Investigar as relações filosóficas da lógica como instrumento segundo os antigos aristotélicos, até a época de Alexandre de Afrodísia, é o objeto principal de nosso trabalho. Ora, após avaliarmos criticamente algumas interpretações recentes, é ainda mais claro que uma lógica-instrumento não se encontra em Aristóteles. Como não pôde ter sido Aristóteles o primeiro a defender essa doutrina, nossa investigação se concentrou, então, num dos contextos mais significativos em que ela aparece, a saber, em uma polêmica com os estoicos; em contraste com os que defendiam que ela não era parte mas instrumento, estoicos argumentavam que a lógica é parte da filosofia, os quais argumentos nós analisamos aqui. É verdade, porém, que essas duas teses não são completamente contraditórias entre si, na medida em que, no período entre Aristóteles e Alexandre, há sinais de uma tese compatibilista, ou seja, de que a lógica seria considerada tanto parte quanto instrumento. Seja como for, nos debruçamos sobre as críticas dos aristotélicos contra uma lógica-parte, bem como sobre eventuais argumentos positivos dos peripatéticos, deixando claro o significado de uma determinada disciplina ser instrumento, órganon em grego. No aristotelismo antigo, disciplina-órganon implicava relações com o conceito de arquitetonicidade; segundo trechos de Aristóteles, objetos e, inclusive, técnicos de determinadas disciplinas podem ser utilizados como instrumentos por outras, mais arquitetônicas em relação às primeiras; daí peripatéticos posteriores denominarem as próprias disciplinas subordinadas de instrumentos; o conceito de disciplina instrumental, então, implica que ela contribui para a finalidade de sua superior. Com isso em mente, voltando-nos especificamente à lógica, Alexandre de Afrodísia considerava claramente que a lógica contribui para a contemplação, finalidade última do homem. / Our major aim here was to research the philosophical relations of logic as tool according to the ancient Aristotelians untill Alexander of Aphrodisias. After our critical assessments of recent interpretations, it is even clearer that Aristotle had not any idea of logic as tool. Since Aristotle could not have argued for such doctrine, our research focused on one of the most significative contexts in which it appears, namely, in a debate with the Stoics; contrary to the ones who said logic is no part, but an instrument of philosophy, the Stoics themselves sustained that logic is part of philosophy and we assessed their arguments for this. It is true that these two theses are not throughout contradictory between them, in so far as, in the period between Aristotle and Alexander, there are signals of a compatibilist thesis, i.e. that the logic had been regarded as part and tool. May as it be, the Aristotelians criticized the arguments for logic as part, which we analyzed, as well as some positive arguments of the Aristotelian school; accordingly, the meaning of some discipline as an instrument (in Greek organon) was clear. That means: a discipline-organon implied relations with the concept of architectonicity; for, according to texts of Aristotle, objects and even technicians of some disciplines could be used as tools by other more architectonic disciplines; that is why later Peripateticians named the subordinate disciplines themselves tools; the concept of instrumental discipline implies that it helps to the finality of its superior. That in mind, we could see the specific case of logic which, as at least Alexader of Aphrodisias clearly regarded, helps to the contemplation, the utmost finality of man.

Orientador: Leandro Karnal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T11:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_FlaviaPretodeGodoy_M.pdf: 1501708 bytes, checksum: 8bb64f164e17c683ef088683459c0260 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O objetivo central desse trabalho é analisar como a percepção da natureza americana foi construída nas crônicas escritas nas décadas que sucederam a chegada dos primeiros europeus à América e como foi reelaborada em períodos posteriores a partir da leitura desses mesmos documentos. Para alcançar tal intento foram analisadas algumas crônicas selecionadas, como as obras de José de Acosta e Pedro Mártir de Anglería, e suas formas de apreender a natureza do Novo Mundo. A partir da conexão desses textos a uma epistemologia específica que configurava o saber europeu do período, foi possível compreender as possibilidades e os limites que essas obras possuíam em suas representações da América. Em seguida, o trabalho avança temporalmente, investigando as visões sobre a natureza americana produzidas no século XVIII por estudiosos de expressão no universo intelectual europeu, como Buffon, relacionando-as a rejeição das crônicas como fonte de saberes sobre a América, bem como à emergência de novos pressupostos epistemológicos. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo, foram analisadas algumas das idéias e das obras escritas pelo naturalista alemão Alexander von Humboldt, conhecido como uma das principais figuras dentro da história natural da primeira metade do século XIX, mas também apontado pela historiografia como responsável pela criação de uma nova imagem do continente americano, em especial, de sua natureza. Procurou-se estabelecer a ligação entre essa forma de representar a natureza, suas leituras e apropriações das crônicas coloniais e epistemologia do período, entendendo-os como processos indissociáveis na compreensão não somente da obra humboldtiana, mas da imagem que se consolidou em relação ao continente americano / Abstract: The main objective of this work is to analyze how the perception of American nature was developed in the chronicles written during the first decades after Europeans arrival to América and how it was re-elaborated in posterior periods through the reading of the same sources. To obtain that purpose, some selected chronicles were analyzed, such as those written by José de Acosta and Pedro Mártir Anglerìa, and theirs ways to apprehend the New World's nature were studied too. Based on a connection between those works with a specific pistemology, which configured the European knowledge in the period, it was possible to comprehend the possibilities and the limits of America's representations can be found in the chronicles. Furthermore, the work investigates the views of American nature produced in 18th century by erudite men in the European intellectual sphere, such as from Buffon and de Pauw. The views were on nected with the rejection of chronicles like knowledge concerning America and with the sprouting of news epistemic criteria. Finally, in the third chapter, the humboldtian ideas was analyzed. I tried toconnect Humboldt's views of nature with his reading and his appropriation of colonial chronicle and period epistemology / Mestrado / Historia Cultural / Mestre em História

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Vitte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T20:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_RoberisonWittgensteinDiasda_M.pdf: 1468779 bytes, checksum: 40fc5760f4a36c7140e5094d58c33157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A dissertação de mestrado que apresentamos toma forma na análise da Gênese da Geografia Moderna a partir dos conceitos de espaço, natureza e morfologia. Estes conceitos, fundamentais na construção do saber geográfico moderno em Alexander von Humboldt, remetem a um itinerário científico-filosófico-artístico ligado à filosofia Crítica kantiana e ao movimento romântico alemão. Em Kant destacamos como o espaço a priori da Crítica da Razão Pura se atrela à delimitação de um campo válido de análise para as ciências, a esfera dos fenômenos. Na mesma medida, apresentamos ainda com a Primeira Crítica (CRP) e com os Primeiros Princípios Metafísicos da Ciência da Natureza a base filosófica sobre a qual se estruturam as ciências naturais, desenvolvendo-se livremente sob um domínio pragmático e em busca de objetivos claros e definidos, não mais a verdade elementar e última; contexto no qual emerge uma Geografia Moderna. Ainda em Kant, a Crítica da Faculdade de Julgar coloca, antecedida pela questão do organismo, a matéria sob a qual tomará forma uma concepção teleológica de natureza. Esta natureza com um fim independente da razão adentra no universo romântico e é retrabalhada de muitas maneiras, interessando-nos, sobretudo, as levadas a cabo por Goethe e Schelling. A natureza em Goethe está ligada ao ideal na produção-reprodução pela forma. A síntese na forma é a medida deste processo, a manifestação no instante daquilo que se dispõe numa dinâmica contínua, a relação indissociável entre todo e partes numa perspectiva metamórfica. Em Schelling esta natureza é tomada como um termo real em sua idealidade, ou seja, supera a perspectiva simplesmente negativa do não-eu fichtiano, aparecendo em seu sentido teleológico numa relação sintética com o espírito. A medida dessa união, a ligação em síntese entre espírito e natureza é a chave explicativa para o papel da subjetividade na objetividade, uma ligação entre aquele que é passivo e ativo na captação da cena pela perspectiva intuitiva. O ideal da natureza, este que liga tudo no universo é a força vital em Humboldt; é o permear na esfera orgânica e inorgânica de uma atividade integradora, inseparável. Por fim, o movimento romântico, nele incluídos Goethe e Schelling, corrobora uma perspectiva de arte que deve ser incorporada na tarefa maior de conhecer não só intelectualmente, mas também esteticamente. A arte aparece como elemento maior de manifestação objetiva da síntese entre espírito e natureza, aquilo, enfim, que é o máximo de representação da realidade e, como tal, o ponto mais elevado atingido pelo saber que, a um tempo, também é ser o que se pretende conhecido. A Geografia surge como ciência moderna na confluência filosófica deste múltiplo legado científico-artístico-filosófico pela incorporação humboldtiana dos conceitos de espaço, natureza e morfologia. A maneira e o contexto particular em que toma forma a ciência geográfica é ponto de notado interesse para a produção de um conhecimento científico que, a todo instante, dialoga com sua história e, na leitura que propomos, também com a Filosofia. / Abstract: The master's degree dissertation that we presented takes form in the analysis of Genesis of the Modern Geography starting from the space concepts, nature and morphology. These concepts, elemental in the construction of the modern geographical knowledge in Alexander von Humboldt, it send to a linked scientific-philosophical-artistic itinerary to the philosophy Critical kantiana and the German romantic movement. In Kant highlighted as the space a priori of the Critic of the Pure Reason it is harnessed to the delimitation of a valid field of analysis for the sciences, the sphere of the phenomena. Equally, we still presented with the First Critic (CRP) and with the First Metaphysical Beginnings of the Science of the Nature the philosophical base on which the natural science are structured, growing freely under a pragmatic domain and in search of clear and defined objectives, no more the elementary and last truth; context in which a Modern Geography emerges. Still in Kant, the Critic of Judging puts, preceded by the subject of the organism, the matter under which will take form a conception teleological nature. This nature with an independent end of the reason penetrates in the romantic universe and it is worked of many sort things out, being interested, excessively, carried out them for Goethe and Schelling. The nature in Goethe is linked to the ideal in production-reproduction for the form. The synthesis in the form is the measure of this process, the manifestation in the instant of that that is disposed in a continuous dynamics, the relationship unseparate between whole and parts in a metamorphic perspective. In Schelling this nature is taken as a real term in ideal, in other words, it overcomes the perspective simply negative of the "no-me" fichtiano, appearing in sense teleological in a synthetic relationship with the spirit. The measure of that union, the connection in synthesis between spirit and nature is the explanatory key for the paper of the subjectivity in the objectivity, a connection among who that is passive and assets in the reception of the scene for the intuitive perspective. The ideal of the nature, this that ties everything in the universe is the vital force in Humboldt; it is permeating in the organic and inorganic sphere of an activity integrate, inseparable. Finally, the romantic movement, in him included Goethe and Schelling, it corroborates an art perspective that should be incorporate in the larger task of knowing not only intellectually, but also esthetically. The art appears as larger element of manifestation aims at of the synthesis between spirit and nature, that, finally, that is the maximum of representation of the reality and, as such, the highest point reached by the knowledge that, at a time, it is also to be that is intended known. The Geography appears as modern science in the philosophical confluence of this multiple scientific-artistic-philosophical legacy for the incorporation humboldtiana of the space concepts, nature and morphology. The way and the private context in that takes form the geographical science is point of having noticed interest for the production of a scientific knowledge that, every minute, dialogues with its history and, in the reading that we propose, also with the Philosophy. / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-21T17:44:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wellington Roriz de Oliveira Júnior - 2016.pdf: 2334458 bytes, checksum: 6aeeb655f607e3d2a58fdb88ee7922f7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T17:07:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wellington Roriz de Oliveira Júnior - 2016.pdf: 2334458 bytes, checksum: 6aeeb655f607e3d2a58fdb88ee7922f7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T17:07:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wellington Roriz de Oliveira Júnior - 2016.pdf: 2334458 bytes, checksum: 6aeeb655f607e3d2a58fdb88ee7922f7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / This study has the objective to analyze the relationship between body and mind in Alexander Lowen´s publications to discuss how the body illness is related to the character structures. For this, we seek to know how the body appears as a concept in the perspective presented by the author; discuss how is and how historically builds the relationship between body and mind in his approach; know how the character and illness concepts were built in his theory; discuss how the author develops the relationship between both. It was assumed as hypothesis that the character appears as an important joint point between mind and body and that its constitution is related to the body illness. Bibliographic and qualitative research was used, and the method used was Categorical Content Analysis of Lowen publications, his precursors and also of current articles on the topic. Five categories were developed to analyze the collected information: child development; the concept of energy; the relationship between the ego and the body; the emotions and sexuality; and the individual's relationship with the historical and social context in which they live. We conclude that the character appears as a fundamental and resulting element in the relationship between mind and body and that its constitution follows the same function of the illness, which is to react to a stressor element and restore the body's balance. Therefore, there is a relationship between them, since different types of character handle the particular disease forms. It is noticed that individuals with a combination of oral and rigid traits have unique characteristics that make them more prone to bodily illness than individuals with other character structures. This way of categorization changes among the author´s publications. We emphasize the importance of the concepts discussed by Lowen in structuring his theory and in developing a perspective in psychology that addresses the body and mind in an integrated manner. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre corpo e mente na obra de Alexander Lowen, no intento de discutir como o adoecimento corporal se relaciona com as estruturas de caráter. Para isso, busca-se: a) conhecer como o corpo aparece como conceito na perspectiva apresentada pelo autor; b) analisar como se dá e como se constrói historicamente a relação entre corpo e mente nessa abordagem; c) conhecer como se constroem e se fundamentam os conceitos de caráter e adoecimento em sua teoria; d) debater como o autor desenvolve a articulação entre ambos. Assumiu-se como hipóteses que o caráter se mostra como um ponto de articulação importante entre mente e corpo e que sua constituição está relacionada ao adoecimento corporal. Foi utilizada pesquisa bibliográfica, qualitativa, e o método utilizado foi a Análise de Conteúdo Categorial das obras de Lowen, assim como de seus precursores, bem como artigos atuais sobre a temática. Cinco categorias foram elaboradas para a análise dos dados coletados: o desenvolvimento infantil; o conceito de energia; a relação entre o ego e o corpo; as emoções e a sexualidade; e a relação do indivíduo com o contexto sócio-histórico em que vive. Conclui-se que o caráter se mostra como elemento fundamental e resultante na relação entre corpo e mente. Além disso, sua constituição segue a mesma função do adoecimento, que é a de reagir a um agente estressante e restabelecer o equilíbrio do organismo. Portanto, há uma relação entre ambos, uma vez que diferentes tipos de caráter lidam com a doença de formas particulares. Percebe-se que indivíduos com a combinação de traços orais e rígidos possuem características peculiares que os tornam mais propensos ao adoecimento corporal do que indivíduos com outras estruturas de caráter, embora essa forma de categorização se modifique ao longo da obra do autor. Ressalta-se a importância dos conceitos discutidos por Lowen na estruturação de sua teoria e no desenvolvimento de uma perspectiva em psicologia que aborde o corpo e a mente de forma integrada.

In this essay, I want to achieve an accessible and applicable entrance to Alexander Technique as a method for learning to use the body in such a way as to allow emotional expression in music. It is necessary to see the real need of Alexander Technique for the active musician, and therefore important components of music-making will be presented. These components are presented from an Alexander-perspective in order to produce a clear picture of the method of application.The prerequisite for emotional expression in music is musicians and music listeners with the ability to generate, and respond after emotional impressions. Alexander Technique provides an approach to make it easier for musicians, especially guitarists, to express emotions in a performance situation.After years of practice and obtaining musical knowledge and practical skills at the instrument, it is common that muscle tension and ingrained patterns contribute to limited expression. Muscle tensions arising from pressured situations such as auditions, competitions and concerts. Repetitive movements contribute to this, and lays the foundation for an insufficient technique. It is clear that traditional learning methods need to be complemented with an approach that treats body awareness as an essential part of musical performances. The notion that the use of the body affects mental states is now a truism, and one can see an opening towards new approaches that facilitate learning as well as performance of musical works. The emotional expression is in focus here, and this study deals with musical production based on the philosophy that music should be driven by decisions involving emotional expression.

This thesis adopts a Wendtian constructivist perspective in order to explore how Iran defined its interests in the context of the nuclear issue during the Ahmadinejad presidency. Against realist-type approaches which often attributed a nuclear weapons rationale to Iran and framed its programme as a threat to international security, it argues that Iran’s nuclear policy must be interpreted within the context of its identity and the latter’s causal and constitutive effects on its interests and behaviours. The Wendtian perspective, together with a mixed methods approach combining document analysis and interviews, sheds light on how Iran understood its interests and why the regime perceived opportunities/threats and permissible/unacceptable options in the way it did. This thesis demonstrates that Iran’s nuclear programme was interpreted within a structure of meaning that emphasised its legality and legitimacy. Additionally, it shows that the Ahmadinejad administration’s resistance strategies cannot be understood outside the context of the perceived humiliating failure of the Khatami administration’s confidence-building approach. Not only had Iran’s reputation and independence been jeopardised, but its failure to secure recognition of its nuclear rights also confirmed that the issue was a Western-led manufactured crisis that aimed to undermine the IRI, prevent the development of the Iranian nation and transform the IAEA’s mandate. Iran thus engaged in strategies of self-assertion to challenge the perceived illegal and illegitimate policies of its negotiation partners, the UNSC and the IAEA. Furthermore, this thesis contends that the Ahmadinejad administration sought to transform the diplomatic focus on its nuclear programme into multifaceted geopolitical opportunities. On the one hand, Iran attempted to situate the issue within the wider context of global debates around access to peaceful nuclear energy and the sustainability of the non-proliferation regime. Its denunciations of the Western NWSs’ discriminatory practices echoed with other states’ concerns. On the other hand, Iran’s proposals to the EU-3/P5+1 included repeated offers of cooperation on a range of dilemmas of common interests and aversion. As such, Iran pursued dual-track strategies towards its main nuclear opponents, combining enforcement costs with inducements. Finally, the belief that the US lay at the core of the nuclear issue prompted important debates and developments within Iran about the question of their bilateral relations. While these challenged conventional wisdoms about the principlists’ preferences, Iran’s discursive and ever-increasing strategic dependence on the US continued to explain its Janus-faced strategies towards the superpower.

The use of the Alexander Technique in teaching, performing and practicing the flute is investigated, in order to determine how to apply the Technique to the art of producing a good flute tone. The author's application of the Alexander Technique to teaching and playing the flute is described. Knowledge was acquired both through doing case studies on two flute pupils, and through the integration of personal experience, gained through taking Alexander Technique lessons, into flute lessons. This is set out in detail. The decision to work intensively on the technique of sound production on the flute, made the author aware of the fact that we. as teachers and performers, encounter a large number of different problems in teaching and playing. Matters are complicated by a pupil's eagerness and "wanting to do things right". This can cause a certain amount of apprehension and even anxiety. Often the habits which inhibit progress prove very difficult for the teacher to correct. This study is aimed at detecting and solving these problems by using the Alexander Technique; hopefully leading to a better understanding of how the Technique can be applied to flute teaching and playing. Posture, breathing and embouchure control are specifically addressed. For the teacher or performer who has little understanding of his/her own problems in playing the flute - e.g. in coping with the loss of a good tone caused by stage fright and other anxieties - the use of the Alexander Technique can mean the creation a new sense of physical freedom and mental flexibility. A knowledge of how to work on changing faulty habits and the creating of new and better means of body use, can be gained through the taking of Alexander IV Technique lessons. The general principles and various applications of the Technique are described. The problems musicians face - e.g. postural problems from sitting or standing for hours while practicing the instrument, instrument-specific problems such as pain in the arms or shoulders, or physical tension caused by anxiety - are all habitual difficulties which can be detected, weakened and, hopefully, even erased through the use of the Alexander Technique. This study aims to show that mind-body awareness work is fundamental for the teacher, the pupil and the performer. Very often, what appear to be simple problems in musical performance are bound to deeply-felt and long-standing emotions and experiences. Therefore, the seemingly simple problems associated with producing a good flute tone cannot be addressed without dealing with the person as a whole. It is thus crucial for us as musicians to attend to the whole person - as we practice, perform and teach. This study attempts to lead musicians to a better understanding of all facets of themselves and others, through the application of the Alexander Technique. / Dissertation (MMus (Performing Arts))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Music / unrestricted

A major question in Knot Theory concerns the process of trying to determine when two knots are different. A knot invariant is a quantity (number, polynomial, group, etc.) that does not change by continuous deformation of the knot. One of the simplest invariant of knots is colorability. In this thesis, we study Fox colorings of knots and knots that are colored by linear Alexander quandles. In recent years, there has been an interest in reducing Fox colorings to a minimum number of colors. We prove that any Fox coloring of a 13-colorable knot has a diagram that uses exactly five colors. The ideas behind the reduction of colors in a Fox coloring is extended to knots colored by linear Alexander quandles. Thus, we prove that any knot colored by either the linear Alexander quandle Z5[t]/(t − 2) or Z5[t]/(t − 3) has a diagram using only four colors.

The Glacier Creek volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit is hosted within Late Triassic, oceanic back-arc or intra-arc, rift-related, bimodal volcanic rocks (Hyd or Tats Group) of the allochthonous Alexander terrane known as the Alexander Triassic Metallogenic Belt (ATMB). The deposit presently consists of four tabular massive sulfide lenses with a resource of 4.75 Mt. at 1.84% Cu, 4.57% Zn, 0.15% Pb, 0.28 g/t Au and 29.07 g/t Ag. A deposit-scale thrust fault offsets stratigraphy along the axial surface of a deposit-scale anticline. The massive sulfide lenses are barite-rich and are divided into 6 main ore-types based on mineral assemblages. There is a large range of sphalerite compositions, with low-Fe sphalerite dominant throughout the lenses and high-Fe sphalerite at the top and bottom of the lenses in pyrrhotite-rich zones. Lenses contain anomalous Sb, Hg and Tl. Gangue minerals include barite, quartz, barian-muscovite, calcite, albite, highly subordinate chlorite and locally hyalophane and celsian. Overlying massive sulfide is a tuffaceous hydrothermal sediment with anomalous REE patterns and local hyalophane. The general footwall to all four lenses is a thick unit of coherent to volcaniclastic feldspar-phyric basalt containing extensive lateral alteration. Four alteration facies are recognized based on mineral assemblages. Mass balance calculations for the footwall indicate general gains of S, Fe, Si and K with coincident loss of Ca, Na and Mg, along with trace element gains of Tl, Sb, Hg, Ba, Zn, Cu, As and loss of Sr with increased alteration intensity. Short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy shows a general decrease in Na, K and Al content of muscovite and increase of Fe+Mg and Ba content towards ore. Integrated petrographic, mineral, chemical and sulfur-isotope data suggest a transition during deposit formation, from high-temperature, acidic, reduced hydrothermal fluids mixing with oxidized, SO4-rich seawater, to later cooler, low fO2-fS2 conditions of formation and a lack of SO4 in seawater.

There is a growing popularity among musicians to turn to somatic approaches such as the Alexander Technique, Body Mapping and Feldenkrais Method to improve posture and movement at the instrument and to produce better tone quality. There is little scientific and objective data to support the changes that are apparently seen and heard after such training. This study examines if a single somatic session has an immediate, perceivable effect on pianists’ body usage and musical quality. In the first mode of evaluation, judges rated specific aspects of body usage and musical quality. In the second mode of evaluation, judges were asked to identify post-somatic performances. Results indicated that there are perceivable changes in body usage and musical quality although those differences are not as apparent or easily detectable as is often believed. The findings also suggest that it is easier to identify post-somatic performances through body usage than musical quality.