In this dissertation I explain the transition from modernism to postmodernism through the study of the French existentialist novel. I follow theories that demonstrate that the latter owes its success to historiographic metafiction. By setting off the aporias that deeply penetrate modern novels, I demonstrate the obsolescence of the prototype of the realist novel and I explain the impasses towards which the project of a committed literature lead, inscribed in the line of realism and aimed at an almost direct relation with society and history through the mediation of art between 1945 and 1955 in France. / On one hand I consider literature as an object which can be described by the methodologies of history. On the other hand I suggest an analysis of the historicity of the text that is constituted by the dynamic system generated by the interaction, the interdependence, and the correlation of the poetic and aesthetic parameters and the factors of the historical context. My aim is to set off the poetic and aesthetic mecanism of stability and of transformation of literary creation according to the dynamic relation between the vector of the project associated to realism and the one of the prototype associated to the novel. I think that late modernism produces paradoxical configurations of the novel because it is the period in which the project of realism becomes lapsed and the prototype of the realist novel becomes dilapidated. / Among the works that are exemplary of the tension between fiction and history and between project and prototype in the framework of the representation of reality and of the inscription of history in novels, I identified Albert Camus' La Peste, Simone de Beauvoir's Les Mandarins and Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Chemins de la liberte . I conclude that the enterprise of committed literature was an aporias because it was generated from the impoverishment of the project of realism and the obsolescence of the prototype of the novel. Later literature was extricated, firstly, by the radically and extremely metafictional writing of the Nouveau Roman and, secondly, it was changed by postmodern historiographic metafiction. The crisis of history and of the writing of history was solved by works in which there is the acknowledgement and the use of sophisticated mediations to evoke and inscribe history in different ways.

Michael Cassidy and Albert Nolan both develop their understanding of evangelism and social action within the context of the struggle for a democratic South Africa. This understanding is determined by their own personal contexts and their social analysis of the South African situation. Within these contexts they develop their views of sin and salvation. These underlying issues, contexts and analyses are crucial to and part of their understanding of the relationship between evangelism and social action. This thesis sets out to consider the relationship between evangelism and social action in their theologies by considering the underlying issues that determine this relationship, before finally defining the exact nature ofthis relationship. It considers each theology individually first as each has developed over time in context and needs to be seen as a unified whole as it relates to the . issue of the relationship between evangelism and social action. It then compares their views with each other with insights from other views. Michael Cassidy and Albert Nolan both see sin and hence salvation as personal and social, but Nolan understands these concepts as primarily social. Hence his understanding ofevangelism and social action expressed in evangelization is primarily social. It sees them relating in evangelization in an integrated, holistic way. However, in practice his emphasis on the need to take sides in the struggle and on salvation as primarily in and through the struggle leads to salvation becoming sometimes indistinguishable from human liberation. Thus evangelization also sometimes becomes indistinguishable from the struggle. Cassidy sees these concepts as firstly spiritual and then social and this determines his understanding of the relationship between evangelism and social action. He emphasises these as transforming every level of human relationships, but starting with a right relationship with God. Cassidy achieves a more balanced Evangelical view of partnership in mission but with an emphasis on evangelism and Nolan a somewhat more holistic liberationist theological view of an integrated relationship between evangelism and social action in evangelization but with an emphasis on social action. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

Thesis (MA (English Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As existent beings, we identify with the world through our thoughts and perceptions. Man is driven to seek meaning by the very complexities and contradictions of existence. As self-conscious beings, we cannot live without a sense of awareness and understanding. Creativity allows an individual to develop a unique understanding of the nature and destiny of man. This study draws attention to writers who were able to transcend their external environment and immerse themselves in a setting where man’s individuality is fundamental to living an authentic life. Camus, Dostoevsky and Kafka made every effort to live consciously and authentically. They believed that inwardness was not to be defined by an external, social setting, but rather through an intimacy of consciousness. This awareness and unveiling of being enables us to create meaning. These authors removed their social mantles and were willing to sacrifice acceptance in the pursuit of this cause. They believed that every man has a responsibility to live an individual and authentic life. This psychological and even physical isolation is not easy, however, and often causes much suffering. Using existentialism as a framework, this thesis will focus on solitariness, suffering and creativity, all of which point to the importance of individual consciousness rather than living a life of societal pressures and conformity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As lewende wesens identifiseer ons onsself met die wêreld deur middel van gedagtes en waarnemings. Die mens word gedryf deur die soeke na betekenis in die kompleksiteit en teenstellings van sy bestaan. As wesens met selfkennis kan ons nie leef met ‘n gebrek aan bewustheid en begrip nie. Kreatiwiteit laat die individu toe om ‘n unieke begrip van die aard en lot van die mens te ontwikkel. Hierdi verhandeling vestig die aandag op skrywers wat verby hul uiterlike omgewings kon uitreik en hulself kon indompel in ‘n mileu waar die mens se individualiteit grondliggend is om ‘n onvervalste lewe te lei. Camus, Dostoevsky en Kafka het alles in hul vermoë gedoen om bewustelik en suiwer te lewe. Hulle het geglo dat die innerlike nie gedefinieer kan word deur die uiterlike, sosiale omgewing nie, maar eerder deur ‘n intimiteit van bewustheid. Hierdie bewustheid en openbaring van bestaan laat ons toe om betekenis te skep. Hierdie skrywers het hul sosiale mantels afgewerp en was bereid om sosiale aanvaarbaarheid op te offer in hul strewe na hierdie doelwit. Hulle het geglo dat elke mens oor ‘n individuele en onvervalste lewe beskik. Die sielkundige en selfs fisieke afsondering is egter nooit maklik nie en het dikwels groot lyding tot gevolg. Met eksistensialisme as raamwerk sal hierdie tesis focus op afsondering, lyding en kreatiwiteit.

The diploma thesis examines the specific work of Albert Camus and Gabriel Marcel, focusing on the question of human values. The aim is to show two forms of existential philosophy concerning human existence in their chosen dramas. The work is divided into chapters. In the first chapter we can find the basic characteristics of existentialism and its development. The second and third chapter deals with Camus' and Marcel's conception of philosophy. In these chapters will present the Camus' problem of suicide, revolt, absurd and sense of being. In the case of Marcel will be dealt with the issue of duality of being and have, relationship I-You, love, hope, death, freedom and faith. Diploma thesis results in subsequent chapters where you can find comparison existential themes in the works of authors.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 127144.pdf.jpg: 22926 bytes, checksum: f0072844d69084281a9c7092f970dac1 (MD5) 127144.pdf: 1287076 bytes, checksum: 7e0f27092b752813a38b17f36c8acaeb (MD5) 127144.pdf.txt: 218017 bytes, checksum: a230d57f4715dacbd3f269641e43f092 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-01T00:00:00Z / Ones of most important strategical decision that are placed for the Brazilian hospitals is how expand its activities for other markets which the same still not been covering. Several strategies are being adopted, and the opening of Satellites Units is one of them and has been adopted by a private hospital in São Paulo. Considering this fact, the objective of this study was to carry through a case study on one of these units, analysing the financial and marketing impacts caused by the implantation of the satellite unit. For this analysis, internal information of the unit had been raised and interviews had been carried through with some managers or people who had relationship with the process of implantation and management of the unit. Futhermore, usuaries had been also interviewed, with the aim to detect theirs perceptions of the unit. The results showed that the users are very satisfied with the Unit. However, there is a clear dissatisfaction in relation to the covering of the supplementary assistance sector. By this fact, it has an important restriction in the access to the unit, that is the main explanation for the negative financial results that the Unit is presenting since its implantation. Due to this results, the unit needs to improve the relationship between the hospital adminsitration and the supplementary health assistance companies in order to revert such situation. / Umas das importantes mais importantes decisões estratégicas que está sendo colocada para os hospitais brasileiros diz respeito à decisão de como expandir sua atuação para outros mercados-alvos no qual o mesmo ainda não tem uma boa cobertura. Diversas estratégias estão sendo adotadas, sendo que a abertura de Unidades Satélites é uma delas e que foi adotada por um hospital privado de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar um estudo de caso sobre uma dessas unidades, procurando verificar os impactos financeiros e mercadológicos causados pela implantação da mesma. Para isso, foram levantadas informações internas da unidade e entrevistas foram realizadas com alguns gestores ou pessoas que de algumas forma estiveram relacionadas com o processo de implantação e gerenciamento. Além disso, também foram entrevistados usuários, procurando detectar a percepção dos mesmos sobre a Unidade. Os resultados mostraram que os usuários de modo geral estão muito satisfeitos com a Unidade em termos de atendimento. Entretanto, existe uma clara insatisfação com relação à cobertura do setor de assistência supletiva na Unidade. Em virtude desse fato, há uma restrição importante quanto ao acesso à mesma, o que é uma das mais fortes explicações para os resultados financeiros negativos que a Unidade vêm obtendo desde a sua implantação. Dessa forma, fazem-se necessárias melhorias no relacionamento hospital-operadoras a fim de reverter tal situação.

Toute l’œuvre d’Albert Cohen se centre autour de la mise en scène de fictions identitaires de la judéité. Le romancier avait pour projet d’écrire une vaste « geste des Juifs » à travers les aventures de Solal. Mais ce dessein, affiché délibérément pour les romans, semble en réalité dépasser leur cadre et proposer une immense fresque, autobiographique, romanesque, poétique comme théâtrale, où les aventures de la judéité s’exhibent comme l’actant principal et le ferment majeur d’une esthétique originale. La judéité se vit à la fois en tant qu’expérience singulière et en tant qu’aventure collective. Elle est ainsi un puissant moteur romanesque fondant une mythologie qui lui reste propre. Construite à l’aune d’une filiation homérique, la geste de la judéité propose, plus qu’une épopée à la manière des gestes traditionnelles, une traversée de l’existence juive au sein du monde occidental. Cette judéité, d’autant plus problématique qu’elle est sans cesse déniée et réaffirmée par une réquisition absolue de tout l’être juif, qu’elle se dit dans un rapport ambigu devant des origines inappropriables car lacunaires, représente une véritable dynamique de l’écriture tout autant que l’expression incertaine et contradictoire d’une pensée éthique et existentielle. Et la raison principale de ce mouvement puise dans la volonté de faire advenir un devenir-humain, par le biais de la Loi juive, qui modifiera le monde. Aussi, le Messie, figure obsédante et fascinante, hante l’imaginaire de Cohen, s’infiltrant partout, travaillant en sourdine le personnage de Solal et imposant sa facture singulière à l’être juif dans l’œuvre du romancier. Le messianisme chez Cohen est toujours pluriel et polymorphe. Il informe essentiellement des fictions de la judéité : la littérature se chargera de les décliner. / Albert Cohen’s oeuvre revolves around the staging of Jewish identity. Though the novels only were meant as illustrations of Cohen’s desire to write a vast “epic of the Jews” through Solal’s adventures, it would seem that all his works, be they autobiographical, poetic or dramatic, are in actual fact informed by this desire. So central is Jewish identity, experienced both individually and collectively, to Cohen’s thought and creative process that it appears to be the core of his idiosyncratic aesthetics, and that his writing is based on the myths it creates. However indebted they might be to Homer’s works, the novels are nevertheless less a proper epic than the story of Jewish life in the Western world and offer a complex image of Jewish identity. The latter is constantly both denied and reaffirmed and its origins are forever presented as uncertain. This complexity and uncertainty permeates not only Cohen’s writing, but his ethical and existential thought. What is expressed is the desire for the advent of humanity through the Jewish Law, which will change the world. The fascinating, all pervasive figure of the Messiah is thus obsessively present in Cohen’s creative imagination and defines Solal as well as all the Jewish characters in the novels. Cohen’s complex and protean Messianism informs the staging of Jewish identity that will then take various literary forms.

En commençant son étude critique sur Camus, Pierre de Boisdeffre,dans (Métamorphose de la littérature, Proust, Valéry, Cocteau, Anouilh, Camus, Sartre, Verviers, Marabout Université, 1974, p.309), fait le constat suivant:"l'Europe depuis Nietzsche, est à la recherche d'un cinquième Evangile. Qu'elle exalte les nourritures terrestres ou qu'elle communie à sa propre nausée, la littérature contemporaine n'a plus qu'une seule certitude: elle sait que Dieu est mort et s'efforce de le remplacer par l'Homme." En méditant la pensée de Camus à travers ses essais philosophiques, il semble que, même si dans un entretien sur la révolte, ce dernier déclare qu'"il n'est pas humaniste", la question du comment l'homme doit vivre avec ses semblables dans le monde et en société, est au centre de la réflexion philosophique camusienne. Car, l'époque de Camus fut celle où la vie humaine comme valeur et la dignité de l'être humain, furent soumises à une dure épreuve d'être respectées par chaque homme et en tout homme. D'où l'intérêt que l'oeuvre de Camus porte sur la question de la "vitalogie": L'homme peut-il vivre heureux sans le secours de Dieu? Oui ou non, l'homme, peut-il se tuer volontairement ou bien tuer les autres sans raison? L'homme peut-il détruire le monde qui le porte sans détruire sa propre vie? En effet, loin de voir dans la mort raisonnée et dans le suicide une valeur, Camus considère qu'ils sont plutôt un mal que les hommes doivent éviter et faire éviter les autres dans le "vivre-ensemble." C'est pour cette raison que la pensée philosophique chez Camus présente comme l'une des caractéristiques majeures, la "passion de vivre" de l'homme et pour l'homme, car la vie est, selon lui, une valeur cardinale qui doit être respectée en tout être humain dans la communauté qui voudrait être juste, paisible, libre, solidaire et unie. A cet effet, nous soutenons la thèse suivante: La pensée camusienne est une "vitalogie" paradoxale, c'est-à-dire qu'elle est debat philosophique sur la vie de l'être humain, en tant que valeur fondamentale, dans ses rapports avec Dieu, le monde et les autres. Par conséquent, une société dans laquelle les hommes sont habités par la passion de bien vivre et mieux vivre ensemble, il y a une exigence impérieuse pour eux de promouvoir et de crer les valeurs qui favorisent le respect de l'être humain et de sa vie. La vitaogie camuusienne est indissociable de la vision qu'on se fait sur l'homme ici et maintenant, en tenant compte des contradictions ou des antinomies du "oui" et du "non" de l'existence. Selon Camus, en effet, la mission principale de l'homme dans le monde est de vivre: "Oui, mais je n'aurai rien manqué de ce qui fait toute ma mission et c'est de vivre." (Carnets I.p.92). La pensée camusienne est donc une vitalogie. Mais comment l'homme doit-il vivre? Celui-ci, pense Camus, doit devenir "créateur" des valeurs de la justice, de la liberté, de la solidarité, de la paix, de l'amitié et de la fraternité entre les hommes et être courageux, pour assumer la responsabilité de sa vie et de son destin dans le monde, en évitant d'aliéner son esprit dans les illusions, dans quelque absolutisme qu'il soit ou dans un pessimisme tétanisant. Au total, l'homme doit prendre en main sa destinée, en vue de la "joie vivre", sans pour autant perdre de vue que celle-ci ne se sépare pas non plus du "désespoir de vivre." <p> / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of the thesis is to confront predominantly Celtic nations depicted in the comic series about Aste rix by René Goscinny and Albert Uderz with information derived from literary as well as archaeological sources and consequently to describe current stereotypes and political and social events appearing in the series. Since its origin, Asterix series has become a world phenomenon with readers across both the social and age spectrum. Numerous allusions to the recent past, which the authors decided to humorously comment on through their cartoon characters, can be found in the series. However, each of the stories takes place in the historical background of the times around the year 50 BC, and it seems interesting to observe to what extent Uderzo and Goscinny stick to the sources and when their fantasy takes over. Keywords: Asterix, René Goscinny, Albert Uderzo, phenomenon, Celtic nations, ancient times, the Gauls, the Belgae, the Picts, the present nations, international