This dissertation explores several challenges that plague the hardware-software co-design of popular resource constrained real-time embedded systems. We specifically tackle existing real-world problems, and address them through our design solutions which are highly scalable, and have practical feasibility as verified through our solution implementation on real-world hardware. We address the problem of poor battery life in mobile embedded devices caused due to side-by-side execution of multiple applications in split-screen mode. Existing industry solutions either restricts the number of applications that can run simultaneously, limit their functionality, and/or increase the hardware capacity of the battery associated with the system. We exploit the gap in research on performance and power trade-off in smartphones to propose an integrated energy management solution, that judiciously minimizes the system-wide energy consumption with negligible effect on its quality of service (QoS). Another important real-world requirement in today's interconnected world is the need for security. In the domain of real-time computing, it is not only necessary to secure the system but also maintain its timeliness. Some example security mechanisms that may be used in a hard real-time system include, but are not limited to, security keys, protection of intellectual property (IP) of firmware and application software, one time password (OTP) for software certification on-the-fly, and authenticated computational off-loading. Existing design solutions require expensive, custom-built hardware with long time-to-market or time-to-deployment cycle. A readily available alternative is the use of trusted execution environment (TEE) on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) embedded processors. However, utilizing TEE creates multiple challenges from a real-time perspective, which includes additional time overhead resulting in possible deadline misses. Second, trusted execution may adversely affect the deterministic execution of the system, as tasks running inside a TEE may need to communicate with other tasks that are executing on the native real-time operating system. We propose three different solutions to address the need for a new task model that can capture the complex relationship between performance and predictability for real-time tasks that require secure execution inside TEE. We also present novel task assignment and scheduling frameworks for real-time trusted execution on COTS processors to improve task set schedulability. We extensively assess the pros and cons of our proposed approaches in comparison to the state-of-the-art techniques in custom-built real-world hardware for feasibility, and simulated environments to test our solutions' scalability. / Doctor of Philosophy / Today's real-world problems demand real-time solutions. These solutions need to be practically feasible, and scale well with increasing end user demands. They also need to maintain a balance between system performance and predictability, while achieving minimum energy consumption. A recent example of technological design problem involves ways to improve the battery lifetime of mobile embedded devices, for example, smartphones, while still achieving the required performance objectives. For instance, smartphones that run Android OS has the capability to run multiple applications concurrently using a newly introduced split-screen mode of execution, where applications can run side-by-side at the same time on screen while using the same shared resources (e.g., CPU, memory bandwidth, peripheral devices etc.). While this can improve the overall performance of the system, it can also lead to increased energy consumption, thereby directly affecting the battery life. Another technological design problem involves ways to protect confidential proprietary information from being siphoned out of devices by external attackers. Let us consider a surveillance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as an example. The UAV must perform sensitive tasks, such as obtaining coordinates of interest for surveillance, within a given time duration, also known as task deadline. However, an attacker may learn how the UAV communicates with ground control, and take control of the UAV, along with the sensitive information it carries. Therefore, it is crucial to protect such sensitive information from access by an unauthorized party, while maintaining the system's task deadlines. In this dissertation, we explore these two real-world design problems in depth, observe the challenges associated with them, while presenting several solutions to tackle the issues. We extensively assess the pros and cons of our proposed approaches in comparison to the state-of- the-art techniques in custom-built real-world hardware, and simulated environments to test our solutions' scalability.

This dissertation presents novel approaches to test context aware applications that suffer from a cost prohibitive number of context and GUI events and event combinations. The contributions of this work to test context aware applications under test include: (1) a real-world context events dataset from 82 Android users over a 30-day period, (2) applications of Markov models, Closed Sequential Pattern Mining (CloSPAN), Deep Neural Networks- Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Conditional Random Fields (CRF) applied to predict context patterns, (3) data driven test case generation techniques that insert events at the beginning of each test case in a round-robin manner, iterate through multiple context events at the beginning of each test case in a round-robin manner, and interleave real-world context event sequences and GUI events, and (4) systematically interleaving context with a combinatorial-based approach. The results of our empirical studies indicate (1) CRF outperforms other models thereby predicting context events with F1 score of about 60% for our dataset, (2) the ISFreqOne that iterates over context events at the beginning of each test case in a round-robin manner as well as interleaves real-world context event sequences and GUI events at an interval one achieves up to four times better code coverage than not including context, 0.06 times better coverage than RSContext that inserts random context events at the beginning of each test case, 0.05 times better coverage than ISContext that iterates over context events to insert at the beginning of each test case in a round-robin manner, and 0.04 times better coverage than ISFreqTwo that iterates over context events at the beginning of each test case in a round-robin manner as well as interleaves real-world context event sequences and GUI events at an interval two on an average across four subject applications and, (3) the PairwiseInterleaved technique that selects a different context event at the beginning of each test case by iterating through context covering array in a round-robin manner and systematically interleaves context with GUI events by prioritizing the execution of GUI events in new contexts achieves higher code coverage up to a factor of six when compared to Monkey, up to a factor of 1.3 when compared to a technique that generates test suites without context events, and similar code coverage when compared to ISContext that iterates over context events to insert at the beginning of each test case in a round-robin manner on an average across five subject applications.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Monteiro Junior.pdf: 2744838 bytes, checksum: 11e19d174916d6b6c7a51c2a1a5cd130 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / Agricultural machinery has mechanisms which automate them; however, it is still an expensive GPS based resource. The use of computational vision is an alternative or an addition to the use of GPS. Not long ago, the use of computational vision was exclusive to computers with huge processing capabilities, and its use in agricultural machinery was impracticable due to adverse field conditions. The evolution of the processors made computational vision possible in cellphones, whose hardware is robust for not having mechanical components and for being dust and, some models, humidity proof. This work describes the creation of a method developed for smartphone based mobile devices with the Android operational system. This system has the purpose of providing the calculation of the trajectories of agricultural machinery or robots, at pulverization lines. The method uses cameras that are present on the smartphones themselves in order to capture the image of the route to be calculated and processed by the phone. The process uses methods of computational vision with the aid of an algorithm to smooth the movements and to take decisions in order to not perform unnecessary movements. The method uses open-source softwares, like the Openvc library, the Android system and its tools of the programming, and in the IOIO hardware platform. The system was field tested, in a robot named NAVIGO, developed in the graduation program of Applied Computation at the Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. The smartphone is coupled to the NAVIGO and it communicates with IOIO through Bluetooth. . Computer vision processing was performed on the smartphone , obtaining satisfactory results , proving that smart phones , are robust , and have the advantage of having numerous sensors embedded in the hardware and are able to perform tasks that were previously exclusive to computers. Furthermore small devices that use computer vision , as proposed in the work can be great tools in agriculture large areas of difficult access machinery . / Máquinas agrícolas possuem mecanismos que as tornam autônomas, porém ainda é um recurso caro, baseado em GPS. O uso de visão computacional é uma alternativa ou um complemento para o uso do GPS. Até há pouco tempo, o uso de visão computacional, era restrito aos computadores de grande capacidade de processamento e seu uso em máquinas agrícolas era inviável devido às condições adversas do campo. Com a evolução dos processadores é possível aplicar visão computacional em celulares, cujo hardware é robusto, por não possuir componentes mecânicos e por ser tolerantes à poeira, e por alguns modelos até a umidade. Esta dissertação descreve a criação de um método para dispositivos móveis, do tipo smartphone, com sistema operacional Android, com a finalidade de calcular a trajetória de máquinas agrícolas, ou robôs, em linhas de pulverização. O método utiliza a câmera presente nos smartphones para captação da imagem da rota a ser calculada e processada pelo telefone. O sistema incorpora métodos de visão computacional, com o auxílio de um algoritmo, para suavizar os movimentos, além de colaborar para tomada de decisão de forma a não ocorrer movimentos desnecessários. O método usa software de código aberto, como a Biblioteca OpenCV, o Sistema Android, e as ferramentas para programação, e em hardware com a Plataforma IOIO. O sistema foi testado em campo, nas culturas de trigo e de soja, sobre um sistema de plantio direto. Os testes foram realizados em um Robô denominado NAVIGO, desenvolvido no Programa de Pós-Graduação de Computação Aplicada, da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. O smartphone fica acoplado no NAVIGO, com comunicação com IOIO, através de Bluetooth. O processamento de visão computacional foi realizado no smartphone, obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios, provando que os telefones inteligentes, são robustos, e possuem a vantagem de ter inúmeros sensores embutidos no hardware e são capazes de realizar tarefas que antes eram exclusivas de computadores. Além disso dispositivos de porte pequeno que utilizam a visão computacional, como o proposto no trabalho, podem ser ótimas ferramentas na agricultura em locais de difícil acesso de maquinário de grande porte.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elvis Canteri.pdf: 1285842 bytes, checksum: f2c5d9e754ae68692d585d59818e0e5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient that is directly related to the plants development and proper nitrogen fertilization can provide harvest in less time and increase productivity. The N have been handled incorrectly and often non-satisfactory supplied to the land. Proper management depends on constant monitoring of nutritional status that can be accomplished by predicting the leaf nitrogen content. This work aims to evaluate digital image processing algorithms, in order to establish a valid method to estimate the nutritional stress of N (nitrogen) on maize, and the feasibility of its implementation on mobile devices using photos sampled in the field under natural lighting environment. It was found that the thresholding process should use the HSV factor, more suitable under natural light if the sampling in the field was conducted between 11:15 am and 14:55. Among the algorithms we highlight the results of the DGCI (Dark Green Color Index) obtained from factor HSV (Hue, Saturation, Vibration), with significant correlation to leaf analysis of corn (R² = 0.92) and the adoption of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) obtained from the RGB histogram (Red, Green, Blue). This is the same method studied considering the FieldScout CM 1000 and GreenSeeker chlorophyll meters used in this research. No significant correlation among the readings was found when considering values from chlorophyll meters obtained in any moment of the day or from different light conditions. However, there is a positive correlation among the FieldScout CM 1000 and GreenSeeker, corresponding to sampling among 11h16m and 14h32m (R² = 0.75) and among 12h15m and 14h53m (R² = 0.92), as well is possible to estimate the IRC of maize based on the DGCI to V5 to V7 phenological stages directly at crop field using a mobile device. / O nitrogênio (N) é um nutriente que é diretamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento das plantas e a adubação nitrogenada adequada pode proporcionar a colheita em menor tempo e com aumento na produtividade. O N vêm sendo manejado incorretamente e frequentemente suprido de modo insatisfatório pelo solo. O manejo adequado depende do monitoramento constante do estado nutricional que pode ser realizado estimando-se o teor de N foliar. O objetivo principal deste trabalho visa qualificar a utilização de algoritmos de processamento digital de imagens, com a finalidade de estabelecer um método válido para estimar o estresse nutricional de N (nitrogênio) da cultura do milho, bem como a viabilidade de sua implementação em dispositivos móveis, utilizando fotos amostradas em ambiente de campo sob iluminação natural. Constatou-se que o processo de limiarização deve ter base no fator HSV, mais adequado sob iluminação natural se considerarmos a amostragem em ambiente de campo, compreendido entre as 11h15min e 14h55min. Dentre os algoritmos destacam-se os resultados do DGCI (Dark Green Color Index) obtido do fator HSV (Hue, Saturation, Vibration), com significativa correlação para análise foliar do milho (R²=0,92) e a adoção do NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) obtido a partir do histograma RGB (Red, Green, Blue), sendo o mesmo método investigado com o uso dos clorofilômetros FieldScout CM 1000 e GreenSeeker, Não há correlação significativa entre as leituras efetuadas pelos clorofilômetros se forem consideradas leituras em qualquer momento do dia e sob diversas condições de luminosidade. Porém, há correlação positiva das leituras dos clorofilômetros FieldScout CM 1000 e GreenSeeker, correspondendo a amostragem entre as 11h16m e 14h32m (R²=0,75) e entre as 12h15m e 14h53m (R²=0,92), bem como torna-se possível estimar o IRC da cultura do milho com base no DGCI para o estádio fenológico V5 a V7 em ambiente de campo utilizando um dispositivo móvel.

A agricultura de precisão (AP) é um das grandes responsáveis pela inserção de tecnologias cada vez mais avançadas dentro dos sistemas de produção agrícola. Um equipamento que já faz parte da AP é o computador de mão (Personal Digital Assistant, PDA). Porém com a evolução crescente dos dispositivos móveis tais como smartphones e tablets, os PDAs têm se tornado uma alternativa mais obsoleta do ponto de vista tecnológico. São várias as características que tornam smartphones e tablets dispositivos móveis mais atraentes tecnologicamente. A comunicação direta destes com sistemas de posicionamento via satélite foi o primeiro passo para torna-los válidos para o uso em AP. Além disso, dentre as tecnologias de computação, a computação móvel é a que tem mais aceitação pelos usuários do meio agrícola devido à gradativa inserção mercadológica que os telefones celulares exerceram durante os anos passados em todo o mundo. Com a ideia de criar uma nova ferramenta para a AP baseando-se no reconhecimento de voz para substituir e/ou minimizar o uso das telas sensíveis ao toque e planilhas no campo foi escolhido o sistema operacional Android para o desenvolvimento desse aplicativo. O projeto se baseou inicialmente em revisão bibliográfica de estudos de aplicativos móveis desenvolvidos para a AP e por acompanhamento em campo de procedimentos de coleta de dados. O aplicativo resultante desse desenvolvimento se baseou em três partes: configurações, coleta de dados por voz e mapas. Na parte de configurações é permitido ao usuário configurar opções como: variáveis de coleta, uso do GPS (Global Positioning System), uso do reconhecimento de voz, pasta de armazenamento e informações cadastrais. Na coleta de dados por voz o usuário tem um formulário com as variáveis configuradas, que é preenchido por reconhecimento de voz, automaticamente. Os mapas utilizados para auxiliar o usuário a se orientar pelo campo são criados a partir do sistema Google Maps®. É possível também habilitar um assistente de voz que fala ao usuário, por sintetização de voz, o nome da variável que está coletando e confirma para ele o valor que foi reconhecido a partir de sua voz. Um arquivo \'txt\' é criado a partir das informações do formulário contendo também as coordenadas geográficas de cada ponto de coleta, obtidas pelo sistema integrado de GPS do dispositivo, e esse arquivo pode ser utilizado para a entrada de dados em sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) para a criação de mapas posteriormente. / Precision agriculture (PA) is one of the major responsible for the insertion of increasingly advanced technologies within agricultural production systems. Equipment that is already part of precision agriculture is the handheld computer (PDA). But with the growing trend of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, PDAs have become a more obsolete option in the technological context. There are several characteristics that make these devices technologically more attractive. Direct communication of such devices with satellite positioning systems was the first step to make them applicable for use in PA. Moreover, among the computing technologies, mobile computing has more acceptance by users of agricultural marketing due to the gradual insertion that mobile phones have had over the past years worldwide. With the idea of creating a new tool for PA based on the speech recognition to replace and/or minimize the use of touchscreen and worksheets in the field, Android was chosen as the operating system for the development of this application. The design was based initially on studies of mobile applications developed for PA through published articles or through monitoring procedures in field data collection. The application resulting from this development is based on three parts: settings, speech data collection and maps. Part of settings allows the user to set some options for operation of the application as: variables to collect, use of GPS, use of speech recognition, file storage folder to \'txt\' file and registration information, etc. In the data collection the user configures the variables he wants to collect and the application creates a form that is filled through speech recognition automatically. The map is used to help the user navigate the route through the use of Google Maps® base. It is possible to enable a voice assistant that tells him, by voice synthesizer, the name of the variable he is collecting and confirms to him the value that has been recognized by his voice. A \'txt\' file is created containing data along with geographic coordinates obtained from the onboard GPS of the device and it can be used for creating maps in geographic information systems (GIS).

<p>Mobilmarknaden idag består av ett antal aktörer, Nokia är störst, med Samsung, Motorola, LG, Sony Ericsson och HTC bakom sig. Nokias telefoner bygger på operativsystemet Symbian som idag är det största operativsystemet på marknaden för smartphones. Open Handset Alliance har utvecklat ett eget operativsystem för främst mobiltelefoner, kallat Android, som är bygger på Linuxkärnan. Android är framtaget som ett gratisalternativ till de dyra konkurrerande operativsystemen.</p><p>Examensarbetets syfte är att studera utvecklingsmiljön till Android och se vilka kunskaper som krävs för att effektivt kunna utveckla applikationer. I detta ingår även att identifiera vilka möjliga problem som kan uppstå under utveckling, samt dokumentera vilka utvecklingsverktyg som finns tillgängliga.</p><p> </p><p>Målet har varit att utreda hur applikationer utvecklas effektivt, det innebär att ta reda på svaren till vad som krävs av utvecklare för att kunna utveckla applikationer, vilka utvecklingsverktyg som finns, samt vilka problem som kan identifieras under utveckling. Studien valdes att genomföras med en kartläggning, för på djupet beskriva operativsystemet och hur dess delar samspelar med varandra.</p><p> </p><p>I studien undersöktes hur plattformen är uppbyggd och vilka fundamentala delar som en applikation består av, samt vilka verktyg som används för att utveckla applikationer. I studien ingick även att utveckla två stycken testapplikationer, en musikigenkänningstjänst och en lokaliseringstjänst.</p><p>Förutom erfarenhet av utveckling i språket Java krävs förståelse för hur plattformen fungerar och är uppbyggd. Förståelse för plattformen man utvecklar för är alltid viktigt, men Android skiljer sig markant från klassiska plattformar. En utvecklare bör därmed ha specifik förståelse för hur plattformen fungerar, hur applikationer är uppbyggda och hur de körs. Vidare lider Android även av att vara ett ungt operativsystem med bristfällig dokumentation och buggar som kan medföra problem under utveckling av applikationer. Som utvecklare för Android är man förvisad till att använda Eclipse som verktyg, något som fungerar smidigt då de flesta utvecklare i Java är bekanta med Eclipse. Till Eclipse finns även ett debugverktyg som man som utvecklare har stor nytta av. Den viktigaste lärdomen att ha när man utvecklar för Android är som nämnts ovan, att Android skiljer sig markant från klassiska plattformar och på vilket sätt måste ses som grundläggande kunskap för en utvecklare.</p>

As mobile devices are nowadays used regularly and everywhere, their energy consumption has become a central concern for their users. However, mobile applications often do not consider energy requirements and users have to install and try them to reveal information on their energy behavior. In this paper, we compare mobile applications from two domains and show that applications reveal different energy consumption while providing similar services. We define microbenchmarks for emailing and web browsing and evaluate applications from these domains. We show that non-functional features such as web page caching can but not have to have a positive influence on applications' energy consumption.

Detta projekt går ut på att skapa en stabil och användbar mobilapplikation utvecklad i programspråket Java. Syftet är att underlätta åtkomsten och kommunikationen mellan Studentportalen och studenterna. Slutprodukten är Mittuniversitetets inofficiella applikation, kallad Mittuniversitetets Android-app. som begränsas i första hand till enheter med operativsystemet Android. Genom undersökningar, gjorda via både Mittuniversitetets studentportal i form av en enkät och fysiskt på Mittuniversitetet campus Sundsvall i form av muntliga intervjuer, utreds vilka områden studenterna helst vill ha i applikationen och det är utefter dessa som applikationen utformas. Applikationen betraktas som färdig när studenterna bl.a. kommer åt sina uppgifter och får dessa presenterade på ett stilrent sätt. Tre olika lösningsalternativ ges men jämförelser av för- och nackdelar leder till att endast ”direktanslutning som lösning” genomförs i detta projekt. För att ge läsaren en grund för fortsatt förståelse av rapporten beskrivs vissa delar närmare i rapporten. Rapporten visar även att åtkomsten till Studentportalen effektiviserats till 5 skärmtryck genom Mittuniversitetets applikation från tidigare 24 skärm-tryck genom mobiltelefonens egna webbläsare. Samtliga mål i projektet anses vara uppfyllda och visas som skärmdumpar i rapporten. Avslutningsvis framgår även förslag för vidareutveckling av applikationen. / This project is made for creating a stabil and useful mobile application developed in Java. The purpose of this project is to make the access and communication easier between the student and the student portal. The product of this project is the unofficial app of Mid Sweden University, called Mittuniversitetets Android-app, that in first hand is limited to Android-devices. By doing research, both by letting students answer a survey online on Mid Sweden University's student portal and by asking student physically at Mid Sweden University campus Sundsvall, the investigation tells which parts of the student portal students would like to have in the mobile application and it is according to those answers that the direction of the application has been developed. The product, which is the application, is considered complete when the students are able to for exempel reach their information and get the information presented in a good way. Three different suggestions for a solution is given and by comparing the benefits of those only one solution is chosen. The solution chosen is ”direct-connection as solution”. To be able to give the reader better basical and understandable knowledge some parts are explained in more detail in this report. The report also shows that the access to the student portal is more effective now that only 5 taps are required by using the Mid Sweden University application to get a students information instead of 24 taps by using the web-browser on the cellphone. All goals in this thesis is considered accomplished and screenshots shows this in the report. Finally there is also suggestions for some future works given in this report.

Att inventera är en påfrestande process där anställda samlar in data med en observationsundersökning. Ett exempel är livsmedelsbutiker som skriver ut meterlånga listor inför en lagerinventering där inventeraren anmärker skillnader på de fysiska varorna och vad som står på listorna. Inventering är något som de flesta företag gör men som skiljer sig från bransch till bransch. Eftersom det är ett resursslöseri att lösa samma problem flera gånger, utan att återanvända tidigare lösningar, har studenten valt att studera en relativt generell lösning på ett inventeringssystem som ska kunna användas av flera branscher.Syftet med denna studie är därför att studera vilka funktionalitetskrav som finns på ett inventeringssystem och vilka tekniska lösningar som kan användas vid utveckling av ett inventeringssystem.För att utreda detta tillämpades en abduktiv ansats där en fallstudie gjordes på inventering. En litteraturstudie gjordes på tekniska lösningar som kan användas vid utveckling av ett inventeringssystem.Studiens resultat är en kravspecifikation på ett inventeringssystem från lager- och skogsbranschen. Resultatet innehåller även tekniska lösningar som kan tillämpas och därmed uppfylla kraven. Parallellt med studien utvecklades en inventeringsklient tillsammans med Sweco som uppfyller både deras krav på klienten och de krav som studiens empiri erhållit. Resultatet av studien visar på ett system som klarar av att skapa, spara och återskapa dynamiska formulär. När formulär skapas kan dess kontrollelement ha restriktioner som klienten kan validera innan resultat sparas. Studiens resultat visar även på att en förstudie av ett system tenderar till att hitta indirekta/dolda krav.Den primära begränsningen i studien har varit tid. Hade mer tid kunnat ägnas åt studien skulle insamlingen av empiri ha varit mer omfattande. / Stocktaking is an exhausting process where employee’s collects data and is something that most companies do, although what they are collecting differs from business to business. Because it is a resource-waste to solve same problem multiple times, without reusing previous solutions, the student have choosen to study an overall solution for a stocktaking system that can be used by multiple businesses.The purpose of this report is to establish the end-user requirements on a stocktaking system and study which technical solutions can be used when developing a stocktaking system.The study used an abductive method with a case study on stocktaking. For the case study the empiricism was collected with interviews. A meta-analysis was implemented for the purpose to seek and analyse relevant literature.The result of the study was a requirement specification for an inventory system based on the forest and stock industry. The result also contains technical solutions that can be applied on the system in order to fulfill the requirements. In parallel with the study an attempt was made to develop a prototype of a stocktaking client togheter with Sweco that met both their requirements and requirements that was obtained from the interviews. The results show that the stocktaking client can manage to create, save and recreate dynamic forms. When forms are created their controls also have the ability to specify restrictions. The client can interpret these restrictions and validate the inputs before saving results. The results of the study also implies that a feasibility study of a system tend to find hidden requirements.The primary limitations of the study were time. If the study had a larger timescope more time could have been spent on collecting empirical data and gather end-user requirements.

The amount of force or power when applied can move one object from one position to another or the capacity of a system to do work is called energy. It exists in everybody whether they are human beings or animals or non-living things. There are many forms of energy such as: kinetic, potential, light, sound, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic or nuclear. According to the law of conservation of energy, any form of energy can be converted into another form and the total energy will remain the same. Energy can be broadly classified into two main groups’ i.e. renewable and nonrenewable resources. Many of the renewable energy a technology have been around for years, and as the time go by, are increasing in efficiency. Keywords: solar panel improvement, motor control, energy –efficient Solarplatten, Motosteuerung, Energieeffizenz