To understand the behavior of a species under the reproduction aspects, growth, birth rate, mortality and migration is indispensable the knowledge of his alimentary behavior, still more if treating of fishes with habit alimentary piscivorous that they occupy the top of the trophic chain exercising a fundamental paper in the communities' structuring. This study had for objectives to analyze the feeding of the fish-dog, Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro in three rivers of Rio Grande do Sul, verifying which prey of larger preference and analyzing the relationship of the size of the prey x predator, and for Rio Vacacaí and Rio dos Sinos the group is considered allochthonous for the system. It was analyzed 380 examplaries captured bimonthly among the years of 2010 and 2011 for Rio Jaguari, which presented the index of vacuity of 0,74. In the rivers Vacacaí end of the Sinos 225 examplaries were analyzed, being 107 to Rio Vacacaí, captured in five points in the four seasons, presenting an index of vacuity of 0,62 and 118 examplaries captured to Rio dos Sinos in the summer and autumn of 2011, presenting result of IV of 0,41. In Rio Jaguari, differences were not verified between atmosphere lentic and lotic, regarding the capture, the bimonth with higher temperatures presented larger number of captured examplaries, and the studied species presented larger alimentary activity at dusk and at night to Rio Jaguari and at night for in the rivers Vacacaí end oh the Sinos. Through the analysis of the size of the prey x predator it could be verified for the three rivers studied that prey larger they are ingested by predators also larger. The diet of the species came fish-eating essentially feeding preferentially of small characins feeds. Studies of the alimentary behavior of species fish-eating are necessary, overcoat of species allochthonous, seeking to understand the relationships of those species as predators of chain top in aquatic atmospheres, controlling the feeds populations. / Para compreender o comportamento de uma espécie sob os aspectos de reprodução, crescimento, natalidade, mortalidade e migração, é indispensável o conhecimento de seu comportamento alimentar, ainda mais se tratando de peixes com hábito alimentar piscívoro que ocupam o topo da cadeia trófica exercendo um papel fundamental na estruturação de comunidades. Este estudo teve por objetivos analisar a alimentação do peixe-cachorro, Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro em três rios do Rio Grande do Sul, verificando quais presas de maior preferência e analisando a relação do tamanho da presa x predador, sendo que para o Rio Vacacaí e Rio do Sinos a espécie é considerada alóctone para o sistema. Analisou-se 380 exemplares capturados bimestralmente entre os anos de 2010 e 2011 pra o Rio Jaguari, o qual apresentou o índice de vacuidade de 0,74. Nos rios Vacacaí e dos Sinos foram analisados 225 exemplares, sendo 107 para o Rio Vacacaí, capturados em cinco pontos nas quatro estações do ano, apresentando um índice de vacuidade de 0,62 e 118 exemplares capturados para o Rio dos Sinos no verão e outono de 2011, apresentando resultado de IV de 0,41. No Rio Jaguari, não foram constatadas diferenças entre ambiente lêntico e lótico, com relação à captura, os bimestres com temperaturas mais elevadas apresentaram maior número de exemplares capturados, sendo que a espécie estudada apresentou maior atividade alimentar ao entardecer e à noite para o Rio Jaguari e à noite para os rios Vacacaí e Sinos. Através da análise do tamanho da presa x predador pôde-se constatar para os três rios estudados que presas maiores são ingeridas por predadores também maiores. A dieta da espécie apresentou-se essencialmente piscívora alimentando-se preferencialmente de pequenos caracídeos forrageiros. Estudos do comportamento alimentar de espécies piscívoras são necessários, sobretudo de espécies alóctones, visando entender as relações dessas espécies como predadores de topo de cadeia em ambientes aquáticos, controlando as populações forrageiras.

The trophic state of lakes is commonly defined by the concentration of nutrients in the water column. High nutrient concentrations generate high phytoplankton production, and lakes with low nutrient concentrations are considered low-productive. This simplified view of lake productivity ignores the fact that benthic primary producers and heterotrophic bacteria can be important basal producers in lake ecosystems. In this thesis I have studied clear-water and brown-water lakes with respect to primary production, respiration and bacterial production based on allochthonous organic carbon. These processes were quantified in pelagic and benthic habitats on temporal and spatial scales. I also calculated the net ecosystem production of the lakes, defined as the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R). The net ecosystem production indicates whether a lake is net heterotrophic (GPP < R), net autotrophic (GPP > R) or in metabolic balance (GPP = R). Net heterotrophic lakes are sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere since respiration in these lakes, by definition, is subsidized by an external organic carbon source. External organic carbon is transported to lakes from the terrestrial environment via inlets, and can serve as a carbon source for bacteria but it also limits light availability for primary producers by absorbing light. On a seasonal scale, four of the clear-water lakes studied in this thesis were dominated by primary production in the soft-bottom benthic habitat and by respiration in the pelagic habitat. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were low in the lakes, but still high enough to cause the lakes to be net heterotrophic. However, the lakes were not low-productive due to the high production in the benthic habitat. One of the clear-water lakes was studied also during the winter and much of the respiration under ice was supported by the benthic primary production from the previous summer. This is in contrast to brown-water lakes where winter respiration is suggested to be supported by allochthonous organic carbon. By studying lakes in a DOC gradient (i.e. from clear-water to brown-water lakes) I could draw two major conclusions. The lakes became less productive since benthic primary production decreased with increasing light extinction, and the lakes became larger sources of CO2 to the atmosphere since pelagic respiration was subsidized by allochthonous organic carbon. Thus, lake carbon metabolism can have an important role in the global carbon cycle due to their processing of terrestrial organic carbon and to their possible feedback effects on the climate system.

Allochthone Wasserfrösche haben in Deutschland und vielen anderen Ländern Europas zu Faunenverfälschungen geführt. Sie konkurrieren mit einheimischen Tieren und stellen aus genetischer Sicht eine Bedrohung der Bestände dar. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Genotypen von 447 Wasserfroschproben aus Deutschland sowie 460 aus anderen Teilen Europas untersucht. Im Gesamtdatensatz konnten 56 ITS2- und 65 ND3-Genotypen nachgewiesen werden. Unter den 20 in Deutschland gefunden ITS2-Allelen wurden zwei Rana ridibunda-ähnliche Genotypen als autochthon und fünf als allochthon erkannt (Häufigkeit 7 %), der Status weiterer fünf ITS2-Allele war nicht klar zu belegen. Unter den 14 mitochondrialen Genotypen der R. ridibunda-Gruppe befanden sich drei autochthone, zehn allochthone (Häufigkeit 18 %) sowie eine Variante mit unklarem Status. Allochthone Genommerkmale wurden vor allem in Südwestdeutschland entlang des Rheins und im Ruhrtal nachgewiesen. Im Raum Karlsruhe konnte ein mitochondrialer Genotyp mit hohem Anteil festgestellt werden, der typisch für eine bisher nur aus Italien bekannte Art ist (R. bergeri). Da allochthone ITS2-Allele häufig heterozygot mit autochthonen Varianten auftreten, gibt es eindeutige Hinweise auf Hybridisierungen zwischen einheimischen und eingeschleppten Wasserfröschen. Aufzuchtsexperimente zeigten keine reduzierte Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von F1-Hybriden aus Kreuzungen zwischen autochthonen R. ridibunda und allochthonen R. cf. ridibunda aus Anatolien. Um die Rolle allochthoner Wasserfrösche bei der Verbreitung von Krankheitserregern beurteilen zu können, wurden Nachweistests für die Amphibien-Chytridiomykose durchgeführt. Die Nachweistests ergaben eine Prävalenz des Erregers (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) von 6,3 % unter deutschen Proben. Da die Chytridiomykose überwiegend in Populationen auftrat, in denen auch allochthone Wasserfrösche vorkamen, wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen Einschleppungsereignissen und dem Auftreten des Erregers vermutet. / Allochthonous water frogs have been introduced into Germany and other European countries. They compete with autochthonous water frogs and threaten the genetic integrity of native populations. In the present work the genotypes of 447 water frogs collected in Germany as well as 460 samples from various European countries have been determined and compared. In the complete dataset 56 ITS2- and 65 ND3-genotypes were identified. Among the 20 ITS2-alleles found in Germany, two indigenous and five introduced Rana ridibunda-like genotypes (relative frequency 7%) occurred. Five R. ridibunda alleles could not assigned as either indigenous or exotic. Among the 14 mitochondrial genotypes of the R. ridibunda-group three autochthonous and ten introduced (relative frequency 18%) variants could be identified, whereas the status of one mt-genotype remained unclear. Exotic alleles were mainly found in southwest Germany along the river Rhine and along the Ruhr in the Ruhr area. The wide distribution of a mitochondrial genotype previously known from Italian water frogs (R. bergeri) was ascertained in the region surrounding Karlsruhe. Allochthonous ITS2-alleles often occur heterozygously combined with autochthonous alleles. This is a strong evidence for cases of hybridisations between indigenous and introduced water frogs. Crossing experiments between autochthonous R. ridibunda and Anatolian water frogs (R. cf. ridibunda) revealed no reduced viability among the F1-hybrids. To evaluate the possible role of introduced water frogs on the dispersal of infectious diseases, detection tests of the amphibians-chytridiomycosis were carried out. The detection tests for its pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, on the tissue samples collected in Germany showed a prevalence of 6.3%. Most of the infected frogs were found in populations influenced by non-native water frogs. This points towards a possible relationship between introduction events and the occurrence of the pathogen.

Cette thèse porte sur les interactions entre les déformations halocinétiques locales au sein des mini-bassins salifères et les déformations régionales compressives. L’étude s’appuie sur une analyse structurale multi-échelle détaillée d’une province à mini-bassins se développant dans le bassin d’avant pays de Sivas (Turquie). Une analyse de terrain approfondie, associée à une étude de données de subsurface, permet de proposer une révision des cartes géologiques ainsi qu’une évolution tectonosédimentaire identifiant les déformations liées à la tectonique salifère et celles liées à la propagation de la ceinture de plis et de chevauchements dans l’avant-pays. A partir de l’Eocène supérieur, le fluage del’évaporite autochtone, initié et entretenu par le chargement sédimentaire différentiel ainsi que par la déformation compressive, permet la formation d’une première génération de mini-bassins. Ces minibassins, constitués par une formation continentale Oligocène, vont être recouverts par une nappe d’évaporite allochtone accueillant une seconde génération de mini-bassins constitués de formations continentales et marines Oligo-Miocène. L’initiation du domaine de mini-bassins secondaires est caractérisée par une distribution polygonale du réseau de diapirs et de murs d’évaporites. Ces mini-bassins enregistrent localement les effets de la tectonique salifère par le développement d’une grande variété de structures halocinétiques à différentes échelles telles que les séquences halocinétiques unitaires (crochet et éventail), séquences composites (tabulaire ou fuseau) et megaflaps. Une série de modélisation analogique préliminaire amontré que ces structures peuvent se développer avec ou sans l’application d’une compression aux limites. De plus, les analogies géométriques entre les mini-bassins de Sivas et les provinces salifères connues suggèrent que la dynamique de formation de ces mini-bassins est au premier ordre contrôlée par le chargement sédimentaire différentiel, découplé partiellement de la compression régionale. Néanmoins, l’analyse du réseau de fractures et de l’endommagement matriciel souligne l’enregistrement précoce de la déformation compressive régionale lors de l’initiation des mini-bassins.L’influence du raccourcissement sur la structuration de la province à mini-bassins s’exprime de manière croissante par l’écrasement des corps salifères permettant : (i) le développement de dépocentres linéaires préférentiellement perpendiculaire à la direction de raccourcissement, (ii) l’émergence de corps allochtones d’évaporites en surface, ainsi que (iii) la rotation et translation des mini-bassins. Cette province à mini-bassins génère une discontinuité dans la propagation et l’accommodation de la déformation compressive : la déformation compressive est accommodée auniveau du réseau polygonal de murs d’évaporites formant des structures multidirectionnelles. De plus, cette concentration de la déformation par écrasement des structures salifères entraine la remobilisation des évaporites vers l’avant-pays générant alors un nouveau système salifère. / This doctoral work studies the interaction between withdrawal of minibasins and regional shortening during evolution of a foreland fold-and-thrust belt. This is achieved by a multiscale structural analysis of the Sivas Basin (Turkey). Extensive field work and regional seismic lines interpretations helped to build a new and detailed geologic map of the central Sivas Basin and to provide a new tectonosedimentary framework highlighting the influence of salt tectonics and the regional shortening, starting in the Late Eocene by the autochthonous evaporite deposition. This level is remobilized by the northward migrating sedimentary load, shortening and tilting of the basin southern margin during propagation of the foreland fold-and-thrust belt. Evaporite flow is recorded by the withdrawal of a primary generation of continental Oligocene minibasins which are then covered by an evaporite canopy. The canopy extending northward allows the development of second generation of continental to shallow marine mini-basins from Oligocene to Middle Miocene. Secondary minibasins initiation in the central part of the Basin, is characterized by sub-circular minibasins surrounded by polygonal diapirs and walls. Flanking these minibasins, a large variety of halokinetic structures is described: halokinetic sequences (hooks and wedges), composite halokinetic sequences and megaflaps. Preliminary sand-box modeling study suggests the development of thesehalokinetic structures both with and without shortening. Furthermore, minibasins geometries are closely similar to those imaged or mapped in other salt provinces suggesting that mini-basin withdrew is first control by sedimentary load, probably due to decoupling by the salt. However, the fractures and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analyses suggests the record of shortening since the minibasins initiation. The increase influence of regional shortening on the minibasins domain is expressed by salt walls and diapirs squeezing inducing: (i) the development of linear mini-basins perpendicular to the shortening direction, (ii) salt sheet emplacement and (iii) the translation/rotation of minibasins. The minibasins province produces a discontinuity for the fold-and-thrust belt propagation. Indeed, the minibasins province accommodates the shortening deformation along the polygonal network of salt walls and diapirs forming multidirectional structures. Furthermore, the regional shortening accommodation by salt structures squeezing produce an evaporitic remobilization and migration of a salt canopy toward the foreland basin. / Bu doktora tezi/çalışması, bir önülke kıvrım ve bindirme kuşağının evrimi sırasında minihavzaların çekilmesi ve bölgesel kısalma arasındaki etkileşimi konu edinir. Çoklu ölçekteki bu yapısal analiz Sivas Havzası (Türkiye) ölçeğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kapsamlı saha çalışması ve bölgesel olarak sismik kesitlerden ortaya çıkarılan yorumlamalar, Sivas Havzası’nın orta kesiminde detaylı bir jeolojik haritalama yapımına yardımcı olmuş ve otokton evaporit depolanmasının başladığı Geç Eosen’den başlayarak havza için tuz tektoniği ve bölgesel kısalmanın etkisindeki yeni bir tektono-sedimanter çatının ortaya çıkarılmasına neden olmuştur. Söz konusu seviye, önülke kıvrım ve bindirme kuşağının ilerlemesisüresince kuzeye doğru sedimanter dolgunun göçüyle birlikte havzanın güney kenarında kısalıma uğrayarak ve eğim kazanarak remobilize olmuştur. Evaporit akışı, kıtasal Oligosen minihavzalarının ilksel olarak oluşumundan sonra çekilmesine bağlı olarak gözlenmiş ve sonrasında evaporit yaygılarıyla örtülmüştür. Kuzeye kadar uzanan bu yaygı, Oligosen-Orta Miyosen arasında kıtasaldan sonra sığ denizel tipteki ikincil minihavzaların gelişimine de neden olmuştur.Havzanın orta kesimindeki ikincil minihavza başlangıcı, poligonal diyapir ve duvarlar tarafından çevrelenen dairesel minihavzalarla karakterize olur. Bu minihavzaların kanatlarında halokinetik yapılar tanımlanmıştır. Kanca (hook) ve kama (wedge) tiplerde olmak üzere halokinetik seriler, kompozit halokinetik seriler ve megaflaplar bu yapılar arasında sayılabilir. Çalışmanın başlangıcında yapılan kum kutusu model deneyi, bu halokinetik yapıların kısalmayla veya kısalma olmaksızın geliştiğini göstermiştir. Buna ek olarak minihavzaların geometrisi, muhtemelen tuzun ayrışmasından dolayı tortul yükün ilkkontrolünden dolayı çekilen diğer tuz bölgelerinde önerilen haritalanmış minihavzalara benzerdir. Bununla birlikte kırık ve manyetik suseptibilite analizleri, minihavzaların başlangıcından itibaren kısalmanın kayıt edilebilmesi hakkında fikir vermektedir. Minihavza bölgelerindeki bölgesel kısalımın artışı, tuz duvarları ve diyapirlerin sıkışmasıyla birlikte(i) kısalma yönüne dik durumdaki çizgisel minihavzaların gelişimi, (ii) tuz örtülerinin yerleşimi ve (iii) minihavzaların yer değiştirmesi veya dönmesiyle açıklanır. Minihavzalar bölgesi, kıvrım ve bindirme kuşağının gelişimi için bir süreksizlik üretir. Aslında, minihavzalar birçok yönde yapılar oluşturarak tuz duvarları ve diyapirlerin polygonal şekildeki yerleşimi boyunca kısalma deformasyonuna eşlik eder. Üstelik, tuz yapılarının eşlik ettiği bölgesel kısalma önülke havzalarına doğru evaporitik bir göçe de neden olmaktadır.

Cross-boundary movements of energy and material are ubiquitous. Freshwater ecosystems receive nutrients, dissolved, and particulate organic matter from adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, whereas terrestrial ecosystems mainly receive prey organisms and detritus deposited by physical processes such as floods from freshwater ecosystems. Within lakes, fish are considered as integrators between habitats due to their high mobility, although they often occupy either near-shore littoral or open-water pelagic habitats and develop habitat-specific morphologies. Such intra-population divergence in morphological traits might limit the use of multiple habitats. In this thesis, I first focused on quantity and quality of reciprocal fluxes of particulate organic matter between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and responses of recipient consumers. Freshwater ecosystems generally received higher amounts of externally-produced resources than terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this discrepancy, aquatic and terrestrial consumer responses were similar, likely due to the differences in resource quality. Second, I investigated the potential of particulate organic carbon (POC) supporting benthic food webs in lakes; a pathway that has largely been neglected in previous studies. I found that POC can substantially subsidize the benthic food web and that the effects on the benthic food web were transferred to the pelagic habitat, thus emphasizing the importance of benthic pathways for pelagic production. Third, I examined how water transparency can affect intra-population divergence in perch (Perca fluviatilis). I observed that increased water transparency can considerably increase morphological divergence between littoral and pelagic populations likely due to its effects on foraging. Finally, I investigated the effects of such intra-population divergence on littoral-pelagic food web coupling. I found that low morphological divergence corresponded with high overlap in resource use, whereas strong morphological divergence resulted in low overlap in resource use. Here littoral populations mainly utilized littoral resources and pelagic populations primarily utilized pelagic resources, indicating that habitat coupling might be strongly limited when intra-population divergence is high. In conclusion, although different ecosystems seem separated by distinct physical boundaries, these boundaries are often crossed. However, the development of habitat-specific adaptive traits might limit movement between apparently contiguous habitats.

Climate change is expected to increase the precipitation ~30% in higher latitudes during the next century, increasing the land runoff via rivers to aquatic ecosystems. The Baltic Sea will receive higher river discharges, accompanied by larger input of allochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) from terrestrial ecosystems. The salinity will decrease due to freshwater dilution. The allochthonous DOM constitute a potential growth substrate for microscopic bacterioplankton and phytoplankton, which together make up the basal trophic level in the sea. The aim of my thesis is to elucidate the bacterial processing of allochthonous DOM and to evaluate possible consequences of increased runoff on the basal level of the food web in the Baltic Sea. I performed field studies, microcosm experiments and a theoretical modeling study. Results from the field studies showed that allochthonous DOM input via river load promotes the heterotrophic bacterial production and influences the bacterial community composition in the northern Baltic Sea. In a northerly estuary ~60% of bacterial production was estimated to be sustained by terrestrial sources, and allochthonous DOM was a strong structuring factor for the bacterial community composition. Network analysis showed that during spring the diversity and the interactions between the bacteria were relatively low, while later during summer other environmental factors regulate the community, allowing a higher diversity and more interactions between different bacterial groups. The influence of the river inflow on the bacterial community allowed “generalists” bacteria to be more abundant than “specialists” bacteria.    Results from a transplantation experiment, where bacteria were transplanted from the northern Baltic Sea to the seawater from the southern Baltic Sea and vice versa, showed that salinity, as well as the DOM composition affect the bacterial community composition and their enzymatic activity. The results showed that α-proteobacteria in general were favoured by high salinity, β-proteobacteria by low salinity and terrestrial DOM compounds and γ-proteobacteria by the enclosure itself. However, effects on the community composition and enzymatic activity were not consistent when the bacterial community was retransplanted, indicating a functional redundancy of the bacterial communities.  Results of ecosystem modeling showed that climate change is likely to have quite different effect on the north and the south of the Baltic Sea. In the south, higher temperature and internal nutrient load will increase the cyanobacterial blooms and expand the anoxic or suboxic areas. In the north, climate induced increase in riverine inputs of allochthonous DOM is likely to promote bacterioplankton production, while phytoplankton primary production will be hampered due to increased light attenuation in the water. This, in turn, can decrease the production at higher trophic levels, since bacteria-based food webs in general are less efficient than food webs based on phytoplankton. However, complex environmental influences on the bacterial community structure and the large redundancy of metabolic functions limit the possibility of predicting how the bacterial community composition will change under climate change disturbances.

[pt] A Língua Portuguesa no Brasil - uma política de homogeneização lingüística analisa, dentro do referencial da Política Lingüística no Brasil, o tema específico da inadequação das ações de política lingüística adotadas no país desde sua colonização até os tempos atuais. Embora a implementação de uma política lingüística coerente com as características nacionais ainda não tenha ocorrido, ações políticas sobre as línguas são praticadas desde a colonização do país. Em cada um dos momentos históricos mais significativos para o país - Brasil Colônia, Império, República antes da Constituição de 1988 e após a mesma - foram verificados os malefícios e benefícios que a política de línguas vigente na época impunha a todas as línguas presentes no contexto. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e através do levantamento de documentos oficiais, faz-se um retrospecto crítico das ações de política lingüística no Brasil. Ações, em geral, inadequadas, as quais se deve o atual status da língua portuguesa como língua nacional no Brasil. Essas ações originaram, ainda, conseqüências não só para o patrimônio sociocultural do Brasil como também para a sua economia. Essas conseqüências, em sua maioria, podem ser revertidas com a aplicação de uma política lingüística que abranja todas as facetas lingüísticas do país. Contudo, para que essa aplicação seja alcançada são necessárias mudanças na estrutura educacional do país para que a mentalidade de país monolíngüe seja extirpada do Brasil. / [en] The Portuguese Language in Brazil - a linguistic homogeneization politics analyzes, taking as reference the Language Politics in Brazil, the specific theme of the inadequacy of the actions of language politics adopted in the country since its colonization until the present days. Although the implementation of a linguistic politics coherent with the national characteristics has yet not being occurred, political actions over languages are practiced since the country colonization. In each of the most significant historical moments for the country - Brazil Colony, Empire, Republic before the Constitution of 1988 and after it - were verified the maleficences and benefits that the language politics in force at the time brings to all the languages in the context. From a bibliographical research and from de raising of official documents, it is done a critical retrospection of the actions of language politics in Brazil. Actions, in general, inadequate that are responsible for the national language current status of Portuguese in Brazil. Those actions originated, yet, consequences not only for the Brazil social-cultural patrimony but also for its economy. Those consequences, for the most part, can be reverted with the application of a language politics that embrace all linguistics facets of the country. Nevertheless, for being reach this application, changes are necessary in the country educational structure so that the mentality of a monolingual country could be extinct of Brazil.

No description available.

O acúmulo significativo de conhecimento sobre a ecologia de restauração nos últimos anos tem conduzido a mudanças na orientação dos programas de manejo e restauração florestal. A escolha ou criação de um modelo de restauração é um processo em constante aprimoramento, exigindo a necessidade de estudos que não apenas diminuam os custos envolvidos, mas também, que garantam a efetividade do objetivo proposto. Neste sentido, este trabalho testa novas metodologias de restauração visando a obtenção de informações técnicas sobre: A) a expressão do banco de sementes autóctone e alóctone na restauração florestal de diferentes situações de degradação antrópica.; B) o resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes; C) a eficiência de um modelo de plantio que utiliza conceitos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e; D) a evolução da paisagem. Para análise dos bancos de sementes autóctone e alóctone foram feitos levantamentos da densidade e das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regeneradas. No resgate de indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, as plântulas e indivíduos jovens foram resgatadas em uma floresta e levadas para adapatação em viveiro, onde tiveram seus indivíduos e espécies contabilizados em termos de densidade e sobrevivência. No modelo de plantio estudado, as espécies foram reunidas em grupos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e tiveram a cobertura de copa de cada indivíduo quantificada. A evolução da paisagem foi realizada através de fotointerpretação e principalmente checagem de campo periódica. Os principais resultados dessas metodologias foram: A) As situações identificadas na Fazenda Intermontes apresentaram diferentes expressões de regeneração natural em função do número de indivíduos germinados banco de sementes autóctone. O aproveitamento dessa expressão poderá ser realizado através de metodologias diferenciadas de restauração para cada situação estudada: B) No estudo do Banco de sementes alóctone, a densidade dos indivíduos germinados se foi de 409.334 indivíduos/ha, revelando a possibilidade de uso no programa de restauração. Os indivíduos arbóreos apresentaram na área adubada um acréscimo de 137,3 % em sua altura média em relação aos indivíduos da área não adubada. C) No resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, a densidade dos indivíduos foi muito próxima para as duas épocas do ano, sendo 38.700 ind./ha e 37.900 ind./ha, mas com uma diferença significante para os indivíduos sobreviventes que apresentaram 16.500 ind./ha e 26.600 ind./ha para os meses de julho e dezembro de 2002, respectivamente. A técnica de resgate utilizada se mostrou viável uma vez que foi possível alcançar até 70,9% de sobrevivência para os indivíduos resgatados; D) No estudo sobre o modelo de plantio foram amostrados 143 espécies, demonstrando que a função do grupo da diversidade vem sendo mantida e aumentando as chances de efetivação dos processos de sucessão. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo de Preenchimento apresentou-se com uma porcentagem de cobertura significativamente maior que a do grupo de Diversidade, sendo 73,6% e 83,3% para 1,5 e 2,5 anos respectivamente. / Significant accumulation of know-how about restoration ecology has been changing forest restoration management programs’ trends during the last years. Choosing or elaborating a restoration model is a process that requires constant improvement and ecological studies that not only reduces the costs involved but also warrants the achievement of the aimed proposal. This study explores new restoration methodologies, searching for technical information about: A) autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank expression on forest restoration at different situations degraded by anthropogenic disturbances; B) seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue; C) efficiency of a planting model based on fulfillment and diversity concept; D) landscape development. The autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank were analyzed through regenerating woody species and density scouting. For the rescue of regenerating woody species, seedling and young individuals were taken from a forest and transferred to a plant nursery for adjustment, where number and species were counted regarding density and survival. In this studied planting model, species were organized and gathered into a fulfillment or diversity group, and each individual had its crown area quantified. Landscape development was analyzed by photointerpretation and specially by periodical field checking. Results from these methodologies showed that: A) Identified degraded situations at Intermontes farm displayed distinguished natural regeneration expression, influenced by the number of germinated seeds of the autochthonous seed bank. Advantage can be taken from these different outcomes by using distinct restoration methodologies for each studied situation. B) For the autochthonous seed bank study, germinated seed density was 409,334 ind./ha, indicating its potential role on restoration programs. Woody individuals at fertilized sites had a medium height enhancement of 137,7% when compared to those at non fertilized sites. C) For seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue, individual density was similar for both seasons (38700ind./ha and 37900ind./ha) but significantly distinct for individual survivor, with values of 16500ind./ha for July and 2600ind./ha for December. Rescue technique turned out to be a viable possibility since it achieved survival of 70,9% for rescued individuals. D) This planting model study registered 143 species, indicating that the diversity group’s role has been maintained and enhances the chance of successional process success. The fulfilling group had a significant higher percentage of crown area than the diversity group, with 73,6% and 83,3% for 1,5 and 2,5 years, respectively.

Naturnahe Verfahren im Management bast- und holzbesiedelnder Insekten basieren auf der Ausnutzung olfaktorischer Reaktionen dieser Insekten und teilweise auch derer Antagonisten auf Semiochemikalien käferbürtigen und baumbürtigen Ursprungs. Verfahren, die im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeit verfolgt wurden, waren zum überwiegenden Teil das Wirkungsprinzip Allochthoner Kairomone sowie Abwehrverfahren bei denen Nichts-Wirtsbaum-Volatile zum Einsatz kommen. Als biologischer Detektor von zu identifizierenden Semiochemikalien aus Laubwaldhabitaten wurde der Ameisenbuntkäfer Thanasimus formicarius verwendet. Von T. formicarius ist eine stark generalistische Lebensweise bekannt, die zur Annahme verleitet, dass dieser auch als Prädator an diversen Laubholz besiedelnden Borkenkäferarten auftritt. Entsprechend wurden als Beuteobjekte in Laubwaldhabitaten die Arten Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum, Leperisinus varius und Scolytus intricatus vermutet und schwerpunktartig untersucht. Mittels GC-MS/EAD-Analysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass T. formicarius Substanzen aus den Habitaten in Wäldern von Rot-Buche, Gemeiner Esche und Eiche wahrnehmen kann. Für einen Teil der von T. formicarius wahrgenommenen Substanzen wurden Dosis-Antwort-Kurven aufgenommen, um Erkenntnisse über die Wahrnehmungsschwelle bei T. formicarius zu erhalten und eine mögliche Bedeutungen der Substanzen in der olfaktorischen Orientierung im Laubwaldhabitat abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichten, dass T. formicarius neben käferbürtigen Substanzen auch eine Vielzahl von pflanzenbürtigen Volatilen wahrnehmen kann. Dabei wurden für einige dieser Substanzen sehr geringe Wahrnehmungsschwellen festgestellt, was eine besondere Bedeutung der Substanzen in der olfaktorischen Orientierung von T. formicarius vermuten lässt. Substanzen, von welchen eine signifikante Wahrnehmung von T. formicarius erfasst werden konnte, wurden in Olfaktometerexperimenten auf verhaltensmodifizierende Wirkungen beim Ameisenbuntkäfer untersucht. Die in Laborexperimenten auf Wahrnehmung von T. formicarius getesteten Substanzen wurden letztlich in Fallenfangexperimente und Fangholzexperimente eingebunden. Ein Anflug von T. formicarius auf die in den Laborexperimenten erprobten Substanzen, konnte in Fallenfangexperimenten im Freiland, bei der Verwendung der zu erprobenden Substanzen als Einzelsubstanzen, kaum beobachtet werden. Auch die Kombination der Einzelsubstanzen zu Mixturen erzeugte keine nennenswerten Attraktivitäten auf T. formicarius und andere Prädatoren im Freiland. Dennoch schienen die Substanzen aufgrund ihrer teilweise repellenten Wirkung auf bast- und holzbesiedelnde Insekten geeignet, um zumindest in naturnahen Managementverfahren eingesetzt zu werden. Den Ergebnissen der Fallenfang- und Fangholzexperimente entsprechend können die aus dem Nadelwaldhabitat stammenden Pheromondispenser Sexowit® und Chalcogran als Allochthone Kairomone im Laubwaldhabitat empfohlen werden. Darüber hinaus scheint eine Applikation von exo-Brevicomin und endo-Brevicomin als Allochthone Kairomone im Nadelwaldhabitat denkbar, muss jedoch noch am Fangholz geprüft werden. Aus den Fallenfangexperimenten konnten zudem Substanzen abgeleitet werden, welche sich im Monitoring von bast- und holzbesiedelnden Insekten aus Laub- und Nadelwaldhabitaten eignen. / Nature-based methods in the regulation of bark and wood boring insects are based upon the use of olfactory responses of these insects and also partly of their antagonists to semiochemicals that originate from bark and wood boring insects or their host plants. Methods used during this research were the Allochthonous Kairomones principle and defense methods with non-host volatiles. Thanasimus formicarius was used as biological detector for identifying semiochemicals from deciduous forest habitats. T. formicarius is known to be a highly generalist predator, which led to the assumption that T. formicarius may occur as predator of various bark and wood boring insects living on deciduous tree species. Accordingly, Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum, Leperisinus varius and Scolytus intricatus were assumed to be prey species in deciduous forest habitats and hence focused on in this study. A GC-MS/EAD analysis demonstrated that T. formicarius is able to perceive substances from the habitats of European beech, common ash and oak. For some of the perceived substances dose-response-curves were recorded to obtain knowledge about the perception threshold of T. formicarius and to derive the potential importance of the substances in the olfactory orientation in deciduous forest habitats. The results show that T. formicarius is able to recognize a variety of plant-derived volatiles as well as substances from bark and wood boring insects. For some of these substances very low perception thresholds were determined, suggesting a particular importance of these substances in the olfactory orientation of T. formicarius. Substances that were found to be significantly perceived by T. formicarius were further examined in olfactometer experiments in order to test for behavior-modifying effects. Substances that were tested for perception by T. formicarius in the laboratory experiments were finally included in trapping experiments and trap log experiments. When used as single compounds, low numbers of T. formicarius were attracted to substances used in trapping experiments. Also the combination of single substances to mixtures produced no significant attractions of T. formicarius and other predators in trapping experiments. However, some of the substances seemed to be appropriate for using in nature-based management methods because of repellent effects to bark and wood boring insects. According to the results of trapping and trap log experiments, pheromone dispensers such as Sexowit® and chalcogran from coniferous forest habitats can be recommended as Allochthonous Kairomones in deciduous forest habitats. In addition, an application of exo- and endo-brevicomin as Allochthonous Kairomones in coniferous forest habitats seems possible, but still has to be tested with trap log experiments. In addition within these experiments substances were detected that can be used in the monitoring of bark and wood boring insects in coniferous and deciduous forest habitats.