This study explores evocations of the concept of the "Amazon Woman" and her female tribe, from cross-continental prehistoric sources to contemporary ritual practice within native amerindian belief systems of the rain forests of South America. The designation "Amazon" for the world's largest river has often been considered a grand "mistake" made by sixteenth century explorers; imaginative portrayals of Amazons had invigorated the reports of numerous early travelers, including Marco Polo, Columbus, and Hernan Cortes. This analysis establishes the importance of a reconsideration of the Amazon "mistake," or the idea that Europeans were projecting the fantastical worlds and dramatic personae of classical Greek legends and later romances of chivalry onto the realms of New World daily experience. The deep roots of prehistoric and historic civilizations carry the fragmentary genesis of matristic views of the world--the Mother, deified as Warrior, is a constant sign and symbol interplaying within the semiotics of the Amazon. The amazons of the New World were both ancient sister kin and actual tribal homosocial units who played vital roles in sacred religious beliefs and clan organization. I read the corpus of chronicles on, and studies of, the question of Amazons through a multi-faceted and multidisciplinary lense: archeology, history, anthropology, ethnography, mythology, literary criticism, and the sciences all intertwine to provide a more wholistic view of the subject. The text of the Amazons is clarified here by the consideration of prehistoric fragment upon fragment, reuniting five tribal narratives from the rain forests of South America, which reconstitutes the overall corpus of the Amazon mythos in Latin America. An autobiographical opening juxtaposes the continuum between the personal and cultural microstructures of my own approach to this subject with the macrostructures of the socio-symbolic order generally, and keeps a double focus constantly at play throughout the entire analytical text. Finally, Amazons are defined as evocations of natural phenomena and the diversity of animal and human behaviors as represented in mythical, cultural, and social spheres. This thesis comprises a literary analytical process I define as "ecotextuality": the reading of biotic diversity through its multiple languages, not excluding the "I" of the reader/writer.

Ce travail de recherche s’intéresse au rôle politique des femmes de l’aristocratie dans la Fronde et aux représentations dont il fait l’objet au XVIIe siècle, de façon à en faire apparaître les enjeux politiques, sociaux et culturels. Les actions accomplies, mais surtout les discours, les mises en scène et, plus généralement, toutes les stratégies de communication qu’emploient les Frondeuses et leur entourage pour intervenir dans la guerre civile sont examinés, de mêmes que les témoignages des contemporains. Or, les sources écrites et la documentation iconographique révèlent une conception du pouvoir, du champ d’action des femmes et des rapports entre femmes et pouvoir bien plus ouverte et audacieuse que ne le laisse entendre la règle de l’exclusif masculin. Tous les projets politiques auxquels participent ces femmes, une quinzaine environ, sont considérés, du début de la régence d’Anne d’Autriche en 1643 à l’avènement du règne personnel de Louis XIV en 1661. Deux modes d’action principaux apparaissent : les interventions à caractère militaire des Amazones de la Fronde d’une part, celles qui relèvent de la diplomatie occulte accomplies par les « intrigantes » d’autre part. L’examen des moyens employés conduit à souligner l’ancrage des Frondeuses dans des réseaux familiaux, amicaux et clientélaires puissants où elles occupent des positions stratégiques. Pour plusieurs d’entre elles, l’analyse des actes et des discours avant, pendant et après les troubles civils pose la question d’une éventuelle démarche d’émancipation à caractère féministe. / This work aims at analysing the political role played by women of the aristocracy in the Fronde, as well as its representations in the XVIIth century, in order to highlight what is at stake politically, socially and culturally. The actions accomplished by women, but above all the views expressed about them, and all the communication strategies used by the Frondeuses to take part in the civil war are examined, as well as the strategies they and their contemporaries used to underline the part these women played in the political life. All those points reveal ideas about power, the field of activity of women and the relationships between power and women, which seem to be far more open and daring than the principle of male exclusive rights gives us to understand. All the political projects in which these fifteen women or so took part are taken into account, from the beginning of Ann of Austria’s regency in 1643 to the eve of Louis XIV’s personal reign in 1661. Two main means of action appear: the Amazons of the Fronde used military methods whereas the intriguers used diplomatic ones. A closer look at their behaviours leads to underline how deeply the Frondeuses were rooted in powerful networks of families, friends and clientage, where they held strategic positions. For several of them, the analysis of actions and discourses before, during and after the upheaval questions a possible attempt at feminist emancipation.

Enabled by a Minor Field Study scholarship from SIDA, this thesis examines indigenous involvement in ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazons. Indigenous people are the most marginalized social group world-wide, and coincidingly often live in resource rich pristine land. The oil-rich lands of the Amazons is called a resource frontier and is now increasingly important for the tourism sector, which comes to entail conflict of interests between the State and indigenous communities living in this area. Both the global call for sustainable development and national policies of “Buen Vivir” promotes ecotourism as an ecologically, socio-economically, and culturally sustainable activity. Scholarly opinion suggest that ecotourism generates potential tools of empowerment for the involved indigenous communities. With this backdrop and with the theoretical framework of the postcolonial debate, main opportunities and challenges are examined with the correlation of tourism ventures and socio-political implications in the local reality of indigenous organizations in Tena, Napo. Complex impediments are uncovered and analysed within the social field of indigenous ecotourism. The conviction of the study holds the call for attentive cross-cultural communication in order to continue the seemingly inevitable path of globalization in a more sustainable and non-discriminatory manner.

Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:42:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lolli_PedroAugusto_M.pdf: 242147 bytes, checksum: 746a7d8d5115955e5c8ded13832c1f9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Antropologia Social / Mestre em Antropologia Social

Der germanistische Beitrag von Kristin Schwarz (M. A.) „An dem Tag, als die Amazonen kamen, die männergleichen“. – Die Transgression von Geschlechtergrenzen in Heinrich von Kleists Penthesilea, fokussiert die Zeit um 1800 als Gründungszeit der historischen Moderne, um in ihrer traumatisch erfahrenen politischen, sozialen, ideologischen und epistemischen Krisenhaftigkeit die genderdiskursive wie ästhetische Transgressivität von Kleists berühmter Tragödie von 1808 zu begründen. ‚Grenzüberschreitung‘ wird so zur Meistertrope eines textspezifischen Verfahrens- und Strukturprinzips, das zum einen Kleists synkretistische ‚Arbeit am Mythos‘ und (im Sinne Aristoteles‘) ‚verbotswidrige‘ Plot-Manipulationen erfasst – hier ins-besondere die amazonischen Initiationsrituale, Penthesileas Regression in der Begegnung mit Achill und den Zivilisationsbruch seiner ekstatischen Tötung. Zum andern eignet, so die Verfasserin, dieses Konstruktionsprinzip auch Kleists ‚exzessivem‘ und ‚transgressivem‘ Gebrauch sprachlicher Standards, jenseits des Sag- und Darstellbaren, mit steten ‚Grenzverletzungen‘ und ‚Grenzverwischungen‘ zwischen konkreter und metaphorischer Wortbedeutung, zahllosen Perspektiv-, Bild- und Stilbrüchen und anderen Techniken poetischer Komplexierung. Für Schwarz hat die hieraus resultierende Verrätselung von Text und Identität der amazonischen Protagonistin sowohl genderkritische wie methodische Relevanz: Erscheint in ihrer ‚queeren‘ Lesart die weibliche Hauptfigur doch als hybride und ambigue Konstruktion, die nicht nur jegliche (damalige, heutige und künftige) geschlechtlichen Identifizierungs- und Differenzierungslinien unterläuft, sondern die zugleich ein attraktives Beispiel für die ‚unbegrenzte‘ Dialogfähigkeit historischer Gegenstandsfelder und modernster gendertheoretischer Zugänge darstellt.

The myth of the Amazons began in Ancient Greece. Renditions of the myth were found in art and literature of the Greeks and Romans in the ancient world. The image of the Amazons changed with the culture and ideology that discussed them. The Amazon myth reflected Greek and Roman views of women. Through looking closely at the three stages of the myth of the Amazons one can determine the myth strengthens the image of women that was held by men of the ancient world. The Amazons were connected with the heroes Heracles, Theseus, and Alexander the Great. Individual Amazons such as Antiope, Penthesilea, and Camilla were also dominant in the mythology of the Amazons. By completing a literary analysis of the myths of the Amazons beginning in the eighth century B.C. and through the fourth century A.D. one is able to see what was expected and deemed acceptable of women.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Nazaré Corrêa da Silva.pdf: 4743441 bytes, checksum: f6684d2567b96992043854c475f8bc05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research analyzes a group of literacy strategies offered to the subjects of Youth and Adult Education (EJA) in the Amazon, through the training and teaching practice developed by the University of the State of Amazonas (UEA) in the sixty two municipalities of the state of Amazonas, with a focus on teaching practice with letter orphans in the Peru-Brazil-Colombia Triple Amazon Basin, from the perspective of curricular subjects and public managers from 2003 to 2010. Show the UEA formation EJA training course and the agreements signed between the federal and state governments. This is a qualitative approach research. The first chapter deals with the EJA in the global agenda, interests of neoliberal politics, reflections and propositions. The second presents the UEA, its proposal of literacy and training for subjects of the EJA, agreements and pacts for the development of these actions. The third chapter talking about the teacher training course at EJA, which is to be a teacher today in dealing with building a curriculum that respects the diversity of EJA. The fourth and last chapter brings the subjects' speech and the hope of an emancipatory curriculum. The focus of the research crosses the geographical frontier stripping the cultural frontier, with a cut in the possible curriculum built together with the orphans of the Letters of Rewriting the Future Program (PLRF). The theoretical basis is based on the contributions of Karel Kosik, Paulo Freire, Samuel Benchimol, Triviños, Lowy, Gimeno Sacristán, Arroyo, Feldmann and Antônio Chizzotti, as well as official documents, "Letters of the Amazon" reports of activities of the curricular subjects and indicators of use of the teaching practice. I considered that the proposal of extension in literacy of the University of the State of Amazonas / UEA, for the education of educators and orphans of the letters, in spite of the positive results for the education in Amazonas and insertion of young people and adults in the official education and, educators continuing in the construction of new knowledge with specializations, masters and even doctor degree, the policy for the EJA needs to advance in the perspective of liberating popular education, needs to be fertilized through problem situations and analysis of possibilities and limits, characteristics of a border region and Amazonian . The result of this work will be in the public domain and made available to the research subjects / Esta pesquisa analisa um conjunto de estratégias de alfabetização oferecido aos sujeitos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) na Amazônia, através das formação e prática docente desenvolvida pela Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA) nos sessenta e dois municípios do estado do Amazonas, com foco na prática docente com os órfãos das letras na Tríplice Fronteira Amazônica Peru-Brasil-Colômbia, sob a ótica dos sujeitos curriculares e gestores públicos no período de 2003 a 2010. O curso de formação em EJA da UEA, os acordos firmados entre os governos federal e estadual. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a EJA na agenda global, interesses da política neoliberal, reflexões e proposituras. O segundo apresenta a UEA, sua proposta de alfabetização e formação para sujeitos da EJA, acordos e pactos para o desenvolvimento dessas ações. O terceiro capítulo aborda o curso de formação docente em EJA, o que é ser professor hoje no trato com a construção de um currículo que respeite a diversidade da EJA. O quarto e último capítulo traz a fala dos sujeitos e a esperança de um currículo emancipatório. O foco da pesquisa atravessa a fronteira geográfica desnudando a fronteira cultural, com recorte no currículo possível construído junto aos órfãos das letras do Programa de Letramento Reescrevendo o Futuro (PLRF). A base teórica apoia-se nas contribuições de Karel Kosik, Paulo Freire, Samuel Benchimol, Triviños, Lowy, Gimeno Sacristán, Gonzáles Arroyo, Feldmann e Antônio Chizzotti, bem como documentos oficiais, “Cartas do Amazonas” relatórios de atividades dos sujeitos curriculares e indicadores de aproveitamento da prática docente. Considerei que a proposta de extensão em letramento da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), para formação de educadores e órfãos das letras, em que pese os resultados positivos para a educação no Amazonas e inserção de jovens e adultos no ensino oficial e, educadores prosseguindo na construção de novos conhecimentos com especializações, mestrados e até doutorado, a política para a EJA precisa avançar na perspectiva da educação popular libertadora, precisa ser fecundada por meio de situações problema e análise de possibilidades e limites, características de uma região de fronteira e amazônica. O resultado deste trabalho será de domínio público e disponibilizado aos sujeitos da investigação

Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, on assiste en France à un retour en force du mythe des Amazones dans les textes littéraires et les arts visuels. À chaque époque qui la voit ressurgir, la communauté de guerrières affranchies des lois des hommes suscite autant la fascination que l’effroi. Figures dissidentes qui apparaissent, entre 1870 et aujourd’hui, sous les traits de sportives, d’écuyères, de femmes de carrière (auteures, enseignantes, médecins, avocates…), de militantes féministes, de lesbiennes révolutionnaires et de guerrières futuristes, les Amazones se distinguent par la manière dont elles échappent à une vision hétéronormative du « féminin » et du « masculin ». Le réinvestissement du mythe des Amazones depuis la Belle Époque traduit un désir d’affranchissement par rapport à un système de société basé sur une pensée antagoniste entre force et faiblesse, corps et esprit, individu et communauté, masculin et féminin. Les guerrières myth(olog)iques semblent cristalliser diverses tentatives d’opposer aux lieux communs d’un féminin conventionnel des figures d’identification en rupture avec les normes et les attentes sociales. Toutefois, en perpétuelle posture de résistance aux catégories genrées, les Amazones et leurs avatars choisissent de n’endosser ni le féminin ni le masculin, optant pour une identité équivoque, se présentant comme un sujet queer dont la mission est d’exposer la pseudo-nature de la conception binaire des genres. À travers leur combat pour le décloisonnement des espaces identitaires, ces figures modernes de la résistance tentent, tant bien que mal, de constituer une communauté ouverte aux différences et de tirer un sentiment de puissance de cette union sororale. L’opposition et les difficultés rencontrées sur le chemin de la conquête, marqué par des actes sacrificiels, les obligent à réinventer leurs armes de lutte et les conduisent parfois à remettre en question l’héritage des troublantes et fascinantes guerrières de l’Antiquité. / Since the end of the 19th century, we have witnessed the strong comeback of the myth of the Amazons in French literature and visual arts. In every era that sees its resurgence, the emancipated female warriors’ community arouses as much fascination as terror. Dissident figures appearing, between 1870 and today, as athletes, horse riders, career women (authors, teachers, doctors, lawyers…), feminist activists, revolutionary lesbians, and futuristic warriors, the Amazons are distinguished by the way they fend off a heteronormative vision of femininity and masculinity. The reinvestment of the Amazonian myth since the Belle Époque translates a desire for freedom from a social system based on an antagonistic thinking of strength and weakness, body and mind, individual and community, male and female. The myth(olog)ical warriors seem to crystallize various attempts to oppose the commonplaces of conventional femininity to identification figures who break with norms and social expectations. However, in perpetual resistance to gender categorization, the Amazons and their avatars choose not to endorse either the feminine or the masculine, opting for an equivocal identity, presenting themselves as a queer subject whose mission is to expose the pseudo-nature of the binary conception of gender. Through their fight for the dissolving of identity boundaries, these resistance figures try, and sometimes fail, to build a community open to differences and to be empowered by this sororal union. The opposition and the difficulties encountered on the path of conquest, marked by sacrificial acts, force the modern Amazons to reinvent their weapons and sometimes lead them to question the legacy of the troubling and fascinating ancient female warriors.