ventilation visade också en bättre inomhusluftkvalitet, medan befintliga radiatorer med sin naturliga ventilation visade den sämsta inomhusluftkvaliteten. Alla tre jämförda värmesystemen visade bättre prestanda med lågtemperaturvärmeförsörjning och kunde fungera med lågtemperaturvärmeförsörjning.

Previous research have shown a possible relationship between the indoor work environmentand the impact it has on the employees’ performance. Different factors can affect theperformance; physical parameters, such as ventilation and air quality, noise levels, thermalclimate, lighting and access to daylight, as well as the level of flexibility of the work, furnitureetc. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the quality of the indoor work environment at siteoffices within Company AB in Sweden. Further, how the physical and the psychologicalenvironment play an important role regarding the attractiveness of the workspace. The studywill only focus on four physical parameters affecting the physical functionality of an office; airquality, noise, temperature and lighting. The following research questions were asked: 1) Whatdifferent types of site offices can be identified in Sweden and what are the commonly usedoffice layouts? 2) How well does the actual indoor work environment at site offices align withthe restrictions by the Swedish Work Environment Authority? 3) How is the indoorenvironment of the site offices perceived by the people utilizing the workspace? 4) Which arethe most important parts to look at to improve the attractiveness of the site offices at CompanyAB? The study is both qualitative and quantitative including measurements, interviews,meetings, and a questionnaire as the main sources of information used to answer the researchquestions.According to the results, the two most commonly used site offices are construction trailers andrented premises. The visited offices had varied layouts since they are designed to fit the needsof the specific project organizations. Out of the four parameters, noise was the only one thatentirely fulfilled the requirements in the six site offices visited.The employees perceived the physical parameters in the site offices differently. The air qualitywas generally perceived to be sufficient in the office spaces but quite bad in the meeting rooms.Multiple employees thought noise was one of the most problematic parameters and it wasshown to possibly depend on work role or task. Employees expressed the need of a versatileoffice layout, with both open office areas and smaller secluded rooms combined, which couldincrease their concentration level and decrease disturbance. Another problematic parameterwas the temperature and generally, the need was to stabilize it throughout the year. Regardingthe lighting, many expressed the desire to be able to adjust it on their own.People perceive things differently which is why a more varied and flexible office might fulfillmore people’s needs. If these needs are fulfilled, it could improve not only the physical workenvironment but also the psychological work environment and therefore increase theattractiveness and job satisfaction of the employees. / Tidigare forskning har visat en möjlig koppling mellan inomhusklimat och dess påverkan påden anställdas prestation. Olika faktorer kan påverka prestationen; fysiska parametrar; såsomventilation och luftkvalitet, ljudnivå, termiskt klimat, ljus och tillgång till dagsljus samt nivånav flexibilitet på jobbet, möbler och andra faktorer. Därför syftar denna studie till att undersökakvalitén av arbetsmiljön inomhus på platskontor hos Company AB i Sverige. Vidare, hur denfysiska och psykiska miljön spelar en stor roll gällande hur attraktiv en arbetsplats är. Dennastudie kommer bara fokusera på fyra fysiska parametrar som påverkar den fysiskafunktionaliteten av ett kontor; luftkvalitet, ljud, temperatur och ljus. Följande forskningsfrågorhar ställts: 1) Vilka olika typer av platskontor kan identifieras i Sverige och vilka olikautformningar används vanligast? 2) Hur väl uppfyller den faktiska inomhusmiljön påplatskontoren kraven från Arbetsmiljöverket? 3) Hur upplevs inomhusmiljön på platskontorenav människorna som jobbar i dem? 4) Vilka är de viktigaste aspekterna för att ökaattraktiviteten av platskontoren på Company AB? Studien är både kvalitativ och kvantitativoch inkluderar både mätningar, intervjuer, möten och en enkät som de främstainformationskällorna för att svara på forskningsfrågorna.Resultaten visar på att de vanligaste platskontoren är byggbodar och inhyrda lokaler. Debesökta kontoren hade olika uppbyggnad eftersom de var utformade för att passa de specifikaprojektorganisationerna. Utav de fyra parametrarna var ljudet det enda som uppfyllde kraven ide sex besökta platskontoren.De anställda upplevde de fysiska parametrarna på olika sätt. Luftkvaliteten upplevdes generelltsom tillräcklig bland kontorsplatserna men ganska dålig i mötesrummen. Flera anställda tyckteatt ljudet var en av de mest problematiska parametrarna och det visade sig möjligtvis bero påarbetsroll eller uppgift. De anställda uttryckte ett behov av en varierad utformning av kontorenmed en kombination av både öppna kontorslandskap och mindre avskilda rum vilket skullekunna öka koncentrationsförmågan och minska störande ljud. En annan problematiskparameter var temperaturen och generellt var behovet att få en mer stabil temperatur över året.Vad gäller ljussättningen så uttryckte många att de ville kunna reglera den själva.Människor upplever saker olika vilket gör att ett mer varierat och flexibelt kontor kan uppfyllafler människors behov. Om dessa behov uppfylls kan detta förbättra inte bara den fysiskaarbetsmiljön utan också den psykiska arbetsmiljön och kan därigenom öka attraktiviteten samtarbetsnöjdheten hos de anställda.

Personal på Högskolan i Gävle tycks periodvis uppleva dålig komfort ikontorsrummen på södersidan i skolans gamla kasernbyggnader. En undersökninggjordes därför på högskolan i april månad i tre kontor, ett med fönsterhuvudsakligen i norrläge och två med fönster huvudsakligen i söderläge. Syftet varatt kartlägga den termiska komforten och luftkvaliteten i de olika väderstrecken ochjämföra med gällande rekommendationer, bland annat genom att beräkna PMV vidolika tillfällen. Vidare undersöktes potentiella samband mellan ute- och inneklimatsamt tunna gardiners inverkan på termostat, värmeflöde och komfort. Den undersökta byggnaden är en äldre stenbyggnad med ovanligt välisoleradefönster och termostatstyrda, vätskeburna radiatorer. Byggnaden har FTX-ventilationmed ett till- och ett överluftsdon i varje kontorsrum. Mätningarna utfördes meddataloggrar som mätte lufttemperatur, relativ luftfuktighet och koldioxidhalt. I tvåav rummen mättes även globtemperatur. Utöver det mättes lufthastighet på tre olikahöjder i två av rummen samt ventilationsflödet i samtliga rum. Resultatet visade att inomhus- och utomhustemperatur har en relativt högkorrelation. Relativa luftfuktigheten var nästan alltid högst i norrläge, men i samtligarum var den låg – lägre än vad som rekommenderas i riktlinjerna. Soligt väderpåverkade temperatur och relativ luftfuktighet inomhus mest av alla vädervariabler,men personnärvaro och ventilation påverkade mer än utomhusklimatet. Kontor isöderläge hade som förväntat högre temperatur än i norrläge, och översteg deriktlinjer som finns för temperatur i kontor. Som följd av detta blev PMV högre isöderläge, tillfälligt högre än komfortgränsen 0,5, med ett högsta värde på 1,41. Kontoret i norrläge höll sig vid de undersökta tillfällena inom intervallet föraccepterat PMV med ett lägsta värde på -0,35. Detta tyder på att värme i söderlägeär ett större problem än kyla i norrläge. Lufthastigheterna blev låga i bådaväderstrecken. Ventilationsflödena visade sig vara 2/3 av det projekterade värdet,men ändå låg koldioxidhalten på en acceptabel nivå enligt riktlinjer. Gardiner påverkade komforten mer i söderläge än norrläge, men påverkade intetillräckligt mycket för att komma ner i en acceptabel komfortnivå vilket kan bero påatt de var av mycket tunt material. Det var svårt att se tydlig gardinpåverkan påtermostaten, men fråndragna gardiner kan leda till att termostaten reagerar påtemperaturökningar i ett rum snabbare. Däremot påverkades värmeflödet tydligaregenom fönstret av gardinerna. Skillnaden i värmeflödet vid för- och fråndragnagardiner blev 4,1 W. / Employees at University of Gävle seem to periodically experience suboptimalcomfort in south facing offices in the school’s old barrack buildings. Therefore, acase study was conducted in April in three offices, one facing north and two facingsouth. The aim of the study was to map the thermal comfort and air quality in thedifferent directions and compare these to the existing recommendations, includingcalculating PMV at different times. A potential correlation between out- and indoorclimate was also examined, as well as the effect of thin curtains on the thermostat, heat flux and comfort. The University of Gävle is an old brick building with unusually well insulatingwindows and thermostatically regulated, waterborne radiators. The building hasmechanical ventilation with heat recovery, and each office has one supply and oneover-air diffuser. The measurements were made with data loggers that measured airtemperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide. The globe temperature was alsomeasured in two of the rooms. The air velocity on three heights was measured aswell in two of the offices and the ventilation flow was measured in all the rooms. The result showed that indoor- and outdoor temperature have a relatively highcorrelation. The relative humidity was almost always higher in the north facingoffice, but in all the rooms it was low – lower than the recommended guidelines.Sunny weather affected the indoor temperature and relative humidity the most of allthe weather variables, but presence of people and ventilation affected more than theoutdoor climate. South facing offices had as expected a higher temperature thannorth facing ones, and exceeded the guidelines concerning temperatures in offices.Due to that the PMV was higher in the south facing office, temporarily exceedingthe comfort limit of 0,5, with a maximum value of 1,41. The north facing office waswithin the limits during the measurements and had a minimum value of -0,35. Thisindicates that heat in the south facing office is more of a problem than coldness inthe north facing office. The air velocities were low in both directions of thebuilding. The ventilation flow turned out to be 2/3 of the intended value, but thecarbon dioxide content was still acceptable according to guidelines. Curtains influenced the comfort more in the south facing office than in the northfacing office, but they didn’t influence enough to get to an acceptable comfort level,which may be because of the very thin material. It was difficult to see a distinctinfluence from the curtains on the thermostat, but using no curtains could lead tothe thermostat responding faster to increases in temperature in a room. However,the heat flow through the window was influenced more distinctly by the curtains.The difference in heat flow when using curtains compared to no curtains was 4,1 W.

This study determined the state of the practice and emerging trends in developing greenhouse gas (GHG) thresholds of significance for use under the California Environmental Policy Act (CEQA). To describe the adopted, proposed or considered approaches for developing thresholds of significance by air districts and the thought processes behind these decisions, information was obtained through surveys and phone interviews from twelve employees of air districts in California, State agencies, and consultants that are considered experts on this issue. The results of this study include a comparison matrix of the approaches of the three air districts that have adopted or proposed GHG thresholds of significance, and identification of the common themes from air districts’ responses that do not have adopted or proposed thresholds. While the development of GHG thresholds of significance is an evolving practice, emerging trends in this practice were identified. These trends include providing flexibility in options, an emphasis on programmatic approaches and a preference of including bright-line thresholds and efficiency thresholds. Furthermore, this paper concludes that while the three air districts that have proposed or adopted thresholds have laid the groundwork for other districts, some of the approaches or the thresholds themselves may not be easily transferable to other districts based on regional differences. This research provides insight into how GHG emissions might be addressed in CEQA documents throughout the State.

Denna studie har syftet att undersöka sambandet mellan luftföroreningar och olika fordonsvariabler, såsom årsmodell, bränsletyp och fordonstyp, på Hornsgatan i Stockholm. Studien avser att besvara vilka faktorer som har störst inverkan på luftkvaliteten. Utförandet baseras på maskininlärningsalgoritmerna Random Forest och Support Vector Regression, vilka jämförs utifrån R² och RMSE. Modellerna skapade med Random Forest överträffar Support Vector Regression för de olika luftföroreningarna. Den modell som presterade bäst var modellen för kolmonoxid vilken hade ett R²-värde på 99.7%. Den modell som gav prediktioner med lägst R²-värde, 68.4%, var modellen för kvävedioxid. Överlag var resultaten goda i relation till tidigare studier. Utifrån modellerna diskuteras variablers inverkan och olika åtgärder som kan införas i Stockholm Stad och på Hornsgatan för att förbättra luftkvaliteten. / This study aims to investigate the relationship between multiple air pollution and different vehicle variables, such as vehicle year, fuel type and vehicle type, on Hornsgatan in Stockholm. The study intends to answer which factors have the greatest impact on air quality. The implementation is based on the two machine learning algorithms Random Forest and Support Vector Regression, which are compared based on R² and RMSE. The models created with Random Forest outperform Support Vector Regression for the various air pollutants. The best performing model was the carbon monoxide model which had an R²-value of 99.7%. The model that gave predictions with the lowest R²-value, 68.4%, was the model for nitrogen dioxide. Overall, the results were good in relation to previous studies. With regards to these models, the impact of variables and different measures that can be introduced in the City of Stockholm and on Hornsgatan to improve air quality are discussed.

Chemical compounds in indoor air can adversely affect our comfort and health. However, in most cases there is only a limited amount of information available that can be used to assess their health risk. Instead the precautionary principle is often applied, i.e. efforts are made to ensure that the concentrations of pollutants are kept at a minimum when constructing new buildings or conducting renovations by using low-emitting building materials. Today, when investigating buildings in order to solve indoor air quality problems, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are sampled in the air within rooms. The chemical composition of indoor air is complex and there are many sources for the chemicals present. The potential for emissions from sources in hidden spaces such as wall cavities is poorly understood and little information exists on the toxic potential of chemical releases resulting from moisture-related degradation of building materials. Most of the non-reactive VOCs that have been detected in indoor air in field studies and from building products are not believed to cause health problems. However, reactive compounds and chemical reaction products have the potential to negatively influence our comfort and health even at low concentrations. Even though the impact of chemical compounds on health is unclear in many cases, they can be used to identify technical problems in buildings. When a building is investigated, the air inside building structures could be sampled. This method would eliminate emissions from sources other than the construction materials and the samples would contain higher levels of individual compounds. The aims of this work was to identify emissions profiles for different types of building structures, to see if the emission profiles for moisture damaged and undamaged structures differed, and to determine whether any of the emissions profiles for specific structures also could be found in indoor air. Technical investigations and VOC sampling were performed in 21 different buildings with and without previous moisture damage. Seven of the buildings were investigated in the years 2005-2006 (study 1) and fourteen in the years 2009-2010 (study 2). In study 1, sixty samples were analyzed by PCA at the chemical group level (18 chemical groups, i.e. aldehydes, ketones etc). 41 % of all identified chemical compounds belonged to the hydrocarbon chemical group. The second largest chemical groups, each of which accounted for 5-10 % of all identified compounds, were alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and terpenes. The results indicated that one of the main factors that determined the emissions profile of a building structure was the materials used in its construction. Notably, concrete and wooden structures were found to have different emissions profiles. The sum of VOC (TVOC) concentrations for all 241 samples from both study 1 and study 2 was used to compare total emissions between different building elements (ground and higher floors, external walls and roof spaces). Most building elements exhibited relatively low emissions compared to concrete ground floors, which generally had higher TVOC emissions. Emissions from both polystyrene insulation and PVC flooring could be identified in concrete ground floors and were the main cause for the higher emissions found in these structures. Profiles for wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol were also identified in external walls. The emission profiles found in the structures could not be identified in the indoor air in the adjacent rooms, although individual compounds were sometimes detected at low concentrations. Our results showed that the main factors influencing emissions in building structures were the construction materials and the nature of the building element in question. Because of difficulties with finding active water damage at the times of sampling and because of sampling inside closed building structures with old dried-out moisture damages, the field method used in this work was unsuitable for identifying differences in emission profiles between moisture damaged and undamaged structures. It will thus be necessary to investigate this difference in a laboratory where the precise composition of all tested structures is known, a range of RH values can be tested and the accumulation of emissions can be followed. / Kompetenscentrum Byggnad - Luftkvalitet - Hälsa 2 (KLUCK 2)