This thesis deals with the research of humility from the view of its elusiveness - it does not define humility and it also does not even try to do so. Conversely, it walks around the phenomenon of humility and points at it in different ways. It uses examples, mostly from works of Comenius, and builds it with parallels from works of Jung, Foucault, Jünger, Drewermann and some other authors. It delimits humility against pride at example of different view of "epoché" in works of Comenius and Descartes; pride is basicly seen where human does not leave any unnaturalness and completely absorbs the world by his own opinion; work also uses Husserl's criticism of Descartes' view of "epoché" and Comenius' criticism of Machiavelli is also mentioned. Thence, the thesis sees the principle of humility in a close relation with the principle of faith or simply with the knowledge of the principle of some higher instance than the human's own sense is. The principle of humility is also nearby to the principle of grace - for this example the thesis researches Simone Weil's concept of "weight and grace"; grace from this point of view is an unpredictable step outside the performance-based part of human life. This thesis deals with mentioned phenomenons at first at the level of the visions of the world, later at the...

This master thesis deals with middle bronze age and late bronze age pottery from site Emporio on Chios island. The aim of the thesis is to review older excavation that was provided by British School at Athens under direction of Sinclair Hood. The focus is set on new sorting of pottery mainly from Areas D and F, description, style analysis and making new Catalogue. Important contribution is new dating of stratigraphic contexts and ceramic material as well as newly published fragments of pottery. In the following chapters author also discusses relations with areas outside Chios based on analogies of ceramic finds.

Cancer is a leading cause of death in the western world and is increasing in frequency world-wide. Although diagnosis, treatment and therapeutic approaches to cancer have improved, many types of cancer are still lethal due to the lack of radical treatment. One of the fatal neoplastic disease types with poor prognosis is represented by malignant mesothelioma (MM). MM is characterised by very high mortality rate and limited therapeutic options. The etiology of the disease is mainly associated with exposure to asbestos fibres. The incidence of MM is increasing in many countries. The search for novel molecular targets, anti-cancer strategies and drugs, which would considerably improve the treatment is of great importance. Certain new drugs, especially those with specific molecular targets, show high selectivity in their action to cancer cells, and have considerably increased the cure rate in some types of cancer. Mitochondria have recently emerged as a very promising target for anti-cancer agents. A group of compounds with anti-cancer activity that induce apoptosis by way of mitochondrial destabilisation, termed 'mitocans', have been a recent focus of research. Several mitocans have been shown to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells and suppress the growth of many types of carcinomas in...

La comparaison a toujours été mal cernée aussi bien du côté de la grammaire que de celui de la rhétorique. Pour cette raison, elle ne trouve pas de place bien précise dans les ouvrages de linguistique ou sinon des analyses hétérogènes succinctes et incomplètes. Cette thèse se propose donc d’uniformiser l’étude de la comparaison en en balayant toutes les formes possibles. Par ailleurs, nous tentons de réhabiliter la distinction relative à la tradition gréco-latine entre la comparatio et la similitudo, qui s’est perdue depuis le XVIIe siècle, période où s’est installée la confusion. A partir d’une méthodologie constructiviste qui va des unités minimales vers le texte, cette étude parcourt tous les niveaux de l’analyse linguistique en partant du niveau grammatical tenu comme niveau de référence jusqu’au niveau rhétorique où sont pris en compte les référents extralinguistiques. Elle aboutit ainsi à des distinctions catégoriques entre comparaison et similitude d’une part et entre celle-ci et la métaphore de l’autre. Ces distinctions sont illustrées par des exemples puisés principalement dans la langue littéraire moderne (XIXe et XXe siècles), lesquels sont accompagnés d’analyses détaillées et de classements mettant en évidence la spécificité de chacune de ces notions qui s’inscrivent dans l’étude de l’analogie et la ressemblance. / Comparison has always been poorly understood whether in grammar or rhetoric. This is why none of the linguistic works or the brief heterogeneous analysis that were made have managed to deal with it in the precise manner they were ought to. Hence comes the objective of my thesis which consists in standardizing the study of Comparison by taking in consideration all of its possible forms. Indeed, I will try to rehabilitate the distinction of the Greco-Roman tradition between Comparatio and Similitudo which was lost since the period of confusion that marked the XVIIth century. Based on a constructive methodology that starts with the smallest units to reach out for the larger text, this study goes through all levels of linguistic analysis, beginning with the grammatical layer, a referential one, to attain the rhetorical layer where extra-linguistic referents are taken into account. It consequently leads to achieve the categorical distinctions between comparison and similitude one the one hand, and between comparison and metaphor on the other. Those distinctions are illustrated by examples drawn basically in modern literature (XIXth and XXth centuries). Interestingly, examples themselves are accompanied with detailed analysis and sundry rankings which are meant to highlight the specificities of every notion in relation to the study of analogy and resemblance.

As Shakespeare composed the three history plays discussed here, English culture faced a shift in its dominant belief system from an animistic perspective that valued nature and superstition to a humanistic perspective based on reason and personal relationships. In Richard II, Shakespeare creates characters that fall on either side of this divide, and he shows humanism triumph over animism when Henry deposes Richard. In 1 Henry IV, Shakespeare shows that this binary is not so easily reconciled, and Hal (the future Henry V) creates a dual nature that subsumes the tenets of both animism and humanism. After the death of his father and his rejection of Falstaff in 2 Henry IV, Hal demonstrates that the only solution to the humanism/animism debate is to entirely reject the tenets of both and, instead, blend the two viewpoints together. The result is a newly formed conception of kingship and a hero-king.

Innovative Lösungsprinzipien auf andere Lebens- und Wirtschaftsbereiche zu übertragen, ist eine sich wiederholende Herausforderung in Wissenschaft und Praxis. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Kooperationsphänomene der Erwerbs- und Bedarfswirtschaften thematisiert. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Gestalt und Organisation eines Kooperationsphänomens systematisch mit deskriptiv-analytischen Untersuchungsmethoden (Systemtheorie und Morphologie) beschrieben und bereichsübergreifend, unter Einbeziehung individueller Besonderheiten, übertragen werden kann. Das Vorhaben wird als Analogiebildung verstanden. Ein Schema zur Analogiebildung für Kooperationsphänomene wird entwickelt. Zur Validierung des Schemas wird als Analogiequelle das Organisationskonzept der Zwei-Ebenen-Kooperation ausgewählt, welches ursprünglich für Produktionsnetze konzipiert wurde und sich insbesondere auf Klein- und Mikrounternehmen ausrichtet. Als Empfänger wird der Bereich der dezentralen Energieversorgung festgelegt, in dem sich verstärkt kooperative Organisationsformen einer selbstbestimmten, kooperativen und bürgernahen dezentralen Energieversorgung herausbilden. Auf der Grundlage der Analogiebetrachtung aus dem Bereich der Produktionsnetze wird ein neuartiges, kooperatives Organisationskonzept für die dezentrale Energieversorgung entworfen. Die Arbeit wird damit interessant für alle, die an einer systematischen Übertragung von Wissen zur Gestalt und Organisation von Kooperationsphänomenen und der Ausgestaltung eines kooperativen Organisationskonzeptes für die dezentrale Energieversorgung interessiert sind.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’influence des facteurs sémantiques dans la résolution de problèmes additifs isomorphes, et sur les différences de difficulté en résultant. Les contextes statiques favorisent la stratégie basée sur la recherche de la valeur de la partie complémentaire et ceux de type temporel favorisent l’analogie entre éléments homologues. L’objectif est de : (i) montrer que les situations de transformation d’états sont intermédiaires entre les situations statiques et temporelles, (ii) faire appliquer à des contextes statiques la procédure favorisée par le contexte temporel et inversement. Les expériences sont réalisées auprès d’élèves de CM1/CM2. La première atteste du statut intermédiaire des situations de transformation d’état, leur conférant un rôle pivot potentiel pour certaines acquisitions. Les problèmes de transvasement favorisent moins la solution fondée sur le complément que les énoncés de type ensembliste et moins la solution fondée sur la comparaison que ceux de type temporel. Dans la seconde expérience, deux conditions d’apprentissage sont testées : l’une par instruction écrite, l’autre par intervention pédagogique orale. Cette dernière favorise nettement la stratégie par différence-comparaison pour des problèmes d’effectifs, et celle par différence-complément pour les problèmes d’âges. L’effet de généralisation est plus marqué dans le groupe qui a appris la stratégie par différence-comparaison. Dans l’apprentissage écrit, la stratégie différence-comparaison est transférée aux problèmes d’effectifs et généralisée aux problèmes non appris ; la stratégie différence-complément n’est pas transférée aux contextes inhabituels. / This thesis examines semantic factors in additive problem solving and the related differences in difficulties. The problems studied can be solved by two strategies: the complementation strategy, based on a step by step procedure; and the matching procedure, based on the analogy between homologous elements. The two objectives of this work are: (i) to show that change problems are intermediate between combination problems with frequency contexts and combination problems with age contexts; (ii) to transfer to age problems the complementation procedure usually applied to frequency problems, and transfer to frequency problems the matching strategy usually applied to age problem. The experiments were conducted with children of 4th and 5th grades. The first experiment demonstrates that the change situations are intermediate between frequency and age problems. less often solved by a complementation strategy than frequency problems and less often solved by a matching strategy than age problems. In the second experiment, two teaching situations were tested. The first consisted in giving written instruction, in order to transfer the matching strategy to frequency problems, and to transfer the complementation procedure to age problems the transfer was observed for the matching strategy but not for the complementation strategy. The second teaching method consisted in oral lessons in class, the goal bieing similar: a massive effect of transfer of both procedures was observed as well as a generalization effect to problems with other contexts.

Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento e otimização de uma metodologia baseada em código comercial para previsão de ruído em um eslate, além do estudo da dependência do ruído ao variar a camada limite do aerofólio. Com a contínua redução do ruído produzido por motores em aeronaves e as sucessivas restrições nos níveis de certificação, o ruído produzido por dispositivos aerodinâmicos tem ganhado importância no projeto de uma aeronave. Durante o pouso, o ruído gerado pelos dispositivos hiper-sustentadores é classificado dentre os mais relevantes, sendo o eslate um de seus componentes. Este trabalho busca criar e otimizar uma metodologia baseada no código PowerFLOW, assim como estudar a influência das camadas limite do aerofólio na geração de ruído. Tal código é baseado na formulação de Lattice- Boltzmann. As fontes acústicas simuladas são propagadas utilizando uma analogia acústica de Ffowcs-Williams e Hawkings e, então, analisadas utilizando métodos estatísticos de análise de sinais. Estudos de validação e verificação do código baseados em soluções analíticas são apresentados, tais como uma camada de mistura periódica no espaço e a solução dos vórtices de Taylor-Green. A seguir, o aerofólio 30P30N é utilizado em todo o estudo relacionado a eslates, analisando primeiramente a independência da solução em relação ao nível de refinamento da malha e do tamanho do domínio empregados. Baseado nas recomendações de tal estudo, o resultado é comparado com simulações disponíveis na literatura. Com uma maior confiança na metodologia, o trabalho então apresenta estudos variando a camada limite em regiões do eslate, assim como removendo-a completamente em certas regiões do aerofólio ao empregar condições de contorno de livre-escorregamento. O trabalho mostra que a influência das camadas limite do aerofólio é desprezível em relação ao erro do método. Isso é causado pela aparente independência do ruído do eslate em relação ao escoamento perto de sua cúspide. Tal independência permite que a malha computacional seja otimizada, reduzindo o custo da simulação em até 60%. / This dissertation presents the development and optimization of a methodology based on a commercial software to predict slat noise, also studying noise dependency when varying airfoil boundary layers. Due to continuous reduction on aircraft engine noise and successive restrictions on noise certification levels, airframe noise has been gaining importance on aircraft design. During landing, high-lift noise is ranked as one of the most relevant ones, being slat noise one of its components. This work focuses on creating and optimizing a noise prediction methodology based on the software PowerFLOW, and also on studying the influence of airfoil boundary layers on noise generation. Such software is based on Lattice-Boltzmann formulation. The simulated sound sources are propagated using Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy and then analyzed by signal analysis methods. Code validation and verification studies based on analytical solutions are presented, such as the spacially-periodic mixing layer and the Taylor-Green vortices solutions. Following, the 30P30N airfoil is employed through the rest of this work, firstly studying the solution independency related to mesh refinement level and computational domain size. Based on recommendations from this study, the results are compared to simulations from the literature. With higher confidence levels on this methodology, the work then presents studies varying the slat boundary layer and also removing it completely by employing free-slip boundary conditions on certain airfoil regions. This work presents that the airfoil boundary layer influence is neglectable when compared to the method error. This is caused by the apparent slat noise independency related to the flowfield near the slat cusp. Such independency allows the computational mesh to be optimized, reducing the simulation cost by up to 60%.

Com o desenvolvimento para aeronaves de propulsores turbo-fan com elevada razão de derivação, componentes da estrutura do avião passaram a ter relevância na geração de ruído aerodinâmico, principalmente durante a aproximação e o pouso. Dentre esses componentes, o eslate se destaca por ser uma fonte que se estende ao longo de praticamente toda a envergadura da asa. Neste trabalho, simulações numéricas foram feitas no intuito de considerar configurações práticas nas análises do ruído aeroacústico gerado pelo eslate. Um código comercial baseado no Método Lattice-Boltzmann foi usado no cálculo do escoamento transiente em torno do aerofólio MD30P30N. O domínio computacional simulado imitou a configuração geométrica de um túnel de vento. Foi levado em consideração o efeito da presença de duas formas de excrescência que são comuns na cova do eslate de aeronaves comerciais. Uma delas foi um selo que fica posicionado na parede da cova e a outra, um tubo do sistema anti-gelo. Tanto o escoamento transiente na região da cova quanto as características do ruído aeroacústico propagado para o campo distante foram analisados. Uma metodologia que impõe condição de parede com escorregamento livre no es- late e elemento principal, permitindo assim uma redução do custo computacional, foi usada. A abordagem foi ainda testada para a condição de um aerofólio submetido a escoamento cruzado, simulando uma asa infinita com enflechamento. Também uma modificação na metodologia, para que ela possa ser empregada em aerofólios com elevados ângulos de ataque, foi proposta e testada. O código híbrido MSES foi usado para o cálculo da espessura de deslocamento na camada limite do aerofólio. A modificação na geometria baseada em \'delta\'* causou uma melhora da solução aeroacústica de uma simulação empregando paredes com escorregamento livre, tomando como base de comparação a solução com paredes sem escorregamento. Simulações com selo dentro da cova, perto do recolamento, mostraram que, em certas circunstâncias, há um bloqueio dos vórtices da camada de mistura, intensificando picos tonais no espectro do ruído. A variação da posição do selo mostrou um efeito significativo no ruído do eslate, de forma que um selo suficientemente afastado do recolamento modificou o espectro do ruído do eslate. Os resultados com o aerofólio enflechado indicam que, também neste caso, o ruído do eslate não depende diretamente da camada limite na cúspide, mas da circulação do aerofólio. Por sua vez, a presença do tubo na cova aumenta significativamente a intensidade do ruído de banda larga produzido pelo eslate. Em uma asa sem enflechamento, o tubo causa também um aumento substancial na intensidade de picos tonais de baixa frequência. / The development of high by-pass ratio turbo-fan engine turned the airframe noise into an important component in a commercial airplanes\' noise characteristics. Between the airframe noise sources the slat can be highlighted as it extends almost along the whole wing span. Numerical simulation was carried out in order to consider practical configuration in the aeroacoutic noise generated by the slat. The effects of two different excrescences, which are normally present in commercial airplanes\' slat cove, were taken into account. One of them was a seal attached to the cove wall and the outher one was a tube that compose the anti-icing system. Both unsteady flow in cove region and far-field noise characteristics were analysed. A methodology that impose free-slip wall boundary condition on slat and main element surfaces was employed, which allowed the reduction of computational requirements. This approach was also tested for airfoil with crossflow, which simulates an infinite swept wing. Also a modification of the methodology was proposed and tested to extend its application in high-lift airfoils under higher angle of attack. A commercial code based on the Lattice-Boltzmann Method was used to compute the unsteady flow over the MD30P30N airfoil. The simulated computational domain imitates the geometry of a wind tunnel. The hybrid Euler/IBL code MSES was employed to calculate the displacement thickness of the airfoil\'s boundary layers. The geometry modification based on \'delta\'* caused a improvement on the aeroacoustic solution of a free-slip simulation, the no-slip simulation results being taken as reference. Simulations of geometries with relatively small seal close to the reattachment point showed that a blockage of the mixing layer vortices hapens and tonal peaks are intensified in the far-field noise spectrum. The variation of the seal position showed a significant effect on the slat noise, so that a seal farther from the reattachment modified affected both the shape and intensity of the noise spectrum. Results with the swept airfoil indicates that, even in the presence of crossflow, the slat noise does not depend on the cusp boundary layer, namely it is more sensitive to the airfoil circulation. The tube crossing the slat cove augmented significantly the broadband noise generated by the slat. In an unswept wing it also caused a substantial increase in the low-frequency tonal peaks.