The primary aim of the thesis was to describe current awareness system of pediatric patients and their parents before anaesthesia and whether and to what extent the two groups are informed about anaesthesia. Furthermore, the thesis presents actual opinions of both responding groups on the current state of clinical practice and suggestions for its improvement. In accordance with available sources, so far no similar research has been carried out in the Czech Republic. A total number of 215 respondents at two biggest teaching hospitals in the Czech Republic have been addressed (Teaching Hospital Motol, Prague and Teaching Hospital Brno), the survey was finished by 131 people (60.93 %). Consequently, the questionnaire output was statistacally processed. The findings demonstrate a need of an improved anaesthesia awareness of pediatric patients and parents before the surgery. Obviously, both parents and children require printed information materials, although parents still tend to prefer rather the oral form - the anaesthesia interview. Keywords Anaesthesia, pediatric anaesthesiology, awareness, education, children, parents

Orientador: Regina Paolucci El Dib / Resumo: Introdução: A missão da Cochrane é promover a tomada de decisões de saúde com base em evidências de produção de alta qualidade chamadas de revisões sistemáticas (RSs). As RSs são geradas por mais de 31.000 colaboradores de mais de 120 países, sem fins lucrativos sendo livre de patrocínio comercial e outros conflitos de interesse. Em janeiro de 2014 no Brasil, a Cochrane com intuito de aumentar a capacidade de traduzir os conteúdos das revisões do inglês para a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, aprovou uma estratégia de tradução completa para fortalecer o impacto da melhor evidência disponível nesses países. Para atingir este objetivo, a Cochrane convidou a Unidade de Medicina Baseada em Evidências da UNESP, cadastrada no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), para implementar uma plataforma de conhecimento referente às traduções de resumos de revisões sistemáticas da Colaboração Cochrane no idioma português. Objetivo: Tornar acessível no idioma português as melhores evidências (i.e. revisões sistemáticas), em Anestesiologia e nas outras áreas em Ciências da Saúde, para a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa sobre a efetividade, eficácia e segurança de vários tratamentos, bem como, sensibilidade e especificidade de testes diagnósticos permitindo assim um melhor acesso as informações de alta qualidade nesses países e, contribuindo para o êxito da missão da Colaboração Cochrane e seus objetivos estratégicos, por meio da implementaçã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Bakgrund: Alla patienter är oroliga inför anestesi då de förlorar kontrollen över sin kropp. De önskar ha en bra kontakt med anestesisjuksköterskan för att kunna förmedla sina behov. Informationsbehovet är dock olika för alla patienter, vissa vill veta allt medan andra vill få sparsamt med information. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta patienter inför och under anestesi. Metod: Kvalitativ systematisk litteraturstudie av bearbetat material. Resultat: Anestesisjuksköterskorna ansåg att det var viktigt att se patientens behov för att kunna skapa trygghet, likväl som att ha en bra kommunikation. Tidsbrist var dock vanligt förekommande vilket skapade hinder i mötet med patienten. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskorna vill utföra ett bra arbete, men då patienterna och verksamheten ofta ställer motstridiga krav krävs en ständig avvägning för att avgöra vad som är bäst här och nu. / Background: All the patients are apprehensive prior to anesthesia, due to the fact that they lose control of their bodies. The patients desire good contact with the nurse anesthetist, in order to convey their needs. The need for information vairy for all the patients. Some require detailed information, while others only sparingly need information. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe nurse anesthetists experience in meeting the patients prior and during anesthesia. Method: A systematic qualitative literature study of published materials was conducted. Results: The nurse anesthetists believe that it is important to see the patients needs, in order to be able to build a sense of security, in addition to good communication. The common obstacle is shortage of time, which affects contact with the patient. Conclusion: The nurse anesthetists feel a need to perform good work. But the patienten och the administration often make conflicting demands, which means that a constant consideration is needed to decide what’s best here and now.

Propofol is an intravenously administered, hypnotic and short- acting pharmaceutical. One common sideeffect (>1:10) and therefore a disadvantage with propofol is the local pain that arise when the initial injection is given. Why the pain arise is not clearly understood. A majority of different pharmacological treatments, different doses and combinations, alternative administrations methods and physical interventions have been tried to reduce the pain when injection of propofol is given. One important task for the nurse is to relieve pain for patients. It is important for all patients to be painless and not experience discomfort caused by procedure in health care. The purpose of this study was to examine if administration of lidocaine and/ or remifentanil could in connection with injection of propofol reduce pain incidence and intensity at the injection. A literature study based on twenty-eight scientific articles was conducted. The result shows that a combination of lidocaine andremifentanil give the best pain relief. Howewer there is no difference in propofolinduced injection pain when lidocaine or remifentanil alone is compared. Other factors that could affect injection pain are use of a tourniquet which enhances the pain reduction, but the time that the tourniquet is applied is not decisive. The placement of the iv-catheter should be in the largest vein possible. By using this knowledge the incidence and intensity of pain could be reduced with drugs commonly used in Swedish aneasthetic care. Thereby patients' suffering could also be reduced.

Orientador: Eliana Marisa Ganem / Banca: Yara Marcondes Machado Castiglia / Banca: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Modolo / Banca: Flora Margarida Barra Businotto / Banca: José Fernando Amaral Meletti / Resumo: Anestésicos locais (AL) são fármacos que promovem a interrupção temporária da transmissão dos impulsos nervosos, possibilitando a instalação de analgesia, anestesia e bloqueio motor no território de inervação onde são aplicados. Desde o advento da cocaína, houve a necessidade de sintetizar fármacos mais seguros com menos efeitos tóxicos sobre os sistemas nervoso central e cardiovascular. A cardiotoxicidade dos AL depende, entre outras, de características físico-químicas do fármaco como a isomeria. A toxicidade da bupivacaína racêmica estimulou o estudo de seus isômeros isoladamente, comprovando o maior potencial cardiotóxico do isômero R. A ropivacaína mostrou menor potencial cardiotóxico que o da bupivacaína. Entretanto, os efeitos cardiovasculares da mistura enantiomérica da bupivacaína (S75/R25) foram pouco estudados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da mistura enantiomérica da bupivacaína (S75/R25), da bupivacaína racêmica e da ropivacaína sobre a função contrátil do miocárdio. Foram usados 46 ratos Wistar com 60 dias de idade e peso aproximado de 300g. As preparações com músculos papilares foram estudadas em situação basal e após 5, 10 e 15 min de contato com o AL (M1, M2, M3 e M4, respectivamente). Os AL utilizados foram a bupivacaína racêmica (BUP), a mistura enantiomérica da bupivacaína (S75/R25) e a ropivacaína (ROP) nas concentrações de 50 μM e 100 μM. Os parâmetros funcionais em contração isométrica analisados foram tensão máxima desenvolvida (TD, g/mm2), tensão de repouso (TR, g/mm2), velocidade máxima de variação da TD (+dT/dt, g/mm2/s), velocidade máxima de decréscimo da TD (-dT/dt, g/mm2/s) e tempo para atingir o pico da TD (TPT, ms). A TD foi diminuída por 100 μM de bupivacaína racêmica a partir de M2 e foi menor nos grupos BUP 100 e S75/R25 100 em comparação com ambas as concentrações de ... / Abstract: Local anesthetics (LA) are drugs that promote temporary interruption of the transmission of nerve impulses, enabling the installation of analgesia, anesthesia and motor blockade in the nerve territory they are applied. Since the advent of cocaine it was necessary to synthesize safer drugs with fewer toxic effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Cardiotoxicity of LA depends, among others, the physicochemical characteristics of the drugs, as isomerism. Racemic bupivacaine toxicity stimulated the study of isomers alone, providing the most cardiotoxic potential of the R isomer. Ropivacaine showed lower cardiotoxic potential than bupivacaine. However, the cardiovascular effects of the enantiomeric solution of bupivacaine (S75/R25) remain understudied. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the enantiomeric solution of bupivacaine (S75/R25), racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine on myocardial contractile function. Fourty six sixty-day old male Wistar rats weighing approximately 300g were used. Preparations with papillary muscles were studied under basal conditions and after 5, 10 and 15 min of contact with the LA (M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively). The LA used were racemic bupivacaine (BUP), enantiomeric solution of bupivacaine (S75/R25) and ropivacaine (ROP) at concentrations of 50 μM and 100 μM. Functional parameters in isometric contraction were developed tension (DT, g/mm2), resting tension (RT, g/mm2), maximum rate of tension development (+dT/dt, g/mm2/s) , maximum rate of tension decline (-dT/dt, g/mm2/s) and time to peak tension (TPT, ms). Racemic bupivacaine 100 μM decreased DT from M2 until the end of the experiment and DT was lower in BUP 100 and S75/R25 100 compared to both ropivacaine concentrations ... / Doutor

Orientador: Eliana Marisa Ganem / Coorientador: Lais Helena Navarro e Lima / Banca: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo / Banca: Yara Marcondes Machado Castiglia / Banca: Eneida Maria Vieira / Banca: Sanderland José Tavares Gurgel / Resumo: Justificativa: complicações neurológicas após bloqueios do neuroeixo são raras, porém quando ocorrem são potencialmente devastadoras. Muitos animais são utilizados para o estudo de toxicidade do tecido nervoso e das meninges. O coelho tem sido empregado em diversas pesquisas sobre neurotoxicidade, porém, na maioria delas, o fármaco foi introduzido no espaço subaracnoideo por meio de cateter, implantado de forma crônica. Esta técnica não reproduz aquela utilizada na clínica anestésica, o que pode comprometer a avaliação dos resultados. Como a punção no coelho é realizada onde ainda existe tecido nervoso medular, a utilização do ultrassom como guia de punção pode evitar o trauma desencadeado pela agulha da punção e injeção da solução no interior do tecido medular. Objetivos: avaliar o modelo de estudo de toxicidade de tecido nervoso e de meninges utilizando-se o ultrassom para orientar a introdução da agulha no espaço subaracnoideo de coelhos, com a finalidade de evitar as lesões desencadeadas pelo trauma de punção e pela injeção intraneural de soluções. Metodologia: foram utilizados 45 coelhos adultos jovens, fêmeas, da raça Grupo Genético de Botucatu, com pesos entre 3200 e 4400 gramas e comprimentos de medula espinal entre 34 e 38 cm, fornecidos pelo Biotério da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos (G): G1 punção subaracnoidea, G2 solução fisiológica 0,9% e G3 bupivacaína hiperbárica 0,5%. Após anestesia venosa com xilazina e cetamina, foi realizada a abordagem do espaço subaracnoideo (agulha de Quincke 22G 1½") no espaço intervertebral entre a primeira e a segunda vértebra sacral, guiada por ultrassom. Os animais de G2 e G3 receberam as soluções correspondentes em volume de 5 μL por centímetro de medula espinal (0,2 mL) e os de G1 somente a punção subaracnoidea. Os animais foram avaliados clinicamente, quanto à sensibilidade e... / Abstract: Background: neurological complications after spinal blockade are rare, but when they do occur are potentially devastating. Many animals are used for the study of toxicity of the nervous tissue and meninges. The rabbit has been employed in several studies on neurotoxicity, however, in most of them, the drug was introduced in the subarachnoid space through a catheter implanted chronically. This technique does not reproduce the one used in clinical anesthesia, and therefore can compromise the evaluation of the results. As the puncture of the rabbit is performed where there is still spinal cord, the use of ultrasound as a guide of puncture can avoid the trauma triggered by needle puncture and injection of the solution inside the medullary tissue. Objectives: To evaluate the model for study of toxicity of nervous tissue and meninges using ultrasound to guide the introduction of the needle in the subarachnoid space of rabbits, with the purpose to avoid the injury triggered by the trauma of puncture and by intraneural injection of solutions. Methodology: Forty-five young adult female rabbits were used, from the "Genetic Group of Botucatu" race, with weights between 3200 and 4400 g and lengths of spinal cord between 34 and 38 cm, supplied by the animal facility of the Botucatu Medical School. The animals were divided into 3 groups (G): G1 subarachnoid puncture, G2 saline solution 0.9% and G3 hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%. After intravenous anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine, was performed the approach to the subarachnoid space (Quincke needle 22G 1½") in the intervertebral space between the first and second sacral vertebra, guided by ultrasound. The animals of G2 and G3 received the corresponding solutions in volume of 5μL per centimeter of spinal cord (0.2 mL) and the G1 only the subarachnoid puncture. The sensitivity and motility of the animals were evaluated during 3 days. After this trial period, the animals were sacrificed by ... / Doutor

Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d'évaluer et d'optimiser la prise en charge périopératoire des voies aériennes et de la ventilation mécanique du patient obèse nécessaire à une anesthésie générale.Dans un premier temps, nous avons spécifiquement analysé la prise en charge des voies aériennes chez le patient obèse. Deux larges bases de données, respectivement établies au bloc opératoire et en réanimation, ont été utilisées. La base de données de réanimation avait ainsi permis de développer et valider un score permettant de prédire l'intubation difficile en réanimation, le score de MACOCHA. L’analyse spécifique des patients obèses dans ces 2 bases de données a permis d’établir les facteurs de risque d’intubation difficile ainsi que les complications associées à l’intubation. Chez le patient obèse, les incidences de l'intubation difficile et des complications respiratoires sévères (hypoxémie), étaient respectivement 2 fois et 20 fois plus fréquentes en réanimation qu'au bloc opératoire. L'obésité n'était pas retrouvée comme facteur de risque de complication cardiovasculaire (collapsus) associée à l’intubation en réanimation.Dans un second temps, nous avons évalué la prise en charge des patients obèses en réanimation, notamment pour complication respiratoire. Après sécurisation des voies aériennes pour l’anesthésie générale, le patient obèse, surtout s’il est intubé en situation d’urgence, est à risque de développer un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aigüe (SDRA). Nous avons spécifiquement étudié l’une des thérapeutiques les plus efficaces du SDRA, le décubitus ventral, chez le patient obèse, montrant que cette technique était sûre et efficace. La survie était meilleure dans la population obèse. Afin d'expliquer ce meilleur pronostic du patient obèse en SDRA, nous avons émis l'hypothèse d'une meilleure fonction diaphragmatique. A travers un travail expérimental, cette hypothèse a été confirmée chez le rat: la force diaphragmatique était significativement plus importante chez les rats obèses, avant et après ventilation mécanique. Cette amélioration de la force diaphragmatique pourrait expliquer en partie le "paradoxe de l'obésité", à savoir que l'obésité est associée dans la littérature à un meilleur pronostic chez le patient critique. Toujours pour expliquer ce meilleur pronostic, nous avons analysé plus de 700 patients obèses de réanimation appariés sur le type d'admission, et montré que le type d'admission pour motif médical (vs motif chirurgical) était un facteur indépendant de mortalité. L'indice de gravité simplifié II, score le plus employé pour prédire la mortalité chez les patients de réanimation, surestimait la mortalité en cas d'admission chirurgicale. Un nouveau modèle prédisant la mortalité du patient obèse a ainsi été développé. Nous avons enfin étudié le patient obèse polytraumatisé : l’incidence de la transfusion massive lors des 24 premières heures de prise en charge était augmentée. Un score visant à guider la prise en charge précoce de ces patients obèses en choc hémorragique a par la suite été validé.Après optimisation de la prise en charge des voies aériennes et de la ventilation, le sevrage de la ventilation mécanique en réanimation peut être particulièrement compliqué chez le patient obèse, d’autant plus dans ce contexte de « voies aériennes difficiles ». Dans un troisième temps, nous avons ainsi comparé plusieurs épreuves de sevrage chez le patient obèse, afin de déterminer l'épreuve la plus représentative du travail respiratoire post-extubation. Nous avons montré que chez le patient obèse, seule la ventilation spontanée sans aucune assistance ventilatoire mécanique permettait de prédire le succès de l’extubation.Ces résultats seront le support de la mise en place d’études contrôlées randomisées, visant à comparer des stratégies thérapeutiques chez le patient obèse pour diminuer les complications de l'intubation, de la ventilation et les échecs d'extubation en médecine périopératoire. / The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate and improve the perioperative airway and ventilation management of the obese patient.First, we specifically analyzed the airway management of obese patients. Two large databases, established respectively in the operating room and intensive care unit (ICU), were used. The ICU database was used to develop and validate a score for predicting difficult endo-tracheal intubation in ICU in the general population, the MACOCHA score. In the same database, obesity was not found to be a risk factor of severe cardiovascular collapse after intubation. The specific analysis of obese patients in these two databases identified risk factors of difficult intubation in the operating room and intensive care. In obese patients, difficult intubation and severe complications such as hypoxemia, were respectively twice and twenty times more common in intensive care than in the operating room.Secondly, obese patients, especially if they are intubated in an emergency situation, are at greater risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after the airway is secured for general anesthesia. We specifically studied one of the most effective treatment of ARDS, prone positioning, in obese patients, showing that this technique is safe and effective. Survival was better in obese patients than in non-obese patients. To explain this better prognosis of obese patients with ARDS, we hypothesized that their diaphragmatic function might be better. This hypothesis was confirmed experimentally in rat specimens: diaphragmatic strength was significantly greater in obese rats then in non-obese rats, before and after mechanical ventilation. This increased diaphragmatic strength may partially explain the "obesity paradox", i.e. that obesity is associated with a better prognosis in the critical care setting. In order to further explain this better prognosis, we analyzed more than 700 obese patients after matching for admission type (medical or surgical). This analysis showed that ICU admission on medical grounds was an independent risk factor for mortality compared to a surgical cause of admission. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, the severity index most often used to predict mortality in critically ill patients, overestimated mortality in case of surgical admission in obese patients. A new model predicting mortality in obese patients was developed. Finally we specifically studied obese patients with multiple trauma. The proportion of massive transfusion during the first 24 hours of support was increased in these patients. A score to guide the early management of these obese patients in hemorrhagic shock has subsequently been validated.Once optimal airway and ventilation management is achieved, weaning from mechanical ventilation can be particularly difficult in obese patients, especially in the context of "difficult airway". We therefore proceeded in a third part to compare several weaning trials in obese patients, in order to determine the most representative test to predict post-extubation respiratory work. It was the T-piece or the total absence of mechanical support (0 pressure support and 0 positive airway pressure) that best predicted post-extubation respiratory work.These results will support the implementation of randomized controlled trials comparing specific therapeutic strategies in obese patients to reduce complications of intubation, ventilation and extubation failure in perioperative medicine.

No description available.

The Relationship Between Central Venous Catheter and Post-operative Complications in Patients Undergoing Hepatic Resection David C. O’Connor, Ph.D., DNAP, CRNA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2018 Dissertation Chair: Clarence J. Biddle, Ph.D., CRNA Hepatic resection is indicated for primary and secondary malignancies. Use of a low central venous pressure technique is associated with decreased blood loss in these cases. This technique has evolved; central venous catheters and high dose morphine are no longer used, and patients are extubated earlier. The purpose of this study is to assess a relationship between these changes and outcomes. Central venous pressure has fallen out of favor as an accurate fluid measurement. Central venous catheters are associated with many complications. Outcomes in patients undergoing hepatic resection have improved over 20 years at one high volume institution. Guided by Donabedian’s theory of measuring outcomes, a non-randomized, non-experimental, retrospective, cohort design was conducted. The independent variables were intraoperative insertion of a central venous catheter, use of morphine, and time of extubation. The dependent variables were superficial and deep wound infections, number and severity of complications. The population sample is patients who submitted to partial hepatectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from 2007-2016. Data was obtained from hepatobiliary and anesthesia databases at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Data of 2518 from a possible 3903 patients were analyzed with chi square, univariate, Poisson and multivariate regressions. Univariate analysis for presence of CVC was significant for 90-day mortality (p 0.013). Use of morphine was significant for superficial wound infection (p 0.035), and a decrease in complications (p <.001). Amount of morphine was associated with fewer severe complications (p <.001). Incidental findings included a relationship between gender, total amount of fluids and number of segments resected. The significance of CVC with 90-day mortality was eliminated with stepwise multivariate regression. The findings support the change in anesthetic practice with clinical significance. Incidental findings regarding fluids and segments are supported in the literature. Future research should include goal directed fluid therapy and investigation of the relationship between gender and outcomes.

Sleep disruption has been implicated in morbidity after major surgery since 1974. Sleep-related upper airway obstruction has been associated with death after upper airway surgery and profound episodic hypoxaemia in the early postoperative period. There is also evidence for a rebound in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep that might be contributing to an increase in episodic sleep-related hypoxaemic events later in the first postoperative week. Speculation regarding the role of REM sleep rebound in the generation of late postoperative morbidity and mortality has evolved into dogma without any direct evidence to support it. The research presented in this thesis involved two main areas: a search for evidence of a clinically important contribution of REM sleep rebound to postoperative morbidity, and a re-examination of the role of sleep in the causation of postoperative episodic hypoxaemic events. To assess the latter, a relationship between airway obstruction under anaesthesia and the severity of sleep-disordered breathing was sought. In 148 consecutive sleep clinic patients, 49% of those with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) had a number of events in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) that was greater than or equal to that in REM and 51% had saturation nadirs in NREM that were equal to or worse than their nadirs in REM. This suggests SDB is not a REM-predominant phenomenon for most patients. Of 1338 postoperative deaths occurring over 6.5 years in one hospital only 37 were unexpected, most of which were one or two days after surgery with no circadian variation in the time of death, casting further doubt on the potential role of REM rebound. Five of nine subjects studied preoperatively had moderately severe SDB. Unrecognised and significant SDB is common in middle-aged and elderly patients presenting for surgery suggesting overall perioperative risk of important adverse events from SDB is probably small. In 17 postoperative patients, sleep macro-architecture was variably altered with decreases in REM and slow wave sleep while stage 1 sleep and a state of pre-sleep onset drowsiness, both associated with marked ventilatory instability, were increased. Sleep micro-architecture was also changed with an increase in power in the alpha-beta electroencephalogram range. These micro-architectural changes result in ambiguity in the staging of postoperative sleep that may have affected the findings of this and other studies. Twenty-four subjects with airway management difficulty under anaesthesia were all found to have some degree of SDB. Those with the most obstruction-prone airways while anaesthetised had a very high incidence of severe SDB. Such patients warrant referral to a sleep clinic.