Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniella Holanda de Assuncao.pdf: 855594 bytes, checksum: cc8afd3a9784b399203cc4cba335b370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-10 / This research aimed at analyzing the relationship among the meaning attributed to work, the strategies used to cope with stressful situations, some demographic variables, types of problem, and origin of adverse conditions. The sample was composed by 249 young adults from a college located in the Midwestern Region of Brazil, with mean age of 27 years (SD = 4.92) and 58.2% females. The instruments used in the assessment were: Inventário da Motivação e Significado do Trabalho (IMST, Inventory of Motivation and Meaning of Work), Coping Response Inventory (CRI Adult), and a questionnaire for the demographic variables. Through the descriptive analysis of the stressors registered in the coping scale, we detected predominance (51%) of relational problems. The most used strategies were: problem solving, positive appraisal, and logical analysis. Regarding the meaning attributed to work, we detected prevalence of valorative attributes. To analyze the meaning of work and coping strategies, we applied the correlation coefficient of Pearson r , which pointed to a low negative correlation between the valorative attribute and the active-cognitive coping. As to the assessment of the relationships among coping and the variables types of problem and origin of adverse conditions, we detected that the strategy seeking support and guidance presented more association with individual problems and attribution of the problem to the own individual in comparison with relational problems and problems attributed to the boss. Using multiple regression (stepwise) to analyze the influence of the demographic variables and the meaning attributed to work upon coping strategies, we observed that the sex of the participants and the valorative attributes presented predictive power for avoidance coping, although in a negative relationship. To evaluate the demographic variables in their relationship with coping strategies we applied the t-test for independent data samples and detected that women used more the strategy emotional discharge and avoidance coping than men. Based on these results, we conclude that when young adults think about how their work should be, they do not imagine keeping this issue at a distance until another factor modifies the situation and use more approach coping strategies to deal with problems at work, which favors their wellbeing. / Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a relação entre o significado atribuído ao trabalho, as estratégias utilizadas para enfrentamento de situações estressantes, algumas variáveis sociodemográficas, tipos de problema e origem das condições adversas. A amostra foi composta por 249 jovens adultos de uma faculdade situada na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com idade média de 27 anos (DP = 4,92), sendo 58,2% do sexo feminino. Os instrumentos de medida utilizados foram: Inventário da Motivação e Significado do Trabalho (IMST), Coping Response Inventory (CRI Adult) e um questionário para as variáveis sociodemográficas. Pela análise descritiva dos estressores relatados na escala de coping, detectou-se predominância (51%) de problemas relacionais. As estratégias mais utilizadas foram: resolução de problemas, reavaliação positiva e análise lógica. Quanto ao significado atribuído ao trabalho, houve prevalência dos atributos valorativos. Para analisar o significado do trabalho e as estratégias de enfrentamento, aplicou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson r , que apontou para uma correlação baixa e negativa entre atributo valorativo e coping de evitação. Com relação à análise das relações entre coping e as variáveis tipos de problema e origem das condições adversas, verificou-se que a estratégia busca de guia e suporte social apresentou maior associação com problemas individuais e atribuição do problema ao próprio indivíduo em comparação com problemas relacionais e com problemas atribuídos à chefia. Ao aplicar a regressão múltipla (stepwise) à análise da influência das variáveis sociodemográficas e do significado do trabalho sobre as estratégias de enfrentamento, verificou-se que o sexo dos participantes e os atributos valorativos apresentaram poder preditor sobre coping de evitação, embora em uma relação negativa. Para avaliar as variáveis sociodemográficas na relação com as estratégias de coping, utilizou-se o Teste t para amostra de dados independentes e constatou-se que as mulheres utilizaram mais a estratégia descarga emocional e o coping de evitação que os homens. Com base nesses resultados, concluise que quando os jovens adultos pensam em como deveria ser o trabalho, não imaginam colocar o problema a distância até que outro fator modifique a situação e utilizam mais estratégias de coping de aproximação para enfrentar problemas laborais, o que pode favorecer seu bem-estar.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilia Woiciechowski.pdf: 863329 bytes, checksum: 8eaad51a2f4caa06722505e894014554 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-05 / Learning to read and write, for many young, adults and elderly Brazilian people means a way of meeting or reencountering with the contents that determine the ways to understand and to transform the world. The starting point of the research is the definition of the meaning of knowing to read and to write through students and teachers’ speech of young and adults literacy classes. From this starting point, to investigate until the extent this haste in the literacy process (Brazil enters in XXI century with 20 million absolute illiterates) intervenes with the conquest of this meaning of knowing to read and to write. This is because in the synthesis of the objectives that will intensify this expactation is the EJA commitment to go beyond the ways of the simple written code acquisition, or either, to teach in a way that the student can use the contents assimilated in a daily basis. Although the adult situation also includes the elder one, the research deals with the literacy challeng in the third age, in its third chapter (there are four chapters), therefore the title refers to young, adults and elderly people. Accomplishing the study, I decide to conduct a qualitative research – half-structuralized interviews and classroom observation. By inquiring, it was possible to detect the importance of the student’s valuing process through the quality of education and the investment in the teacher’s continuing education for the young and education area. Or either, to answer students and teachers successfully, instead of presenting numbers, and statistics to satisfy requirements of international organisms / Aprender a ler e a escrever para muitos jovens, adultos e idosos brasileiros significa um encontro ou reencontro com os conteúdos que determinam os caminhos para se entender e transformar o mundo. Diante dessa expectativa, o ponto de partida da pesquisa é registrar o significado do aprender e do ensinar a ler e a escrever, a partir da fala dos alunos e professores das classes de alfabetização de jovens e adultos, bem como da contribuição de coordenadores de EJA e secretários municipais de educação. A partir daí sondar até que ponto essa pressa em alfabetizar (o Brasil entra no século XXI com 20 milhões de analfabetos absolutos) interfere na conquista desse significado do aprender e ensinar a ler e a escrever. Isto porque na síntese dos objetivos que vão intensificar essa expectativa está o compromisso da EJA de ir além dos caminhos da simples aquisição do código escrito, ou seja, ensinar para que o aluno faça uso dos conteúdos assimilados no seu cotidiano de vida. Ainda que o estado de adulto inclua também o idoso, a pesquisa trata em seu terceiro capítulo (são quatro capítulos) dos desafios da alfabetização na terceira idade, por isso a referência no título a jovens, adultos e idosos. Na realização do estudo, a opção foi por uma pesquisa qualitativa - entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação em sala de aula. Pela investigação, foi possível detectar a importância da valorização do aluno através da qualidade do ensino e do investimento na formação de professores para a área da educação de jovens, adultos e idosos. Ou seja, dar respostas de sucesso para alunos e professores e não números e estatísticas para satisfazer exigências de organismos internacionais.

Magister Artium - MA (Psychology) / Aggressive behaviour is prevalent in the South African context. This is evident in the high rates of interpersonal violence including rape, intimate partner violence and homicide. Young adults appear to be both the main perpetrators and victims of aggressive behaviour. Normative beliefs about aggression have been identified as a central factor underlying aggressive behaviour. Normative beliefs refer to an individual's cognitions about the acceptability of specific behaviours and serve to regulate actions. Despite the identified salience of normative beliefs in influencing aggressive behaviour, limited research has been conducted within South Africa on this topic. This study thus investigated normative beliefs about aggression held by young adults attending university. The study also aims to investigate whether prior exposure to trauma, self-esteem and demographic factors (e.g. age, gender and family size) predicted normative beliefs about aggression. Results indicated that exposure to traumatic events, as well as state self-esteem significantly predicted normative beliefs about aggression. Gender differences were evident in various subscales. Ethical approval to conduct this study was obtained by the Senate Higher Degrees Committee of the University of the Western Cape, as well as the University of the Western Cape registrar.

This project builds upon the author's multi-year critical ethnographic study of urban immigrant students and their trajectories into STEM (science, technology, engineering, or mathematics) from high school through their transition to college. At its core, this study investigates the paths of over three dozen newcomer immigrant English language learner students in high-poverty urban neighborhoods who are not generally considered “legitimate contenders” for Bachelor’s degrees in STEM fields on the basis of such characteristics as test scores, high school and prior preparation, and age. The students are followed through their high school experiences, their transition to college, and through their current progress in college, with explicit attention paid to key mediating experiences and relationships in and especially outside of the classroom that were associated with their toward persistence and success. Thick description and analysis of the students and their experiences, among those who persisted as well as the minority who switched out of STEM majors, helps to demonstrate a proof-of-concept of these students’ ability to succeed while painting a comprehensive picture of their march forward to degrees in STEM fields against a backdrop of economic, linguistic, and other barriers to entry and success. Using a framework of social and capital and resilience theories, this work has uncovered a number of themes and factors that will help educators to better understand the evolution of these traditionally marginalized students' STEM-related interests, skills, and career plans. The findings center around students’ exposure to research internships and other STEM enrichment and outreach experiences, long-term mentoring and other key relationships, and integration of STEM and college access efforts in setting them up for a successful transition to college, as well as an emphasis on the importance of students’ calling upon their own resilience and other strengths and prior experiences. The results provide novel insights and recommendations for improving access and persistence in STEM among students in areas of concentrated poverty who are also struggling with mastering a new language and a host of other challenges.

O linfoma folicular é entidade clinicamente heterogênea, com carência de marcadores prognósticos que estratifiquem grupos de risco para otimização do manejo. É relativamente raro em pacientes abaixo de 40 anos. Os aspectos clínicos e patológicos desse tipo de linfoma, nessa faixa etária, assim como o comportamento biológico, são pouco conhecidos. No presente estudo, uma série de 208 pacientes entre 19-40 anos de idade foi, retrospectivamente, avaliada quanto aos achados anatomoclínicos e moleculares. Essas variáveis foram, então, correlacionadas com seguimento e sobrevida. A mediana de idade na apresentação foi de 35 anos, com leve predomínio no sexo feminino (56%). A maioria dos casos se manifestou como doença nodal (87%). Concomitância de linfoma folicular com linfoma difuso de grandes células B foi encontrada em 7 (3%) pacientes. Estudos imuno-histoquímicos revelaram expressão de CD10 (91%), BCL6 (97%), BCL2 (95%), MUM1/IRF4 (17%) e CD23 (25%). Rearranjos envolvendo os genes BCL2 e BCL6 foram encontrados em 74% e 20%, respectivamente. A sobrevida média geral estimada dos pacientes, em que foi possível o seguimento, foi de 13 anos. Presença de anemia, elevação da desidrogenase lática, acometimento de medula óssea, índice prognóstico internacional do linfoma folicular na faixa de alto risco, padrão de \"céu estrelado\", Ki-67 >= 50% e ausência do rearranjo do gene BCL2 e presença do BCL6 relacionaram-se diretamente com pior sobrevida geral. O estadiamento de Ann Arbor III/IV e MDM2 >=20% têm fortes indícios desta associação negativa com sobrevida geral. A combinação BCL2+ e BCL6- correlacionou-se com maior sobrevida média. O grau histológico determinou redução gradual da sobrevida, com semelhanças nas curvas de sobrevida entre os graus 1, 2 e 3A. Não houve diferença significativa para as curvas de sobrevida relacionando faixa etária, persistência da zona do manto, presença de áreas difusas, fibrose, expressão de CD10, BCL6 ou CD23, padrão de trama de células foliculares dendríticas ou clonalidade para cadeia leve de imunoglobulina. Esses achados revelaram que o linfoma folicular em adultos jovens apresenta similaridades com o linfoma folicular que ocorre em adultos mais velhos, incluindo a frequência de apresentação nos diversos sítios anatômicos, grau histológico e fatores prognósticos adversos / Follicular lymphoma is a clinically heterogeneous group of disease and therefore with a need of characterization of prognostic markers to stratify risk groups and to optimize clinical management. It is relatively rare in patients younger than 40 years, and the clinicopathologic characteristics and biological behavior in this age group are poorly understood. In the current study, samples from a cohort of 208 patients between 19-40 years of age were evaluated retrospectively with respect to clinical, histologic and molecular characteristics. These findings were then correlated with the follow up and the clinical outcome. The median age at presentation was 35 years with a slight female preponderance (56%). Most of the cases presented with nodal disease (87%). Concomitant follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was observed in 7 (3%) patients. Immunohistological studies showed the expression in the following frequency: CD10 (91%), BCL6 (97%), BCL2 (95%), MUM1/IRF4 (12%), MDM2 (17%) and CD23 (25%). BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangements were present in 74%, and 20%, respectively. The estimated overall survival of patients was 13 years (mean). The presence of anemia, elevated lactose dehydrogenase, bone marrow involvement, high-risk follicular lymphoma international prognostic index, \"starry sky\" appearance, proliferative index >= 50%, absence of BCL2 rearrangement and presence of BCL6 rearrangement correlated with adverse overall outcome. Ann Arbor stage III/IV and MDM2 >= 20% correlated with high trend toward worse overall survival. The combination BCL2+ and BCL6- was associated with better overall survival. No impact on overall survival was observed related to age, persistence of mantle zone, presence of diffuse areas, fibrosis, expression. of CD10, BCL6 or CD23, follicular dendritic cells meshwork or clonality. These findings revealed that follicular lymphoma in young adults demonstrate similarities with that of older adults, including the frequency of presentation at various anatomic sites, grade, and adverse prognostic factors

Youth disaffection is associated with huge personal and social costs, with future trajectories typically marked by school exclusion, poverty, unemployment, youth offending, and substance abuse. Core theoretical frameworks including perspectives concerning self-determination, self-discrepancy, and achievement motivation provide explanations for the role of social-environment factors, self-concepts and cognitions in human motivation. However, there has been little work to integrate these theories into a nuanced account of the socio-motivational processes underpinning school disaffection, and our understanding of how interventions may work to re-direct the negative trajectories remains weak. This thesis includes four papers reporting on a programme of theoretical and empirical research conducted in order to address this gap in knowledge. The first, a theoretical paper, presents an integrated model of the development of school disaffection in which multiple self-construals play a key role in bridging the gap between need fulfilment and cognitive and behavioural indicators of school disaffection. The second paper reports on a thematic analysis of extensive semi-structured individual interviews with school-excluded young people and practitioners working with them. In accordance with our theoretical model, the accounts of the young people‟s emotional and behavioural profiles in achievement contexts were connected to need-thwarting social experiences, with maladaptive constructions of multiple selves appearing to mediate the relationship between these factors. The third paper presents an analysis of quantitative survey data with school-excluded and mainstream secondary school pupils that investigated the direct and mediated pathways between key processes identified by our model. Results showed that pathways between key variables were moderated by the experience of exclusion such that distinct pathways emerged for excluded and non-excluded pupils. The final paper reports on an in-depth, longitudinal, idiographic study exploring the impact of theatre involvement on marginalised young people. Results from an interpretative phenomenological analysis of interview transcripts suggested that the nurturing, creative environment of the theatre project provided optimal conditions for promoting resilience and self-development in youth at risk. Together, the findings from this programme of research highlight the crucial role played by social experiences in the development of school disaffection via the impact on self-construals, motivation and achievement goals, as well as the role they can play in supporting young people to create more positive life trajectories. This body of work has implications for further research and also carries practical implications for interventions and school-based practices seeking to both support school-disaffected children, and increase engagement in those at risk of school disaffection.

The well-documented problem of gender-based violence in South Africa has emerged in a context in which human rights are championed, new economic opportunities are available to some, and structural inequalities persist. Scholars have argued that in modern times, high rates of gender-based violence are due to a ‘crisis in masculinity’. This study reframed the crisis in masculinity thesis by critically examining how South Africa’s current transformative moment has reinscribed ideas around gender, sexuality, race, rights, freedom, and equality into the post-apartheid era. The objective was to analyze how normative, material, and discursive dimensions of the South African context shape young adults’ lives and gender ideals for and experiences in sexual relationships. The study innovates by applying an intersectional lens to explore the context of young-adult lives and sexual relationships in relation to race and class as well as gender. Data collection included 11 single-sex and 5 mixed-sex focus group discussions, and 21 interviews with a diverse – across the axes of race, class, and gender – group of young adults between 20 and 30 years old in Cape Town, South Africa. Focus group and interview data were analyzed in conjunction with field observation that took place during the two and half years that I lived in Cape Town. The study strengthens research that moves beyond reductionist views of culture, rights, inequality, gender, and power. The findings suggest that discourses on human rights, neoliberalism, gendered sexual morality, post-racialism, and personal responsibility have purchase in South Africa’s post-apartheid context and contribute to a contested landscape of transformation. Sexual relationships are a terrain upon which the contested landscape of transformation plays out. Tensions between popular discourses, human rights laws, cultural scripts for gender and sexuality, and structural inequalities allow young adults to deploy them flexibly in organizing their lives and relationships. Young adults use rights and gender as languages of social critique in a context where the ideals of freedom, equality, and justice are contested. I argue that in pluralist “modern” South Africa, cultural scripts that operate within and between a variety of social institutions offer conflicting messages about gender and sexuality that are expressed in young adults’ gender ideals for relationships. Young adults selectively pull from competing scripts and popular discourses to construct masculine and feminine ideals for sexual relationships and decide how power should be negotiated in idealized intimate partnerships. This project also contributes to research on gender and modernity by illustrating how social location shapes who and what is considered desirable in the young-adult relationship market as well as the relationship pathways available for young women and men to pursue. In sum, young adults’ discursive use of rights and their relationship ideals reveal that they are acutely aware of the discrepancies among the values to which they are exposed in South Africa’s contested landscape of transformation. The gendered sexualities they construct suggest that sexual relationships are a key location to articulate these tensions and redefine equality and freedom in their own lives.

Orientador: João Luís Cardoso Tápias Ceccantini / Banca: Silvia Maria Azevedo / Banca: Alvaro Santos Simões Junior / Banca: Márcio Roberto do Prado / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Ortiz Gandini Baldan / Resumo: A recepção de Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (1881) e Dom Casmurro (1899), de Machado de Assis (1839-1908), por 107 alunos do 2º ano do ensino médio, em quatro colégios estaduais e um particular no município de Londrina - PR, coletada por meio de entrevistas individuais e coletivas, constitui o tema central desta pesquisa. Assim, O objeto deste estudo não é o texto de Machado de Assis propriamente dito, mas a sua recepção pelo aluno leitor. O trabalho toma a estética da recepção da escola alemã de Constança como referencial teórico básico da pesquisa, além de se valer complementarmente de estudos do campo da sociologia da leitura e da literatura afinados com essa corrente teórica. Os principais objetivos desta investigação são o de descrever e analisar a recepção dos dois romances de Machado de Assis - de estrutura bem diferente - pelo conjunto de estudantes observado. Conceitos fundamentais da Estética da Recepção estão na base deste estudo: concretização, distância estética, efeito/recepção, emancipação, estrutura de apelo, experiência estética, horizonte de expectativas e identificação, entre outros. Procura-se examinar a leitura das obras pelos alunos considerando a atenção que voltam à linguagem das obras a elementos estruturantes da narrativa (enredo, personagens, tempo, espaço, narrador, questões de verossimilhança) mediante os quais os leitores demonstram as suas impressões e seu julgamento crítico das obras. A análise dos dados confirma uma hipótese importante levantada antes das entrevistas, realizadas em situação escolar não rotineira - a de que a motivação para a leitura de uma obra literária é um dado fundamental a se considerar. Além disso, foi possível observar leituras bem particulares próprias da fase de um jovem leitor sem grande repertório literário, em que se destacam dificuldades enfrentadas no âmbito da linguagem... / Resumè: La réception de Don Casmurro et Mémoires posthumes de Brás Cubas par 107 étudiants de 2e année de l'école secondaire dans quatre écoles de l'Etat et un particulier dans la ville de Londrina - PR, ainsi que l'analyse des lectures des élèves par le biais d'entretiens individuels / collectifs maquillage l'objet de cette recherche. L'objet de cette étude est pas le texte Assis Machado lui-même, mais sa réception par l'étudiant de lecteur. Cette recherche sur le terrain de la littérature sociale prend la réception esthétique de l'école allemande de Constance comme référence théorique de travail, et les références traitant de la lecture, la littérature et la théorie littéraire. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est d'observer la réception de Machado de Assis fonctionne et l'effet sur le lecteur pour votre lecture. Le déroulement de l'objectif principal impliquent au moins deux: d'abord, observer et analyser la lecture des élèves par rapport aux concepts fondamentaux de l'esthétique de la réception: Livraison, la distance esthétique, effet, l'émancipation, la structure d'appel, l'expérience esthétique, les attentes Horizon et d'identification, par lequel il semble que la proposition de la théorie. Deuxièmement, examiner la lecture des ouvrages par les étudiants qui envisagent la langue et narratives éléments (intrigue, personnages, temps, espace, probabilité et narrateur) à travers laquelle les lecteurs démontrent ses impressions et sa lecture critique des œuvres. Qu'est-ce que défend cette thèse est: d'abord, que la motivation pour la lecture d'une œuvre littéraire est un facteur important à considérer. Les lectures sont erronées et immature propre phase d'un jeune joueur sans conditions préalables, et que la réception des ouvrages tels que Machado de Assis lui offrent quelques difficultés linguistiques ordre, la compréhension de l'histoire... / Doutor

The purpose of the following essay is to study and explain how young adults use their social networks when it comes to finding a job. This study was conducted using nine semi-structured interviews with young adults with some form of employment. We used Granovetter’s theory about strong and weak ties, Bourdieu’s capital theory, Lin’s social reources theory and Putnam’s reasoning about generalized reciprocity. The result shows that social capital is a decisive factor in how young individuals use their social contacts. The volume of social capital is determined by economic resources, social background and the size of the social network. Less resourceful groups have a tendency to take advantage of the strong ties, i.e. family and relatives, often when looking for their first job. The weak ties, i.e. acquaintances, are used later in life when the individual has greater resources and networks. Individuals from the privileged groups may not always be able to work on their parents’ company as a first job, because they might require certain qualifications to do so. However, these job positions become possible for the young individuals from resourceful groups when they accomplish a relevant education. That's when they get the chance to use the resources that are embedded in their strong ties.

Após anos do estudo moderno da ecologia e comportamento dos primatas, a juventude, definida como o período entre o desmame e a maturidade sexual, permanece sendo uma das fases menos compreendidas do ciclo de vida destes animais. Existem quatro teorias gerais para explicar os padrões de forrageamento e escolha da dieta de primatas juvenis. A primeira afirma que os juvenis adotam uma estratégia de aversão ao risco, evitando a competição por alimento, a segunda, que os padrões alimentares dos imaturos serão determinados pelas oportunidades de observação de outros indivíduos do grupo, a terceira afirma que as diferenças nos padrões alimentares entre imaturos e adultos se dão em virtude da falta de força e habilidade desses indivíduos para explorar recursos de difícil acesso e a quarta afirma que jovens e adultos exploram diferentes itens com base na demanda nutricional associada aos custos de crescimento cerebral e do corpo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar diferenças sexo/etárias nos padrões comportamentais e alimentares de um grupo de Cebus nigritus selvagem em uma área de Mata Atlântica no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, com enfoque nos imaturos, em especial nos juvenis, à luz das quatro teorias. Os resultados mostraram que as fêmeas e os infantes preferem frutos que são ricos em carboidratos, os machos preferem as folhas, que são um recurso abundante, enquanto os jovens preferem os invertebrados que são importantes fontes de proteínas e gordura. O comportamento alimentar dos jovens no PECB foi mais bem explicado pela teoria da demanda nutricional para crescimento do cérebro e corpo, mas alguns resultados também apóiam as teorias de aversão ao risco e oportunidade de aprendizagem. / After years of modern study of ecology and behavior of primates, juvenility, defined as the period between weaning and sexual maturity, remains one of the least understood stages of the life cycle of these animals. There are four general theories to explain the foraging patterns and diet choice in young primates. The first states that juveniles adopt a strategy of risk aversion, avoiding competition for food. The second states that the feeding patterns of immature will be determined by different opportunities for observational learning of other individuals in the group. The third states that the differences in feeding patterns between immature and adults is due to the lack of strength and ability of immature individuals to exploit difficult to access resources. The fourth states that young explore various items based on the nutrient demand associated with the costs of brain growth and body. This study aimed to investigate age/sex differences in feeding and foraging patterns of a group of Cebus nigritus wild in an area of Atlantic Forest in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, focusing on immatures, especially in juveniles, in the light of four theories. The results showed that females and infants prefer fruits that are rich in carbohydrates, males prefer the leaves, which are an abundant resource, while young prefer the invertebrates, that are important sources of protein and fat. The feeding behavior of young PECB was best explained by the theory of nutrient requirements for growth of the brain and body, but some results also support theories of risk aversion and learning opportunity.