In the Western States, a pecuniary punishment represents a proven alternative to (un)conditional imprisonment. By joint effort of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office and the Supreme Court, the pecuniary punishment has become a trend over the last few years also in the Czech Republic. Why should criminal justice bodies strive for more frequent imposition of the pecuniary punishment? In which cases is the pecuniary punishment an appropriate criminal sanction? And how is, or rather should be, the pecuniary punishment imposed and enforced? The submitted master's thesis draws attention to the obstacles of effective legal regulation and its inconsistent application. It deals with substantive and procedural aspects of the matter, relevant case law and statistical data. Conscious of the limits of comparisons in criminal law, the author also takes into account the law of Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. The first part of the thesis deals with the pecuniary punishment in general. The diploma candidate describes its purpose, position in the system of criminal sanctions and basic characteristics. A closer look is taken at the new way to satisfy the injured person, which was introduced on 1 January 2018 by Act No. 59/2017 Sb., on the use of financial resources from proprietary criminal sanctions imposed...

Målet med detta arbete var att belysa skillnaderna mellan ett fyravåningshus med trä- respektive halvprefabricerad betongstomme ur ett tekniskt perspektiv för att utröna vilket stomalternativ som är att föredra. Faktorer som belystes var: Tjocklekar på bärverksdelar Längsta möjliga spännvidder Installationsmontering Elementmontering Grundstorlek Ljudisolerande förmåga Risk för fuktskador Branddimensionering Projekteringskomplexitet Bygghandlingar från ett befintligt flerbostadshus med trästomme erhölls och analyserades, och ett hus med likvärdig stomme av betong projekterades. Bärverket med halvprefabricerad betong dimensionerades efter rådande Eurokoder och detaljer utformades enligt gällande lagar och regler samt erkänd branschstandard. Ur de tekniska perspektiv som avhandlats i denna rapport väger fördelarna med betong något tyngre än träalternativets fördelar trots att egenskaperna i vissa hänseenden är mycket lika. Betongalternativet ger stora fördelar vad gäller brand och ljud och är samtidigt enklare att projektera, medan trä har sina fördelar i montering och grundläggning. Att välja en stomme av trä till ett flerbostadshus verkar också ha fördelar i de icke avhandlade aspekterna, t.ex. miljö och arbetsmiljö. För att uppfylla ljud-, brand- och fuktkrav i ett trähus krävs det avancerade byggsystem som innebär stor komplexitet i projekteringen vilket kräver ett nära samarbete mellan träprojektör och fabrikör. / The goal with thisdegree project was to highlight the differences between an apartment building with a timber frame and partly prefabricated concrete frame from a technical point of view to determine which alternative that is preferable. Highlighted factors were: Thicknesses of load-bearing parts The maximum length of floor structures Assembly of installations Assembly of the frame-parts Sound-insulating ability Moisture problems Dimension of fire-protection Project-complexity Construction documents from an existing apartment building with a timber frame were obtained and analyzed, and a concrete frame house with similar abilities was projected. The half-prefabricated concrete construction was designed with current eurocodes and details were designed according to laws, regulations and recognized industry standards. From the technical perspective that has been discussed in this report, the advantages with concrete frames are greater than the timber alternative, despite the fact that they in some aspects are very similar. The concrete option provides significant benefits in terms of fire and sound abilities and it is also easier to design, while the timber option has its advantages in assembly and foundation. Choosing a frame of timber to an apartment building also seems to have advantages in the environmental and work environmental aspects. To fulfill the sound, fire and moisture requirements which are needed in a timber house it requires advanced building system that involves complexity of the design which requires close cooperation between the constructional engineer and the manufacturer.

Sustainability has been on everyone's lips in the last decade. However, the fashion industry has been proved to be the second-largest contributor to environmental destruction being just behind the oil industry. As the fashion industry keeps growing, measures need to be taken to make it more sustainable. When shopping for fashion products the channel with the least environmental cost is using physical stores. However, physical stores are becoming less and less attractive and are losing their customers to e-commerce instead, a phenomenon that has been called the retail apocalypse. When comparing physical stores to e-commerce one clear advantage that the physical stores have is that they can take advantage of sensory cues to enhance the customer's shopping experience. This thesis wants to test if sensory touchpoints in a fashion retailing environment will affect customer decision-making. Ultimately contributing to the thin available research in the field on how to make physical retailing more attractive and counteract the ongoing retail apocalypse.  The empirical findings were obtained using a quantitative survey consisting of 32 questions sent out via social media to Swedish fashion customers and were analyzed through the theoretical concepts of evaluation of alternatives and purchase decision which are two of the steps in the customer decision-making process model. Concluding this thesis showed that all research questions surrounding sensorial touch points' impact on customers came back with positive outcomes.

The human body has been considered to be an active element and is a common starting point of fashion design processes. However, during these processes, understanding of the body and how it is used to design is often confined by the body’s standard spatial and structural characteristics. The research presented in this thesis aimed to examine body alternatives in fashion design processes in order to explore and open up for alternative body expressions for developing silhouettes for clothing.  Alternative aesthetic approaches and understandings of the body as a design tool were researched through experimental explorations, reflections, dialogue, and discussions. These created an embodied dialogue between thought and execution which was further developed and informed by the EDI (Embodied Design Ideation) framework for analysing and refining understandings of the interactions between the body, materials, and movement. These explorations and their outcomes bridge the theory of research for the art and research for art and design.   The explorations were based on the varied ways in which the body is perceived during body-material interactions, and were explored through movement, human-technology interfaces, and an exploratory workshop conducted at the Swedish School of Textiles. These explorations expanded our understanding of the body’s aesthetics in relation to material interactions and embodied experiences. The explorations questioned our preconceived conceptions of the body and facilitated a process of re-learning these through fashion design.  The results of the explorations were alternative methods and tools that use the body as a central variable in fashion design. The research culminated in the development of conceptions of the body in design processes that increase the design possibilities by introducing new concepts, tools, and methods. The body alternatives developed provide an openness in terms of design thinking and introduce conceptions of the body that can facilitate or improve design practice. The results have implications for design methods and contribute to methods in general and fashion design education programmes in terms of how they facilitate design processes.

Cancer pain is a complex symptom that affects the quality of life of oncology patients, caregivers, and families. The limitations of pain management treatment for cancer patients can be attributed to the lack of knowledge and availability of nonpharmacological treatments. The purpose of this project was to identify and gather evidence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions in the treatment of cancer pain using the methodology of a systematic review. Watson's theory of human caring supported the project by incorporating the perception of treating the human being holistically during the illness process. The Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice model provided a structured approach to address the practice problem and practice-focused question. The tools used to assess the quality and synthesize the findings of the studies were the Research and Evidence Appraisal Tool and the Synthesis Process and Recommendations Tool. The practice-focused question explored whether nonpharmacological interventions could be used to complement opioid treatments for cancer pain. A systematic review of the literature indicated 11 studies in which 2 interventions--music therapy and exercise--addressed the practice-focused question. Psychological distress, decreased physical function, and decreased involvement in social activities can all be attributed to the poor management of cancer pain. The study of alternatives to opioids could support social change by increasing the knowledge of healthcare professionals and the range of treatment options for pain management in cancer patients.

Climate change poses as one of the major environmental issues on a global scale today, with one of the largest contributor to the climate change being the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG emissions in turn is known to a large extent originate in anthropogenic energy use, especially fossil fuel usage. This leads to almost a quarter of the global emissions today being emitted from the transport sector as the sector is primary fueled by fossil fuels. Biofuels have been promoted as a strong candidate for fossil fuel substitution as it has similar properties while being renewable. However, even as biofuels have been increasing annually since 2008 globally, there are still concerns associated with the usages that have hindered its replacement of fossil fuels. Indonesia, one of the most populated countries in Southeast Asia, is projected to be one of the world’s leading economies in 2050. In 2030, Indonesia in projected to have doubled its energy consumption since 2014, indicating that the decisions and actions taken today in Indonesia will have a significant impact on the future fuel consumption. This, in combination with being the largest producer of palm oil in the world, gives it a great potential to be in a leading position in the future production of biofuels, especially biodiesel from palm oil. Additionally, Indonesia has set mandatory targets for biofuel share in the transport sector which indicates that the country also seeks to promote the usages of biofuels. This thesis intends to investigate Indonesia’s potential for biofuel development in the transport sector and which factors that could hinder it. More specifically, this study answers the two questions: (i) Which factors are hampering the development of biofuels in the Indonesian transportation sector from a multi-level perspective? and (ii) What is the projection of the Indonesian transport sector by 2030 in terms of fuel consumption and global warming potential (GWP) and what role could biofuels play in reducing those? The data used were collected by interviews with stakeholders in Indonesia and a literature study, which afterwards was processed with the tools Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) and Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP). MLP is a concept aiming to describe how system transitions happens with the help of an examination of the linkages in between technology and society, whereas LEAP is an energy modeling tool used in order to create energy projections in different policy scenario options. In this research, MLP were used to capture and analyze the factors that influence the future implementation of biofuels in Indonesia from a socio-technical perspective, putting forward key barriers for biofuel implementation in Indonesia. LEAP was used to construct a model of the Indonesian transport sector to project the future fuel consumption and GWP emissions. This was used to examine biofuels importance as a fuel through scenarios where different Indonesian policy actions were appraised. Together, these two methods will provide an enlightening and concluding remark on the future possibilities for biofuels in Indonesia's transport sector in this thesis. The major finding of the first research question were that biofuels in Indonesia were being introduced in Indonesia as the government saw economic benefits and a solution to the increased energy demand in Indonesia and an increased energy security in going towards a domestic produced energy source. The need for biofuels were also increased due to an increased global sustainability awareness, which also reached Indonesia. Today, biofuels in Indonesia is in a socio-technical transition pathway to go from a niche innovation to a technology in the regime level, but in order for a breakthrough, a number of barriers needs to be addressed. The most mentioned barriers were the institutional and regulatory barriers, which mainly lays in a lack of cooperation amongst the regulatory institutions and a low rate of success of biofuel laws and regulations. Other barriers were the market barriers, closely connected in a subsidization of fossil fuels in Indonesia and a need for further subsidization of biofuels for the market for biofuels to exist in Indonesia. Furthermore, a technical barrier with the vehicle engine were seen as the engine needs improvements in order for a higher blending of biofuels in the fuel. There was also a concern of the perceived sustainability of biofuels in general (e.g. water scarcity and pollution) which was identified as a hindrance. It was also clear a social change is needed in order to push the biofuel breakthrough and enable it to reach its full potential. Today, the interviewees mainly see a development for the biofuel biodiesel and not for the biofuel bioethanol in Indonesia, which they mainly concluded as there is currently none or very little production and demand for bioethanol in Indonesia, and as well a lack of governmental support for bioethanol development. For the second research question four scenarios were used; Business as Usual (a continuation of current trends), Improved Standards (an investigation of higher emissions standards and an increasing fuel efficiency), Biofuel Mandate (a mandatory biofuel share in fuels) and the Low Carbon scenario (a combination of the previous two as well as introduction of electric vehicles, changed car preferences and higher biofuel blending targets). Cars represents a tenth of the vehicle fleet and the share of diesel car amongst the cars are 5% while gasoline stands for 95%, the rest of the vehicles are gasoline driven motorcycles. The main findings were: the total vehicle fleet will have doubled by 2030. This rapid increase could cause stress on the domestic fuel supply, as the yearly fuel consumption is expected to grow from 770 million GJ in 2014 to 1850 million GJ in 2030, an increase by 140%. In the projection the fossil fuels are blended with biofuels, diesel is mixed with biodiesel while gasoline is blended with bioethanol. The annual diesel fuel consumption is projected to increase from 350 million liters to 1100 million in the Business as Usual scenario where the current trend was expected to continue. The implementation of biodiesel and bioethanol in the Biofuel Mandate scenario. Additionally, the Biofuel Mandate scenario resulted in a 12.6% reduction of GHG emissions during the projected period. The cumulative GHG emissions in the projection is estimated to be 1630 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2030 for the Business as Usual scenario. In the transport sector, gasoline is projected to increase from 23 billion liters to 54 billion liters over the period. In the Improved Standards scenario, where the emission standards are increased from Euro2 to Euro6 in 2030 for cars and Euro4 for motorcycles in 2025 as well as an annual fuel economy improvement of 2%, the total fuel consumption is reduced with 20% and GWP by 18%. It was found that the annual GWP could be reduced by almost 31% below the 2014 level, at 47 million metric tonnes of CO2Eq, if the actions of the Low Carbon scenario were achieved. The barriers associated with the Improved Standards scenario were technical, institutional and regulatory while the Biofuel Mandate scenario also had financial, market and distribution barriers. The Low Carbon scenario had barriers from all of the identified barrier categories. The institutional and regulatory barrier was the most prevailing barrier for all of the scenarios. The recommended actions based on the content of this thesis is to firstly promote collaboration between governmental institutes, stakeholders and authorities and include all stakeholders in the decision progress, this way, frameworks and regulations will have a chance to improve and increase the knowledge about biofuels in all levels. It is also important to implement a stronger biofuel R&D culture, promote a more sustainable biofuel development and increase the public awareness of biofuels. The implementation of biofuels will have a reducing effect on the total GWP and fossil fuel consumption. Gasoline is projected to remain the predominant fuel in the transport sector. Therefore will actions targeting the reduction or substitution of gasoline be more impactful than those towards diesel. However due to the availability and current production capacity of biodiesel there is still potential for higher share of biodiesel in fuels.

Polyvinyl Chloride, commonly known as PVC is a common and effective construction material. PVC is also one of the most common types of plastic. In 2008, global production and consumption of PVC was approximately 34.5 million tons. The construction industry is responsible for about 70% of the world's consumption of PVC. The largest construction use of PVC is for pipe and conduit. Modern construction, especially structures built for data services depend heavily upon PVC conduit for underground pathways to distribute electricity and data. PVC is also at the center of a fierce effort by environmental groups who would like to see it eliminated completely. If environmentalists are successful in their efforts to eliminate PVC; builders will be left without a material that is crucial for many applications. Seven alternative conduit materials have been identified as potential replacements for PVC electrical conduit. PVC electrical conduit is commonly used in commercial, industrial, and civil construction. This thesis undertook to study the four major electrical contractors in the state of Utah which employ more than one hundred electricians. Because major electrical contractors use large quantities of PVC conduit, electricians working for these contractors were surveyed to determine their preferences of alternative materials. A questionnaire was distributed and received 112 responses, which represent 6.5% of the total population. This study found that PVC was the most used, most preferred, easiest to install and was perceived as the least expensive conduit material. Polypropylene and High Density Polyethylene were rated next highest, but were also the least commonly used of the alternative materials. The other materials, which include: Nylon, Fiberglass, Fiberglass Reinforced Epoxy, Polyurethane Coated Steel, and Galvanized Steel were also examined. Many of the respondents expressed displeasure by the effort to eliminate PVC and the vast majority felt that green certification for construction did not justify elimination. These responses indicate that more needs to be done to introduce alternative conduit materials to users of PVC and educate them about the value of the alternatives. This study represents an important step in evaluating the value of PVC conduit and its alternatives.

Sveriges och världens industrier står inför stora omställningar gällande energianvändning och klimatavtryck. Johnson Metall AB jobbar ständigt med miljöarbete och har identifierat gasolanvändningen i produktionen som ett ställe där stora miljövinster går att göra. Examensarbetet avgränsas till att enbart titta på alternativa förvärmningstekniker till skänkar.Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka 3-5 alternativa förvärmningstekniker till den gasoluppvärmning som används i dagsläget. Det är viktigt att en alternativ lösning gör så att nuvarande produktkvalitet bibehålls samtidigt som en alternativ lösning bidrar till ett lägre klimatavtryck, det är även viktigt att priset på produkterna inte går upp allt för mycket.För att genomföra examensarbetet har metoderna litteratursökning, Double Diamond, nulägesanalys, komparation och kriterieviktsmetoden använts. För att skapa en bild över uppvärmningsförloppet görs en testmätning som jämförs med teoretiska samband.Utbudet av klimatavtrycksminskande teknik är relativt stor och fortsätter att växa, däremot råder det brist på incitament att byta teknik. Det krävs stora investeringar i ny teknik som är relativt obeprövad. Bränslen som skulle kunna nyttjas blir indirekt reserverade för andra teknikslag till följd av konkurrensen på bränslemarknaden. I dagens läge ligger risktagandet i övergången till ny klimatneutral teknik hos industrin.Det alternativ som har störst potential är en elektrisk lösning. Förändringar i anläggningen kommer inte innebära någon större inverkan i produktionen. Konsekvenserna av att byta förvärmningsteknik är att produkterna förmodligen kommer öka i pris, men att produkten också får ett lägre klimatavtryck. / Due to the consequences of global warming the industries of the world are facing new challenges. Johnson Metall AB is continuously working with ways to reduce their environmental footprint. Johnson Metall AB has identified use of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as a source where great environmental gains can be made. The thesis limits itself to only look at LPG use in ladle preheating.The purpose of the thesis is to investigate 3-5 alternative ladle preheating technologies instead of the current LPG preheating of ladles. It is important that an alternative solution keeps the current quality of the products and contributes to lower emissions, it is also important that the price of the products doesn’t increase too much. In order to investigate available options the following methods have been used: literature study, double diamond, current situation analysis, comparison method, and the criterion weight method. In order to create a picture of the heating of ladles, an evaluation measure is performed and compared with theoretical concepts. Climate friendly alternatives are present on the market and are continuously improving, however the incentives to invest in new technologies are few. From the industries perspective the available options are expensive and relatively untested. Fuels that are viable options are taken from consideration due to hard competition with other markets. Moving to alternative fuels is a risky business with few guarantees for the foundry industries. The alternative with the biggest potential is an electric solution. Changes in the facility will not result in any major interference in production. The consequences of changing ladle preheating technology will probably be an increase in the price of the products, however the product will be more environmentally friendly.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the perceptions of the use of alternatives to suspension of high school administrators in Virginia urban public schools. The phenomenological research design allowed better understanding of the participant’s view and perception of their use of alternatives to suspension. While there is research focusing on the use of alternatives to suspension, there has been little research in Virginia urban public schools on the perceptions of administrators on the use of alternatives to suspension. The framework this research study utilized to focus the data analysis was Social Learning Theory. Data collection strategies included individual, semi-structured interviews, and document review. Analysis of data occurred in three phases: (a) open and axial coding themes from participant responses during interviews, (b) analysis of field notes, and (c) re-examination of the data. The analysis of the phenomenological study was based on the theoretical proposition that the perception of the person assigning the consequence after an incident influences the impact, change, and outcome. The credibility of the analysis was protected by triangulation of data through the coding of interviews and member checking. The results revealed four categories emerged to include: (1) knowledge and awareness of alternatives to suspension, (2) perceived effectiveness and impact, (3) implementation challenges and barriers, and (4) policy and legal considerations. Based on the research, recommendations were made for professional practice to support and improve the responses to student behavior by administrators in urban Virginia public schools.

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