Thesis (M.A. (Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / Refer to the document

Background Among adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition. Method A total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14–24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Results Among subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition. Conclusions Mental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AUD.

I vårt samhälle informeras det frekvent om alkohol och dess effekter på vår population. Nya forskningsrön gällande alkohol uppkommer med jämna mellanrum, men sällan rör dessa den äldre befolkningen. Samtidigt visar socialstyrelsen att en ny generation äldre med förändrade alkoholvanor växer fram, vilka tar med sig sina vanor in i pensionsåldern. I vår studie har vi valt att lägga fokus på alkoholbruk bland den äldre befolkningen, och i arbetet har vi valt att rikta oss till personal på äldreboenden. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur alkoholkonsumtionen bland de boende bemöts och hanteras av vårdpersonal, detta i kombination med att äldres riskbruk tenderar att öka. För att få svar på våra problemformuleringar har vi genomfört en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Urvalet bestod av sex vårdpersonal, varav fem av dessa var undersköterskor. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har legat till grund för utformningen av intervjuerna, samt våra funna resultat. Utifrån utsagor från intervjuerna fann vi ut fyra teman som rör vårt syfte och problemformuleringar: en bild av konsumtionen, självbestämmande och livskvalitet, svårhanterliga situationer, samt skilda upplevelser. Med hjälp av dessa teman analyserade vi de resultat som bland annat visar på brist på utbildning gällande alkoholrelaterade frågor, mycket fokus på självbestämmande men även maktmissbruk. / In our society we are frequently informed about alcohol and its effects on our population. New research findings regarding alcohol occur at regular intervals, but they rarely involve the elderly. At the same time, the social board to a new generation of older people with changing consumption patterns emerge, who tend to bring their habits into the years of retirement. In our study, we chose to focus on alcohol use among the elderly, and in this work we have chosen to find information through the nursing staff at geriatric care. The aim of the study is to investigate how alcohol consumption among the residents is treated and handled by nursing staff, this combined with that the alcohol consumption that is bordering on abuse is increasing amongst the elderly. In order to properly answer this, we have conducted qualitative interviews. The selection consisted of six nursing staff. The theoretical starting point has been the basis for the design of the interviews and the results we found. Based on statements from the interviews we found four themes related to our purpose and problem formulations: a picture of consumption, self-determination and quality of life, cumbersome situations, and different experiences. With the help of these themes, we analyzed the results that among other things show the low level of education concerning alcohol in elder care, a lot of focus on self-determination, but also abuse of power.

In 1996 Francois Bloemhof's teenage fiction, Slinger-slinger, was a prize-winner in the beginners' category of the Sanlam competition for fiction for youth. The book was acclaimed because of the open manner in which the author wrote about sensitive themes such as hetero- and homosexuality, promiscuity, divorce, incest, tense family relationships, and drug and alcohol abuse. The main theme of Slinger-slinger is teenage sexual aspects, such as the sexual awakening and identity of teenagers. In 1998 a sensation was caused in the media as upset parents, teachers and other adults protested against the inclusion of Slinger-slinger in the ATKV's Children's Book Award, category 13-15 years of age. Two conflicting opinions about Slingerslinger could be distinguished: one group was of the opinion that the sexual theme and strong language were not suited for teenage fiction, while the other group was of the opinion that teenagers needed to read about realistic themes to prepare them for the real world. No comments were published about the opinions of the supposed readers, namely teenagers. Steenberg (1988:168-172), Van der Westhuizen (1989:5-7) and Van Zyl (1990:17) wrote that teenagers read to fulfil their needs. Teenagers' reading needs are directly connected to their emotional, cognitive and physical developmental stages. The aim of the study The aim of this study is firstly to evaluate Slinger-slinger according to the elements of the reader study model to determine whether it addresses the reading needs and interests of teenage readers; and secondly to ascertain whether teenagers liked Slinger-slinger. Research procedures and methodology A study of the literature was done in order to determine the reading needs and developmental tasks of teenagers, and the role that teenage fiction can play in their development to adulthood. Together with this background study, an evaluation model, containing story elements viewed from a reader study perspective, as well as criteria for the evaluation of the handling of sexual aspects in teenage fiction, was developed to determine whether Slinger-slinger is successful teenage fiction. In the empirical study the above-mentioned evaluation model for teenage fiction were applied to Slinger-slinger. In the second part of the empirical study a questionnaire was compiled to obtain the opinions of teenage readers about the success of Slinger-slinger as a whole, as well as the success of the handling of the sexual aspects. The questionnaire also served to obtain information about the reading needs of teenage readers in regard to realistic teenage fiction and teenage fiction with a sexual theme. Conclusion It is concluded that Francois Bloemhof's Slinger-slinger succeeds as realistic teenage fiction because it answers to the reading needs of teenage readers. Bloemhof succeeded in his handling of the sexual aspects in Slinger-slinger an in doing so fulfils teenager's reading and information needs, and thus assists them on their way to maturity. The questionnaire ascertained that the teenage readers who participated in the study were of the opinion that Slinger-slinger is a successful and interesting teenage book, and that they would like to read more realistic Afrikaans teenage fiction such as Slinger-slinger. / Thesis (M.Bibl.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002.

This study forms part of a larger study funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) -FA 2006041100003, stretching across five years within AUTHeR (Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research), in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. The aim of the larger study is to gain a better understanding of alcohol consumption patterns and causes as well as consequences of binge drinking. While the link between binge drinking and interpersonal violence is well documented, paucity of researched information focusing on the nature of the link was identified. The identified problem pointed to a need for a theoretical study, accomplished by means of a literature review. It is concluded that while binge drinking and interpersonal violence co-occur, there is no evidence that binge drinking causes interpersonal violence. Literature is systematically reviewed to understand the social aspects of alcohol abuse in the broader South Africa. The review concluded that alcohol abuse is caused by a multiplicity of factors and does pose a threat to the quality of life of many South Africans. It has conclusively been determined that there is a need to readdress existing liquor policies. Factors contributing to binge drinking and interpersonal violence at and around different alcohol drinking outlets were explored, following an observational study. The investigation produced some of the following findings: • Neighbourhoods with a higher density of alcohol drinking outlets tend to display public disorder. • Poor management of alcohol outlets poses a health and physical hazard to patrons. • Marketing strategies used are aggressive and irresponsible. It is concluded that there seem discrepancies between existing liquor policies and the actual running of liquor businesses. Narratives of binge drinkers and those of non-binge drinkers were analysed using focus groups and in-depth interviews. The analysis revealed some of the following as precipitating and maintenance factors of the alcohol-violence link: • A culture of drinking: Participants drink alcohol for social, cultural, coping, and enhancement motives. • A culture of violence: Men seem violent prior to consuming alcohol, and violence seems to be a learned behaviour. • Traditional gender roles seem transgressed by women mainly through their drinking of alcohol in public. These findings necessitated further investigation into services in the North West Province in terms of job creation, liquor licensing, non-adherence to ethics and unavailability on weekends by some service providers, and the shifting of traditional gender roles of women. Based on the critical analysis of service delivery networks in the North West Province by interviewing key informants and analysing documents, it was revealed that, not withstanding gaps, the province has policies in place dealing with: job creation; liquor regulation; ethically bound police services; specialized social work services to sexually assaulted victims on weekdays and weekends, and the empowerment of men. It has conclusively been determined that the analysed services, when re-addressed, hold possibilities of instilling hope in community members, including victims and perpetrators of alcohol-induced violence. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding about how people with a former alcohol abuse expresses and gives meaning to feelings of guilt and shame in autobiographical books. In particular the purpose of the study was to find out how the authors writes about feelings of guilt and shame, whether it was expressed explicitly or implicitly, and which meaning the authors gives to feelings of guilt and shame and how these feelings are related to each other. We randomly selected 8 autobiographical books by using different criterias. The foundation of this study was social constructionism, which is also a foundation for one of our analysis methods: discourse analyse. This analysis method was used for the analysis of the expressions that were made in an explicit way. The second analysis method we used for our results was a hermeneutic orientation, which was used for the expressions phrased in an implicit way. The main result of this study was that the authors expressed feelings of guilt and shame in different ways. It occurred both as explicit and implicit expressions and sometimes they described these feelings as if it was two feelings that intertwined and were very alike. Our conclusion is that these feelings are of significance for people with an alcohol abuse and that the authors gave these feelings a negative tenor.

In 1996 Francois Bloemhof's teenage fiction, Slinger-slinger, was a prize-winner in the beginners' category of the Sanlam competition for fiction for youth. The book was acclaimed because of the open manner in which the author wrote about sensitive themes such as hetero- and homosexuality, promiscuity, divorce, incest, tense family relationships, and drug and alcohol abuse. The main theme of Slinger-slinger is teenage sexual aspects, such as the sexual awakening and identity of teenagers. In 1998 a sensation was caused in the media as upset parents, teachers and other adults protested against the inclusion of Slinger-slinger in the ATKV's Children's Book Award, category 13-15 years of age. Two conflicting opinions about Slingerslinger could be distinguished: one group was of the opinion that the sexual theme and strong language were not suited for teenage fiction, while the other group was of the opinion that teenagers needed to read about realistic themes to prepare them for the real world. No comments were published about the opinions of the supposed readers, namely teenagers. Steenberg (1988:168-172), Van der Westhuizen (1989:5-7) and Van Zyl (1990:17) wrote that teenagers read to fulfil their needs. Teenagers' reading needs are directly connected to their emotional, cognitive and physical developmental stages. The aim of the study The aim of this study is firstly to evaluate Slinger-slinger according to the elements of the reader study model to determine whether it addresses the reading needs and interests of teenage readers; and secondly to ascertain whether teenagers liked Slinger-slinger. Research procedures and methodology A study of the literature was done in order to determine the reading needs and developmental tasks of teenagers, and the role that teenage fiction can play in their development to adulthood. Together with this background study, an evaluation model, containing story elements viewed from a reader study perspective, as well as criteria for the evaluation of the handling of sexual aspects in teenage fiction, was developed to determine whether Slinger-slinger is successful teenage fiction. In the empirical study the above-mentioned evaluation model for teenage fiction were applied to Slinger-slinger. In the second part of the empirical study a questionnaire was compiled to obtain the opinions of teenage readers about the success of Slinger-slinger as a whole, as well as the success of the handling of the sexual aspects. The questionnaire also served to obtain information about the reading needs of teenage readers in regard to realistic teenage fiction and teenage fiction with a sexual theme. Conclusion It is concluded that Francois Bloemhof's Slinger-slinger succeeds as realistic teenage fiction because it answers to the reading needs of teenage readers. Bloemhof succeeded in his handling of the sexual aspects in Slinger-slinger an in doing so fulfils teenager's reading and information needs, and thus assists them on their way to maturity. The questionnaire ascertained that the teenage readers who participated in the study were of the opinion that Slinger-slinger is a successful and interesting teenage book, and that they would like to read more realistic Afrikaans teenage fiction such as Slinger-slinger. / Thesis (M.Bibl.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002.

This study forms part of a larger study funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) -FA 2006041100003, stretching across five years within AUTHeR (Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research), in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus. The aim of the larger study is to gain a better understanding of alcohol consumption patterns and causes as well as consequences of binge drinking. While the link between binge drinking and interpersonal violence is well documented, paucity of researched information focusing on the nature of the link was identified. The identified problem pointed to a need for a theoretical study, accomplished by means of a literature review. It is concluded that while binge drinking and interpersonal violence co-occur, there is no evidence that binge drinking causes interpersonal violence. Literature is systematically reviewed to understand the social aspects of alcohol abuse in the broader South Africa. The review concluded that alcohol abuse is caused by a multiplicity of factors and does pose a threat to the quality of life of many South Africans. It has conclusively been determined that there is a need to readdress existing liquor policies. Factors contributing to binge drinking and interpersonal violence at and around different alcohol drinking outlets were explored, following an observational study. The investigation produced some of the following findings: • Neighbourhoods with a higher density of alcohol drinking outlets tend to display public disorder. • Poor management of alcohol outlets poses a health and physical hazard to patrons. • Marketing strategies used are aggressive and irresponsible. It is concluded that there seem discrepancies between existing liquor policies and the actual running of liquor businesses. Narratives of binge drinkers and those of non-binge drinkers were analysed using focus groups and in-depth interviews. The analysis revealed some of the following as precipitating and maintenance factors of the alcohol-violence link: • A culture of drinking: Participants drink alcohol for social, cultural, coping, and enhancement motives. • A culture of violence: Men seem violent prior to consuming alcohol, and violence seems to be a learned behaviour. • Traditional gender roles seem transgressed by women mainly through their drinking of alcohol in public. These findings necessitated further investigation into services in the North West Province in terms of job creation, liquor licensing, non-adherence to ethics and unavailability on weekends by some service providers, and the shifting of traditional gender roles of women. Based on the critical analysis of service delivery networks in the North West Province by interviewing key informants and analysing documents, it was revealed that, not withstanding gaps, the province has policies in place dealing with: job creation; liquor regulation; ethically bound police services; specialized social work services to sexually assaulted victims on weekdays and weekends, and the empowerment of men. It has conclusively been determined that the analysed services, when re-addressed, hold possibilities of instilling hope in community members, including victims and perpetrators of alcohol-induced violence. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-139). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008 / Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP) / Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (CEBRID) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / INTRODUÇÃO: Embora cerca de metade dos casos de violência familiar aconteçam em situações de uso de bebidas alcoólicas, são raros os estudos sobre padrões familiares da associação entre esses dois fenômenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os padrões multigeracionais de violência familiar associada ao abuso de bebidas alcoólicas, por meio do genograma de autores e vítimas desse tipo de violência. METODOLOGIA: A amostra foi intencional, composta (até a saturação teórica) por 23 vítimas e 19 agressores com histórico multigeracional de violência associada ao álcool. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais e anônimas, para a construção do genograma de três gerações, e aplicação de um roteiro com foco no tipo de violência, padrão de consumo de álcool, relações e crenças familiares. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi gravado e submetido a uma análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: A análise dos genogramas indicou a preponderância de casos de abuso/dependência de álcool e violência (AV), como comportamentos associados, bem como mostrou a ocorrência de padrões multigeracionais envolvendo a associação álcoolviolência (AV), sendo os mais freqüentes por linha direta de parentesco (pai/filho) e por meio de casamento. Foi possível observar vários aspectos das relações familiares reproduzidos ao longo das gerações, como o tipo de violência, etapas do ciclo vital familiar e reação à violência. Crenças familiares, como a de que o álcool causa ou justifica a violência, e sobre a indissolubilidade do casamento, parecem minimizar a responsabilidade de agressor e favorecer a reincidência da violência por prolongado período de tempo. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados confirmam a reprodução multigeracional xviii da violência familiar associada ao abuso de bebidas, com influência de aspectos culturais, crenças e valores familiares. Concluiu-se a importância de estratégias de intervenção para prevenir a repetição multigeracional do comportamento. / São Paulo, São Paulo, INTRODUCTION: Even though about half of family violence cases take place under circumstances of alcohol use, few are the studies that target family patterns and the association between those phenomena. The objective of this work was to study the multigenerational patterns of family violence associated with alcohol abuse. The research was based on the genogram of three generations of offenders and victims involved in this kind of violence. METHODS: The sample was intentional, comprised (up to the point of theoretical saturation) by 23 victims and 19 offenders with multigenerational history of family violence associated with alcohol abuse. We carried out semistructured individual anonymous interviews, so that each interviewee's genogram could be created. The interviews were recorded and submitted to content analysis. RESULTS: The genogram analysis showed the preponderance of cases of violence and alcohol abuse/dependence as associated behaviors, as well as the multigenerational transmission of this association. This patter took place mostly by father to son transmission and repetition by marriage. Repetition of relational patterns were observed across family generations, as violence aspects, family life cycle events and reaction to violence situations. Family beliefs regarding alcohol as a cause or an excuse to violent behavior, or marriage indissolubility seems to minimize batterers' responsibility and to promote violence recurrence for long time. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm the multigenerational reproduction of family violence associated with alcohol abuse, regard cultural influences, beliefs and 96 family values. Therefore, intervention strategies aiming to prevent multigenerational patterns behavior repetition are needed. / FAPESP: 06/58585-0 / AFIP: 02/11918-4 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações