Dentre os planos que Albert Camus estabeleceu para a sua obra, prevaleceu nos seus escritos e declarações a tríplice que incluía os ciclos do absurdo, da revolta e do amor. Cada um dos ciclos seria composto de pelo menos uma peça de teatro, um romance e um ensaio, além de também ser acompanhado de um mito central, sendo respectivamente Sísifo, Prometeu e Nêmesis. Com a sua morte súbita em acidente de carro aos 46 anos, o escritor deixou alguns vestígios do que viria a compor o seu terceiro ciclo: o romance inacabado O primeiro homem, anotações sobre a peça Don Fausto e elementos para o ensaio O mito de Nêmesis. A presente pesquisa reúne e contextualiza os rastros deixados por Camus em torno da sua relação com o mito de Nêmesis a fim de oferecer uma chave de leitura para a sua obra e expor um panorama formal, temático e filosófico de um dos seus últimos projetos de ensaio. / Among the plans that Albert Camus has established to his work it has prevailed, in his writings and declarations, the triple that includes cycles of absurd, revolt and love. Each one of the cycles would be composed at least of a theater play, a novel and an essay. Besides, they are also followed by a central myth, being Sisyphus, Prometheus and Nemesis. After Camus sudden death at age 46, he left some traces of what would it be consisted his third cycle: the unfinished novel The first man, notes about the play Don Faust and elements for the essay The myth of Nemesis. The presented research reunites and contextualizes the traces let by Camus around his relationship with the myth of Nemesis in order to offer a reading key to his work and to expose a formal, thematic and philosophical overview of this essay project.

Este estudo propõe uma análise comparativa entre Le Premier Homme, de Albert Camus, e La disparition de la langue française, de Assia Djebar, tendo como contexto os impasses que cercaram a colonização francesa da Argélia, bem como o período posterior à sua independência, a partir da reflexão sobre as inter-relações língua, exílio e memória. Albert Camus é um escritor de origem francesa, nascido na Argélia. Assia Djebar é uma argelina de origem árabe, que escreve em francês. Nos romances em questão, parte-se da perspectiva da vida privada dos protagonistas para alcançar o espaço da memória coletiva tanto de franceses pobres quanto de árabes. Jacques Cormery e Berkane constituem-se como porta-vozes de seus antepassados, restituindo-lhes o direito a uma memória esfacelada e vista como desimportante pelo poder colonial. A fim de estabelecer essa leitura comparativa, procura-se compreender a relevância da literatura magrebina de língua francesa, com destaque para a produção da Argélia, em paralelo aos princípios ético-culturais da École dAlger, movimento ao qual se associava Albert Camus. A seguir, refletimos sobre as relações entre os conceitos de literatura e história, ficção e autobiografia, fundamentais à análise propriamente dita de ambos os romances. / The aim of this study is to develop a comparative analysis of Albert Camus Le Premier Homme and La disparition de la langue française, by Algerian writer Assia Djebar, having as backdrop the context of French colonization deadlocks in Algeria, as well as in the period after independence. Our starting point is based around reflection on the relations between language, exile and memory. Albert Camus, of French origin, was born in Algeria, while Assia Djebar, of Arab descent, writes in French. The analysis of both novels begins from the perspective of the private lives of the main characters, to establish a space of collective memory of both poor people of French origin and people of Arab descent. Jacques Cormery and Berkane became spokesmen of their ancestors, thus restoring to them the right to a shattered memory, seen as unimportant by the colonial power. To achieve this comparative reading, it is necessary to understand the relevance of Maghrebian literature in French, with emphasis on the production of Algeria, in parallel to the ethical-cultural École dAlger, movement to which Albert Camus was associated. Next, we reflect upon the relationship between the concepts of literature and history, fiction and autobiography, fundamental to the analysis of both novels.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kleiton Cerqueira.pdf: 516604 bytes, checksum: fe4899e2265fa8146e0aab6169fe3647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present research pursuits from two fundamental bases of Albert Camus thought, which are, absurd and the revolt discusses the relation between Camus thought and religion with regard to his refusal to accept the conception or attitude that resorts to a meaning beyond human existence. Camus - who was an Algerian writer and received a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1959. He conceived the absurd as an experience resultant of the awareness of asymmetry current in the human existence. This asymmetry is set in the extreme between the human desire for happiness, unity and fullness and the evidence expressed by pain, fragmentation and limitation. The revolt exists in this scenery as Camus answer for the simultaneously demand for justice and revolt against death. As far as religion is concerned, Camus understands it as an escape founded on hope. This escape neglects and impedes the extreme consideration of human condition. The religious hope, in short, invalidate the revolt as a legitimate answer to the existential condition, as it intends to justify the injustice as an answer to a mystery. As it was provided the description of absurd and the revolt, this research turns to Paul Tillich s thought, a German theologian and philosopher, as a theoretical reference in order to analyse the specific relation between religion and Camus thought. The concept of religion and faith in Paul Tillich is as an important element as it takes into consideration the existence of an ambiguity in the religious experience, performed by Paul Tillich from the dialogue between finite and infinite, or, in other words, between the being and the no being. From Paul Tillich, we ask about the possibility of religion, even amid statement of the impossibility of the eternal. So, there ensue to the consideration that the carrying out of religious experience in Camus as an expression of a profane transcendence, where the refusal of God take communion with an everlasting demanding for perfection and eternity. / A presente pesquisa busca, a partir dos dois pólos fundamentais ao pensamento de Albert Camus, a saber, o absurdo e a revolta, discutir a relação do pensamento camusiano com a religião, no que tange fundamentalmente à sua recusa frente a um pensamento ou atitude que recorra a um sentido além da existência humana. Camus escritor franco-argelino e Prêmio Nobel de Literatura em 1959 concebeu o absurdo como a experiência resultante da consciência de assimetria vigente na existência humana. Esta assimetria se estabelece na polarização entre o anseio humano por felicidade, união e plenitude e a evidência expressa pela existência de dor, fragmentação e limite. A revolta subsiste neste cenário como resposta camusina: esta é concomitantemente reivindicação de justiça e insurreição contra a morte. No que concerne à religião, Camus compreende uma fuga fundamentada na esperança. Esta fuga negligencia e impede a consideração radical da condição humana. A esperança religiosa, em suma, anula a revolta como resposta legitima a condição existencial: pretende justificar o injusto com base em um mistério. Realizada a descrição do absurdo e da revolta, recorre-se ao pensamento do teólogo e filósofo alemão Paul Tillich, como referencial teórico para a análise específica da relação entre religião e pensamento camusiano. O conceito de religião e fé em Paul Tillich apresenta-se como elemento importante para a consideração desta relação ao salientar a vigência da ambigüidade na experiência religiosa, interpretada em Paul Tillich a partir da experiência dialógica entre o finito e o infinito, ou, em outros termos, entre o ser e o não-ser. A partir de Paul Tillich pergunta-se sobre a possibilidade da religião, mesmo em meio à afirmação da impossibilidade do eterno. Caminha-se, assim, para a consideração da efetividade da experiência religiosa em Camus como expressão de uma transcendência profana , onde a recusa a Deus comunga com uma perene reivindicação da perfeição e do eterno.

Dentre os planos que Albert Camus estabeleceu para a sua obra, prevaleceu nos seus escritos e declarações a tríplice que incluía os ciclos do absurdo, da revolta e do amor. Cada um dos ciclos seria composto de pelo menos uma peça de teatro, um romance e um ensaio, além de também ser acompanhado de um mito central, sendo respectivamente Sísifo, Prometeu e Nêmesis. Com a sua morte súbita em acidente de carro aos 46 anos, o escritor deixou alguns vestígios do que viria a compor o seu terceiro ciclo: o romance inacabado O primeiro homem, anotações sobre a peça Don Fausto e elementos para o ensaio O mito de Nêmesis. A presente pesquisa reúne e contextualiza os rastros deixados por Camus em torno da sua relação com o mito de Nêmesis a fim de oferecer uma chave de leitura para a sua obra e expor um panorama formal, temático e filosófico de um dos seus últimos projetos de ensaio. / Among the plans that Albert Camus has established to his work it has prevailed, in his writings and declarations, the triple that includes cycles of absurd, revolt and love. Each one of the cycles would be composed at least of a theater play, a novel and an essay. Besides, they are also followed by a central myth, being Sisyphus, Prometheus and Nemesis. After Camus sudden death at age 46, he left some traces of what would it be consisted his third cycle: the unfinished novel The first man, notes about the play Don Faust and elements for the essay The myth of Nemesis. The presented research reunites and contextualizes the traces let by Camus around his relationship with the myth of Nemesis in order to offer a reading key to his work and to expose a formal, thematic and philosophical overview of this essay project.

Cette thèse a pour objet de retracer l’histoire de la réception de l’œuvre d’Albert Camus en Chine et de mettre au jour l’influence qu’elle a pu exercer sur les écrivains chinois. Le processus de la réception de l’œuvre de Camus en Chine étant inséparable du processus de l’évolution politique et culturelle chinoise, il est examiné sous l’angle de la sociologie, de l’histoire politique, de la littérature comparée, et de la traductologie. L’étude met ainsi en lumière les circonstances historiques, sociales, culturelles, politiques des différentes périodes au cours desquelles l’œuvre de Camus a été reçue, traduite, publiée, et critiquée en Chine. / This thesis aims at retracing the history of the reception of the work of Albert Camus in China and exposing the influence it has on Chinese writers. The process of the reception of Camus' work in China is inseparable from the process of Chinese political and cultural evolution and is examined from the angle of sociology, political history, comparative literature, and Translatology. The study highlights the historical, social, cultural and political circumstances of the different periods during which Camus's work has been received, translated, published and criticized in China.

Au début des Carnets, exprimant ce qui le pousse à créer, Albert Camus mentionne « la nostalgie d’une pauvreté perdue ». Une nostalgie ambiguë, qui ne signifie pas un simple regret du temps perdu, mais qui se relève du « sentiment bizarre » que le fils porte à sa mère silencieuse. Elle consiste en réalité dans l’aspiration douloureuse à la tendresse, qui est liée intrinsèquement à la misère de l’existence que l’auteur a vécue dans son enfance. Dans le but de raconter son passé, il élabore sa nostalgie comme essence de sa sensibilité. Signe de complexité, une telle captivité comporte de plus le regret et la mauvaise conscience à l’égard du milieu pauvre qu’il a quitté. Quoique paraissant ambiguë, le nom de nostalgie est juste, s’agissant de la quête de l’identité au fond : dans la sensibilité déchirée s’inscrit la recherche inassouvissable d’une véritable origine de l’être. D’où le fait que, dans le contexte existentiel, la notion del’absurde s’établit sur la sensibilité nostalgique : l’homme se trouve déchiré entre sa condition limitée et son aspiration à une vie de plénitude. Il choisit de tenir sa nostalgie déchirante comme le fond de son être, son axe de vie et sa raison de vivre. Pour l’homme absurde, la création littéraire n’est pas une option, mais la volonté de lucidité et de liberté, en vue de « donner aux couleurs le pouvoir d’exprimer le vide ». L’oeuvre figure la dialectique de la présence et de l’absence, ce qu’expriment par moyens divers les romans camusiens. Enfin, le dernier Camus exprime la nostalgie de la patrie en tant que quête consciente de sonorigine, du « soleil enfoui », qui l’attire et le dirige, qu’il connaît depuis toujours. / In the beginning of Carnets, Albert Camus mentions “the nostalgia for a lost poverty” as he expresses what drives him to create. Ambiguous nostalgia, which does not mean a simple regret of lost time, concerns the “strange feeling” that the son carries toward his silent mother. In reality, it consists in the painful aspiration for tenderness, which is intrinsically bound up with the misery that the author has experienced in his childhood. In order to tell his past, he elaborates his nostalgia as the essence of his sensitivity. And as a signof its complexity, such captivity includes a regret and a sense of guilt towards the poor environment which he left behind. Despite its ambiguity, the name of nostalgia is just because it concerns the quest for identity: in the torn sensitivity, there is an insatiable quest for a true source of being. Therefore, in the existential context, the concept of the absurd is established upon the nostalgic sensibility: human beings are torn between their limited condition and their desire for a full life. They choose to hold their torn nostalgia astheir existential foundation, their life axis and their raison d’être. For the absurd man, literary creation is not an option. It embodies the will of lucidity and liberty, in order to “give power of expressing vacuum to colors”. The dialectic of presence and absence is represented in the novels of Camus in various ways. In his later years, Camus expresses nostalgia for the homeland, consciously searching for his origin; the quest after his “buried sun”. He has always known this “buried sun” which had been attracting him as his guidance.

Cette thèse étudie la relation intertextuelle entre dix œuvres fictionnelles de trois auteurs français et la Bible. Il s'agit de montrer, en s'appuyant sur les catégories de Gérard Genette, comment la Bible est réécrite par Paul Claudel, André Gide et Albert Camus. Le degré de l'hypertextualité dans les œuvres étudiées va d'une réécriture massive à l'emploi des citations implicites. Chacun des textes fictionnels est aussi en relation paratextuelle avec le récit biblique : ce sont des textes narratifs ou dramatiques dont le titre déjà fait allusion aux Écritures. On examine trois formes du rapport au texte biblique et au christianisme : l'un est celui d'un catholique pratiquant, le deuxième celui d'un incroyant d'origine protestante et le troisième celui d'un incroyant d'origine catholique. La Bible réécrite par Claudel met en scène un christianisme affirmatif alors que les réécritures de Gide et de Camus prennent le contrepied de la religion chrétienne. / The focus of this study is on textual links between ten fictional works by three French writers and the Bible. The text-orientated study illuminates how palimpsestuous writing has been actualised in the works of Paul Claudel, André Gide and Albert Camus. In this dissertation, the biblical hypotext, an earlier text that the author's text imitates or transforms, is considered one of the most significant features in their works, opening up whole new interpretations of their stories. Some of the works are more hypertextual than others but all are in a paratextual relation to a biblical story: their titles build the first link to the writings of the Bible. Each author featured in this study has a very different relation to Christianity: Paul Claudel is a practicing Catholic; André Gide who comes from a Protestant background is anti-religion; Albert Camus is an agnostic from a Catholic background. The case of Claudel is interesting: in his oeuvre, the biblical re-writing integrates the Catholic dogma and the influence of Saint Thomas. The writing of Gide proves the influence of the French Protestantism of his era; whereas Camus' interpretation of the biblical text is a consequence of a personal and selective reading containing reflections of Saint Augustine's notions.

Este estudo propõe uma análise comparativa entre Le Premier Homme, de Albert Camus, e La disparition de la langue française, de Assia Djebar, tendo como contexto os impasses que cercaram a colonização francesa da Argélia, bem como o período posterior à sua independência, a partir da reflexão sobre as inter-relações língua, exílio e memória. Albert Camus é um escritor de origem francesa, nascido na Argélia. Assia Djebar é uma argelina de origem árabe, que escreve em francês. Nos romances em questão, parte-se da perspectiva da vida privada dos protagonistas para alcançar o espaço da memória coletiva tanto de franceses pobres quanto de árabes. Jacques Cormery e Berkane constituem-se como porta-vozes de seus antepassados, restituindo-lhes o direito a uma memória esfacelada e vista como desimportante pelo poder colonial. A fim de estabelecer essa leitura comparativa, procura-se compreender a relevância da literatura magrebina de língua francesa, com destaque para a produção da Argélia, em paralelo aos princípios ético-culturais da École dAlger, movimento ao qual se associava Albert Camus. A seguir, refletimos sobre as relações entre os conceitos de literatura e história, ficção e autobiografia, fundamentais à análise propriamente dita de ambos os romances. / The aim of this study is to develop a comparative analysis of Albert Camus Le Premier Homme and La disparition de la langue française, by Algerian writer Assia Djebar, having as backdrop the context of French colonization deadlocks in Algeria, as well as in the period after independence. Our starting point is based around reflection on the relations between language, exile and memory. Albert Camus, of French origin, was born in Algeria, while Assia Djebar, of Arab descent, writes in French. The analysis of both novels begins from the perspective of the private lives of the main characters, to establish a space of collective memory of both poor people of French origin and people of Arab descent. Jacques Cormery and Berkane became spokesmen of their ancestors, thus restoring to them the right to a shattered memory, seen as unimportant by the colonial power. To achieve this comparative reading, it is necessary to understand the relevance of Maghrebian literature in French, with emphasis on the production of Algeria, in parallel to the ethical-cultural École dAlger, movement to which Albert Camus was associated. Next, we reflect upon the relationship between the concepts of literature and history, fiction and autobiography, fundamental to the analysis of both novels.

Pour Albert Camus, la littérature était à la fois une activité essentielle à son bonheur et un objet de réflexion. Afin de saisir quelle conception de la littérature et quelle vision du rôle de l’écrivain se dégagent de son oeuvre, ce mémoire aborde dans un même mouvement ses deux principaux essais, Le Mythe de Sisyphe et L’Homme révolté, et une pièce de théâtre, Caligula. Notre premier chapitre consiste dans la recherche de ce qui, pour Camus, fait de la création artistique une activité privilégiée dans l’horizon de la pensée de l’absurde et de la révolte. Dans le deuxième chapitre, les différents commentaires émis par la critique à propos de Caligula seront examinés. La pièce, malgré l’opinion dominante, ne raconte pas l’histoire d’un empereur absurde qui se révolte contre son destin. L’importance du thème de la création littéraire dans cette pièce a également été grandement sous-estimée. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire présente notre propre analyse de la pièce. La confrontation de la fiction avec la théorie révèle une grande concordance entre les deux aspects de l’oeuvre de Camus. L’accord n’est cependant pas parfait, et l’étude des points de friction découverts permet d’apporter des éclaircissements sur un des points les plus obscurs des essais de Camus : l’éthique du créateur placé dans une situation où il doit choisir entre tuer et mourir. / For Albert Camus, literature was both an activity crucial to his happiness and a study object. In order to understand what conception of literature can be found in Camus’ writings and the responsibilities of the writer that this definition implies, this memoir studies his two main essays, The Myth of Sisyphus and The Rebel, and one play, Caligula. Our first chapter consist in a research of what makes artistic creation an exceptional activity in the light of Camus’ thoughts on absurd on revolt. In our second chapter, the critics’ various commentaries about Caligula are examined. In spite of what is still the opinion of a majority of critics, the play is not the tale of an absurd emperor who would revolt against his destiny. Also, the theme of literary creation has not been sufficiently studied in that play, in which it plays a determinant role. Finally, the third chapter of this memoir presents our own analysis of the play. The confrontation of fiction and theory reveals a great similarity between the two aspects of Camus’ writings. However, the match is never perfect, and the study of the friction points allows us to shed light on one of the most obscure part of Camus’ essays: the ethic of the creator placed in a situation where he must kill or be killed.

LÉtranger e Le Mythe de Sisyphe fazem parte do que Camus nomeou de ciclo do absurdo,no qual se unem sob esse mesmo tema a escrita literária e a reflexão filosófica. O absurdo é essencialmente definido como um divórcio do homem com o mundo, mas encontramos no percurso filosófico do autor uma noção anterior a essa, as núpcias. A análise de todos os textos anteriores ao ciclo do absurdo nos mostra, porém, que núpcias e absurdo sempre fizeram parte da reflexão camusiana. Essas duas noções opostas sempre conviveram juntas, formando o que chamamos de o avesso e o direito, ideia que se reflete no título da primeira recolha de ensaios do autor. O objetivo dessa dissertação é, através de todos os escritos anteriores à narrativa, definir o avesso e o direito como um tema fundamental para a escritura de LÉtranger, onde se conjugam as núpcias e o absurdo, a literatura e a filosofia. / LÉtranger and Le Myth de Sisyphe make part of what Camus named as the absurd cycle, where the literary writing and the philosophical reflection are joined together under the same theme. The absurd is essentially definite as a divorce of man with the world, but we meet in the authors philosophical course a previous notion to it, the nuptials. The analysis of all former texts to the absurd cycle, show us, nevertheless, that nuptials and absurd always were part of camusian reflection. These two opposite notions always lived together, shaping what we call the wrong side and the right side, the title of the authors first reunion of essays. The purpose of this dissertation is, through the all writings written before the narrative, definite the wrong side and the right side as a fundamental theme to the scripture of LÉtranger, where the nuptials and the absurd, the literature and philosophy are joined together.