Os vieses atencional e avaliativo para imagens relacionadas ao cigarro foram mensurados após a exposição a imagens relacionadas ao álcool (IA) ou controle (IC) através de uma tarefa de atenção visual. Participaram 40 universitários de 19 a 30 anos (M=23 anos) bebedores fumantes designados aleatoriamente para a condição IA ou IC. Além dos vieses, foram avaliados: beber problemático (através do Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), e severidade da dependência de nicotina (Questionário de Tolerância e Fagerstron). Os fumantes apresentaram viés atencional e avaliativo para as imagens relacionadas ao fumar. A exposição prévia a pistas associadas ao beber elevou o viés avaliativo (mas não o atencional) para imagens relacionadas ao cigarro. Observou-se alta freqüência de bebedores problemáticos, porém, baixo grau de dependência em nicotina. As implicações destes resultados para a prevenção ao fumo e ao beber abusivo entre universitários foram discutidas. / This study applied a visual attentional task to evaluated the attentional and evaluative biases for smoking-related images after exposure to alcohol (IA) or control (IC) images. Subjects were 40 college drinker and smokers (19 to 30 years old, mean 23 yrs), randomly assigned for IA or IC conditions. Also problem drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and severity of nicotine dependence (Questionário de Tolerância de Fagerströn) were assessed. Smokers showed attentional and evaluative biases for smoking-related images. Previous exposure to drinking cues increased the evaluative but not the attentional bias for smokingrelated images. There was a high frequency of problem drinkers, but a low degree of nicotine dependence in this sample. The implications of these findings for prevention of smoking and abusive drinking among college students were discussed.

Introdução: O estudo da atitude dos profissionais de saúde frente ao álcool, ao alcoolismo e ao alcoolista ainda é escasso na literatura brasileira, e, em relação às atitudes dos psicólogos e estudantes de psicologia, não estão disponíveis na literatura nacional estudos que tenham se ocupado desse fenômeno. Após os movimentos sanitaristas da reforma psiquiátrica no Brasil, no final da década de 1980, houve aumento significativo desses profissionais em vários serviços de saúde, inclusive naqueles destinados ao atendimento de pessoas com problemas relacionados ao álcool e ao alcoolismo. O que torna importante identificar questões relacionadas ao preparo e às atitudes dos futuros profissionais de psicologia frente ao álcool, ao alcoolismo e ao alcoolista. Objetivo: Verificar e analisar as atitudes dos estudantes de psicologia frente ao álcool, ao alcoolismo e ao alcoolista. Método: Estudo exploratório de abordagem psicométrica, realizado com uma amostra de 159 estudantes do último ano do curso de psicologia de três faculdades da cidade de São Paulo. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se a Escala de Atitudes Frente ao Álcool, ao Alcoolismo e ao Alcoolista (EAFAAA) e um questionário sociodemográfico. Para análise dos dados utilizaram-se testes da estatística descritiva (frequências simples, porcentagens e médias) e para verificar se existia diferenças de atitude entre os três grupos realizou-se uma análise de variância. Resultados: Observou-se que, de modo geral, os 159 estudantes apresentaram tendência de atitudes positivas frente ao álcool, ao alcoolismo e ao alcoolista. Os estudantes das três faculdades apresentaram atitudes positivas para os fatores 1 (o trabalhar e o se relacionar com o alcoolista) e 2 (as atitudes frente ao alcoolista). Houve diferença estatística significativa (p=0,005) para os fatores 3 (atitudes frente ao alcoolismo, etiologia) e 4 (as atitudes frente ao uso do álcool) e na escala total para a Faculdade A em relação às faculdades B e C. A verificação de confiabilidade da EAFAAA estimada pelo alfa de Cronbach indicou boa consistência interna (0,90). Conclusão: Os estudantes de psicologia apresentaram tendência a atitudes positivas, segundo os resultados da EAFAAAA. Os estudantes da faculdade que tiveram experiência ou contato com o alcoolista apresentaram atitudes mais positivas do que aqueles que só tiveram preparo em sala de aula. Assim a necessidade de rever a grade curricular e a inserção de estudantes de psicologia, desde a graduação, em serviços de atenção especializados ao usuário de álcool é de extrema relevância social. / Introduction: The study of the attitudes of health professionals towards alcohol, alcoholism and the alcoholic is still scarce in Brazilian literature, and the attitudes of psychologists and psychology students, are not available in the national studies that have been busy this phenomenon. After the movements sanitary psychiatric reform in Brazil in the late 1980s, a significant increase of these professionals in various health services, including those intended to care for people with alcohol problems and alcoholism. What makes it important to identify issues related to the preparation and attitudes of future professionals in psychology towards alcohol, alcoholism and alcoholics. Aim: To investigate and analyze the attitudes of psychology students towards alcohol, alcoholism and alcoholics. Method: An exploratory study of psychometric approach, conducted with a sample of 159 students of the final year psychology three colleges of the city of São Paulo. For data collection we used the Scale of Attitudes Towards Alcohol, Alcoholism and alcoholics (EAFAAA), and a demographic questionnaire. Data analysis tests were used descriptive statistics (simple frequencies, percentages and means) and to check whether attitudinal differences existed among the three groups performed an analysis of variance. Results: It was observed that, in general, the 159 students showed a trend of positive attitudes towards alcohol, alcoholism and alcoholics. Students from the three schools showed positive attitudes to factors 1 (the work and relate to the alcoholic) and 2 (attitudes towards alcoholic). There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.005) for the three factors (attitudes toward alcoholism, etiology) and 4 (attitudes towards alcohol use) and full scale for the College in relation to colleges B and C. A reliability check of EAFAAA estimated by Cronbach\'s alpha indicated good internal consistency (0.90). Conclusion: The psychology students tended to have positive attitudes, according to the results of EAFAAAA. College students who have had experience or contact with alcoholics showed more positive attitudes than those who had only preparation in the classroom. Thus the need to revise the curriculum and the inclusion of psychology students, since graduating in specialized care services to the user of alcohol is of utmost social relevance

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-12-21T18:13:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Wada Marcelino.pdf: 1130344 bytes, checksum: b046755c48b39ec8e1a957be5b0f4de1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T18:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Wada Marcelino.pdf: 1130344 bytes, checksum: b046755c48b39ec8e1a957be5b0f4de1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / A relação que na contemporaneidade se estabeleceu entre juventude, lazer e o uso abusivo de álcool têm representado tema de preocupações e de recentes pesquisas. Essa problemática vem sendo considerada uma grande questão de Saúde Publica, pois tem contribuído para a manutenção de vários problemas sociais, econômicos e de saúde. O consumo excessivo de álcool vem sendo um padrão recorrente entre os universitários. Esse período de transição para a universidade tem tornado os estudantes expostos ao consumo de álcool e outras drogas, tornando-os vulneráveis, pois está associado a consequências negativas de comportamentos de risco, violência, relações sexuais desprotegidas, acidentes automobilísticos, danos ao patrimônio público, prejuízo na estruturação de habilidades cognitivo-comportamentais e queda no desempenho acadêmico. Objetivos: Identificar o consumo de álcool entre os alunos de graduação da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Avaliar através do AUDIT o padrão do consumo de álcool: risco, de uso nocivo ou dependência e Descrever os fatores que influenciam o consumo de álcool entre os jovens. Metodologia: Foi utilizada uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa desenvolvida no 5° e 6° períodos da Faculdade de Enfermagem Aurora Afonso Costa/ UFF, no período de abril de 2011, de acordo com a resolução do CNS 196/96. Os dados quantitativos foram coletados com a realização do questionário (AUDIT) e os dados qualitativos, coletados por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada. Resultados: 34,8% experimentaram o álcool entre 15- 17 anos; 37,5% afirmam que o local que mais consome álcool são bares e 55,6% usam o álcool para diversão. A cerveja é a bebida alcoólica mais consumida (63,3%). De acordo com o AUDIT, 80,5% apresentam consumo de baixo risco, contudo, o uso na vida é expressivamente alto (80,3%) e 49,5% apresentaram o padrão “binge drink”, mas não ficaram livres das consequências que envolvem o consumo de álcool. A família, a sociedade e os amigos apareceram como fatores que influenciam o consumo de álcool, e a religião/espiritualidade como um fator de proteção ao consumo. Conclusão: Esperamos que os resultados apresentados por esta pesquisa possam contribuir para a reflexão sobre os comportamentos de risco existentes no uso e consumo de álcool entre os universitários e,auxiliar em programas educativos em saúde dentro da própria universidade, dirigidos aos próprios estudantes. / The relationship that developed between the contemporary young people, leisure and alcohol abuse have shown concern and subject of recent research. This problem has been considered a major public health issue, it has contributed to the maintenance of several social, economic and health. Excessive consumption of alcohol has been a recurring pattern among university students. This period of transition to university students have become exposed to alcohol and other drugs, making - the vulnerable, therefore, is associated to the negative consequences of risky behavior, violence, unprotected sex, accidents, damage to public property , damage in the structure of cognitive-behavioral skills and a drop in academic performance. Objectives: To identify alcohol use among undergraduate students the Universidade Federal Fluminense, assessment using the standard AUDIT alcohol consumption: risk of abuse or dependence and describe the factors that influence alcohol consumption among young people. Methods: We used a quantitative and qualitative research developed in the 5th and 6th periods of the School of Nursing Aurora Afonso Costa / UFF, from April 2011, according to resolution 196/96. Quantitative data were collected through the questionnaire (AUDIT) and qualitative data were collected through semi - structured interview.Results: 34.8% tried alcohol between 15 - 17 years, 37.5% say that the place that bars are consuming alcohol and 55.6% use alcohol for fun Beer is the most consumed beverage (63, 3%). According to the AUDIT, 80.5% had low-risk drinking, however, lifetime use is significantly higher (80.3%) and 49.5% had the standard "binge drink", not being exempt from the consequences involve the consumption of alcohol. The family, society and friends emerged as factors that influence alcohol consumption and religion / spirituality as a protective factor for consumption. Conclusion: It is expected that the results presented by this research may contribute to the debate on risk behaviors exist in the use and consumption of alcohol among college students and can assist with health education programs within the university directed the students themselves

Monoamine oxidase (E.C.I.4.3.4) (MAO) oxidatively deaminates the biogenic amines normally present in the organism. The activities of the neurons utilizing these amines i.e. noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, are supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric diseases. It is speculated that the MAO activity is changed as well as the monoaminergic activity in some psychiatric disorders. In the present thesis the MAO activity has been studied in brain tissue and in platelets in some psychiatric disorders. The result was as follows: MAO activities in different parts of the human brain seem to be highly intercorrelated in each individual. The brain MAO activity is also weakly correlated both to the concentration of 5-HT and of 5-HIAA, which may indicate that the MAO activity reflects the serotoninergic turnover in the brain. The MAO activity in brains from 15 suicides was compared to a control material of 20 individuals without known mental disorders, and it was found to be lower in the suicides in all 13 analysed brain parts. As eight of the patients had been chronic alcoholics, they were excluded and the remaining seven non-alcoholic suicides were tested as regards MAO activity by analysis of variance and still found to have significantly lower MAO activity than the controls. The eight chronic alcoholics in the suicide series had the most significantly (p<0.005) reduction of the MAO activity as compared to the control group. Rats were given chronic treatments with ethanol, either by 10 °/o ethanol as the only water supply or by exposition to ethanol vapor twice a day. In neither of these cases was the brain MAO activity changed as compared to control rats. The result supports the hypothesis that the low MAO activity found in alcoholic suicides most likely is related to a constitutional factor and not to a direct effect of the ethanol intake. Platelet MAO activity was found to be significantly reduced in human alcoholics as compared to matched controls. If samples were drawn from the alcoholic patients during their abstinence phase, there could be seen a transitory rise in the platelet MAO activity. This increased activity had its maximum after two weeks, and after four weeks the MAO activity had returned to the initial, low level. No difference as regards MAO activity, neither in brain tissue nor in platelets, could be registered when chronic schizophrenics were compared to matched controls. Reduced brain MAO activity was found in a group of patients diagnosed as cycloid psychoses when comparing the activity to controls or to the schizophrenic patients. The platelet MAO activity was also found to be lower in cycloid psychoses than in a group of unipolar affective psychoses, who repeatedly have been found not to differ from normals. These findings suggest that low MAO activities in brain and platelets reflect a phychic constitution in the individual making him more vulnerable for suicidal behaviour, ethanol abuse or cycloid psychosis. / digitalisering@umu.se

Bakgrund: Inom den somatiska samt psykiatriska sjukvården utgör alkoholberoende patienter en stor del. Bakgrunden baserar sig på ett patientperspektiv med vuxna patienter från 18 år och uppåt. Dessa patienter beskriver hur de upplever sin livssituation, problematik, vård samt resurser och hinder i deras vardag. Problem: Patienter med alkoholberoende upplever sig kränkta och blir inte bemötta på ett professionellt sätt av sjuksköterskor. Enligt dessa patienter anses sjuksköterskor ha en bristfällig kunskap om beroendeproblematik, vilket påverkar deras vård. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med alkoholberoende. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplevde både positivitet och negativitet vid vård av alkoholberoende patienter. Dessa patienter sågs som en utmaning i vården, då de enligt sjuksköterskor var svårhanterliga. Genom empati och erfarenhet kunde sjuksköterskor bidra till möjligheter för sina patienter, de såg helheten och inte enbart sjukdomen. Slutsats: Alla patienter har rätt till lika god vård. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor ser personen bakom sjukdomen, motiverar sina patienter och skapar delaktighet, vilket ger positiva resultat i patienters tillfrisknande. Det angivna syftet har betydelse för framtida sjuksköterskor under utbildning samt färdigutbildade sjuksköterskor och andra yrkesverksamma professioner. / Background: Alcohol-dependent patients form a large part within somatic and psychiatric care. The background is based on a patient perspective with adult patients aged 18 years and over. These patients describe how they experience their life situation, problems, care, and resources and obstacles in their daily lives. Problem: Patients with alcohol dependence are perpetrators and are not treated in a professional manner by nurses. According to these patients, nurses are considered to have insufficient knowledge about addiction problems, which affects their care. Aim: To describe nurses' experiences of caring for patients with alcohol dependence. Method: A literature study with qualitative approach. Results: Nurses experienced both positive and negative feelings in the care of alcohol dependent patients. These patients were seen as a challenge in the care, as they, according to nurses, were difficult to handle. Through empathy and experience, nurses could contribute to opportunities for their patients, seeing the whole and not just the disease. Conclusion: All patients are entitled to equal care. It is important that nurses see the person behind the disease, motivate their patients and create participation, which gives positive results in patient recovery. The stated aim is important for future nurses during education, as well as pre-educated nurses and other professional professions.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Increased rates of alcohol abuse and childhood trauma have been reported in previous studies of anxiety disorders, and social anxiety disorder (SAD) in particular. Yet the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to assess whether SAD is a risk factor for later development of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and to investigate the association of childhood trauma with the prospective SAD-AUD comorbidity in adults with SAD. Data from fifty seven adult participants (N=57) with a primary diagnosis of SAD (mean age 36.7; 60% male) completed the self-rated Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) as well as the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), a measure of SAD symptom severity. Alcohol abuse and dependence information were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I Disorders-Patient Version (SCID-I/P). Data from sixty two adult age and gender match controls were used as a comparison group. A Cognitive Behavioural Model and the Social Learning Model are the theoretical frameworks utilised in the conceptualisation of this research. The data is quantitative in nature and will be statistically analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and ANOVA using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants. The findings of the study were that 73.7% of the SAD sample met severity criteria for at least one type of childhood abuse or neglect as measured by the CTQ subscales using previously established thresholds. Physical neglect was found to be significantly associated with increased SAD symptom severity.17.5% of the SAD sample had a comorbid lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD) and of those 80% reported experiencing childhood trauma. In conclusion there was a high rate of childhood trauma in individuals with SAD and there is a strong association between childhood trauma and comorbid AUDs in those with SAD.Thus screening for childhood trauma in SAD individuals is clinically prudent.

Purpose: Over half the HIV-infected persons in the Caribbean, the second most HIV-impacted region in the world, live in Haiti. Using secondary data from a parent study, this research assessed the effects of psychological and social factors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among Haitian, HIV-positive, female alcohol users. Theoretical Foundation and Research Questions: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior/Reasoned Action and the Information, Motivation, Behavior skills model as guiding theoretical frameworks, the study examined the effectiveness of an adapted cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM-A) intervention in improving ART adherence. The effect of psychological factors (depression, anxiety, beliefs about medicine, and social support), social factors (stigma, relationship status, and educational attainment), and alcohol on adherence to ART was assessed. Methods: The sample consisted of 116 female ART patients who were randomly assigned to the CBSM-A intervention or the wait-list control group. Participants completed intervention sessions as well as pre- and post-test assessments. Analyses of variance, t-tests, and point biserial correlations were used to test hypotheses. Results: Surprisingly, ART adherence rates significantly decreased for both groups combined [F (1, 108) = 8.79, p = .004]; there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups with regard to the magnitude of change between baseline and post assessment. On average, depression decreased significantly among participants in the CBSM-A group only [(t (62) = 5.54, p < .001)]. For both groups combined, alcohol use significantly decreased between baseline and post-assessment [(F (1, 78) = 34.70, p < .001)]; there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups with regard to the magnitude of change between baseline and post-assessment. None of the variables were significantly correlated with ART adherence. Discussion: Adherence to ART did not improve in this sample, nor were any of the variables significantly associated with adherence. The findings suggest that additional supportive and psychological services may be needed in order to promote higher adherence to ART among HIV-positive females. More research may be needed on this sample; a focus on mental health issues, partner conflict, family and sexual history may allow for better targeting and more successful interventions.

The aim of this study is to investigate professionals’ working experience with elderly peoplewith substance use disorders and how drug or alcohol abuse affects their work with theirclients. The most important areas of focus are professionals’ views on older clients’ substanceand alcohol abuse, moral or ethical dilemmas in relation to work and the elderly’s needs forsupport and help according to professionals. To identify these problems, a qualitative methodwas used with semi-structured interviews, interviewing a total of 8 professionals in twonursing homes specializing in older clients with substance use disorder and a rehabilitationcenter aimed at ages 40 to 70. Interview data was analyzed with thematization and coding.Analysis of the material was carried out using theories such as care perspectives, ethics forsocial workers and ageism. The results of the study indicate that most professionals whowork with this target group lack the knowledge of geriatrics combined with substance abuseknowledge. A comparison is drawn between the two institutions and their organizationalrules regarding alcohol or drug consumption by clients. The study further highlights thestaff&#39;s experience of finding themselves between organizational rules, professional rules andtheir own values ​​and beliefs. The results show that professionals are struggling with the lackof rules. In addition to that the results of this study show that stereotypical perceptions ofolder people tend to influence professionals as well as other social institutions that work withthis target group. The study also addresses the issue of inadequate treatment efforts aimed atolder people and a mapping of their alcohol and drug habits.

Background. We examined the association between parental alcohol use disorders and patterns of alcohol consumption and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders in their offspring in a community-based sample of young adults. Methods. Data are based on baseline and 4-year follow-up data of 2427 respondents aged 14–24 at baseline. Alcohol use and disorders in respondents were assessed using the Munich-Composite-International-Diagnostic-Interview with DSM-IV algorithms. Diagnostic information about parents was collected by family history information from the respondents, and by direct interview with one parent (cohort aged 14 to 17 years only). Results. Although the association between maternal and paternal alcohol use disorders and non-problematical drinking in offspring was minimal, there was a strong effect for the transition to hazardous use and for alcohol abuse and dependence; the effect of parental concordance for transition into hazardous use was particularly striking. Maternal history was associated with a higher probability of progression from occasional to regular use, whereas paternal history was associated with progression from regular to hazardous use. Parental alcoholism increased the risk for first onset of hazardous use and alcohol dependence between the ages of 14–17, and for an earlier onset of the alcohol outcomes in offspring. The impact of parental alcohol use disorders was comparable for male and female offspring. Conclusions. Parental alcoholism predicts escalation of alcohol use, development of alcohol use disorders and onset of alcohol outcomes in offspring.

Bakgrund: Cirka 780 000 personer i Sverige har ett missbruk eller beroende av alkohol och 55 000 personer har ett missbruk eller beroende av narkotika. Drog- och/eller alkoholmissbruk är ett substansmissbruk, ett tillstånd då en person tar för mycket av en substans än vad som är tänkt. Missbruket påverkar människan på olika sätt, så som fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Hälsan hos dessa individer är många gånger sämre relaterat till att de får komplikationer av missbruket som kräver sjukhusvård. Denna grupp upplever ofta att de får sämre vård och bemötande än andra patienter av sjuksköterskor inom vården. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med drog- och alkoholmissbruk inom sjukvården. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie av 12 identifierade artiklar med kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats från databasen PubMed. Huvudresultat: Det fanns osäkerheter för sjuksköterskor vid omvårdnad av patienter med drog- och alkoholmissbruk, dels av otillräcklig utbildning och kunskap. Det fanns osäkerhet på grund av att sjuksköterskorna inte alltid kunde tro på vad patienterna säger på grund av manipulation och rädsla för att patienterna kunde bli våldsamma. Patienterna fick inte alltid den hjälp de behövde efter vårdtillfället vilket blev en frustration för sjuksköterskorna. En bra miljö och ett helhetsperspektiv var viktiga faktorer för att kunna ge bra omvårdnad till patienterna. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor upplevde rädsla och oro kring patienter med drog- och alkoholmissbruk till följd av bristande kunskap och utbildning om ämnet och patientgruppen. Omvårdnaden till dessa patienter är starkt kopplad till bandet som sjuksköterskorna formar till patienterna samt den omkringliggande miljön. / Background: About 780 000 people in Sweden have an addiction to alcohol and 55 000 people have an addiction to drugs. This is called substance abuse, which is when a person uses more of a substance than recommended. Addiction affects humans in different ways, such as physically, psychologically and socially. The health of these people is usually worse, related to complications of their addiction which requires hospital care. This group often experiences that they receive poorer care and treatment than other patients from nurses. Aim: To describe nurses’ experience caring for people with substance abuse in healthcare environments. Method: A review article of 12 identified articles with quantitative and qualitative design from PubMed. Main result: There is an uncertainty for nurses at care for patients of drug- and alcohol abuse, mostly due to lacking education and knowledge. This uncertainty is grounded in nurses not being sure whether to believe what the patient tells them is the truth due to manipulation, and fear in case of violence from the patients. Patients have not always received the proper care after the initial healthcare which became a frustration for the nurses. A good environment and a holistic perspective was important factors for taking care of a patient's needs. Conclusion: Nurses experienced fear and uncertainty over patients with drugs- and alcohol abuse due to lacking knowledge and education in the subject and the group of patients. Care for these patients are connected to the bond formed between nurses and the patient, as well as the surrounding environment.