Människor fattar varje dag olika beslut. Dessa beslut sker oftast under situationer med osäkerhet, där sannolikheterna och konsekvenserna inte är kända. Med den nya tekniken och ständiga samhällsutvecklingen ställs människor inför beslut i allt mer komplexa situationer. Det finns därför en efterfrågan på beslutsstöd till människor. Ett av dessa beslutsstöd som har utvecklas är med hjälp av artificiell intelligens (AI) och då i form av AI-rekommendationer. Dessa AI-rekommendationer finns redan i situationer som exempelvis i trafiken, sjukvården och finansmarknaden. Det som dock inte har undersökts är hur AI-rekommendationer faktiskt påverkar det mänskliga beslutsfattandet, vilket denna studie syftade till att göra. Studien genomfördes genom ett osäkerhetstest på deltagare som antingen fick rekommendationer från en AI (N=99) eller rekommendationer från en människa (N=85). Det som undersöktes var om det fanns någon skillnad mellan hur människor tar beslut och i deras informationsinsamling, samt i människors säkerhet till sina beslut beroende på om de fick rekommendationer från en AI eller människa. Vidare undersöktes hur AI och mänskliga rekommendationers stödjande och motstridiga information påverkar det mänskliga beslutsfattandet samt människors säkerhet till sina beslut. Slutligen undersöktes om det fanns ett samband mellan människors generella attityder mot AI till deras beslutsfattande, informationsinsamling och säkerhet till sina beslut. Studiens resultat både bekräftar och dementerar tidigare forskning. Framtida forskning bör därför fortsätta undersöka AI-rekommendationers påverkan på det mänskliga beslutsfattandet för att de ska kunna användas på bästa sätt och då samtidigt förhoppningsvis fortsätta utveckla samhället.

According to social identity theory people categorize themselves and others into groups based on political affiliation. The political group identity makes them favor policies and people associated with the political ingroup and disapprove of policies and people associated with the political outgroup. The purpose of this study was to investigate if this effect could extend to attitudes on non-political clothes associated with politicians. 638 Swedish adults partook in an online experimental survey. Participants evaluated pictures of clothes worn by famous Swedish politicians and non-political persons on two occasions. On the first occasion, identity was unknown, and on the second occasion, identity was revealed. When revealing identity, participants rated clothes worn by outgroup politicians less beautiful and clothes worn by ingroup politicians more beautiful. They were also willing to pay more for clothes that they learned were worn by ingroup politicians. Participants were also analyzed by their political left or right placement. Both leftist and rightist participants rated clothes worn by opposite political groups less beautiful. This tendency was stronger for rightists. Additionally, rightists rated clothes worn by rightist politicians more beautiful and were willing to pay more for them when learning about their political affiliation. In conclusion, by associating non-political items with politicians our attitudes towards those items can change, thus political association can affect our attitudes outside of the political realm.

Abstract (Svenska) Den här undersökningen försöker ta reda på om orsaken till att människor bättre minns ansikten av sin egen etnicitet än ansikten med annan etnisk bakgrund ligger i mer holistisk än analytisk inkodning. Det testades även om kända och okända ansikten inkodas holistiskt eller analytiskt. Sammanlagt 51 personer deltog i undersökningen. Hälften av stimulusmaterialet var ljushyade (amerikaner av europeiskt ursprung) och hälften var mörkhyade (amerikaner av afrikanskt ursprung). 1/3 av stimulusmaterialet var bilder av mörka och ljusa kända personer. Uppgiften var att försöka känna igen bilderna då de visades på nytt med en förvrängning som skulle gynna antingen holistisk eller analytisk bearbetning. Resultaten visade att kända ansikten inkodades bättre än okända, och att skillnaden var större för holistisk än analytisk bearbetning. Skillnaden mellan ljusa och mörka ansikten gick i samma riktning, men var inte signifikant. / Abstract (English) The purpose of this study was to examine if the reason for Own Race Bias (ORB) – The fact that humans remember faces of their own ethnicity better than faces with another ethnic background/history – lies in the encoding mechanism. It also examined if celebrity faces were more holistically, and non-celebrity faces more analytically, encoded. Half of the stimulus material consisted of Caucasian Americans, and the other half of African Americans. One third of the faces belonged to celebrities. The task for the 51 participants was to recognize the faces. The results showed that celebrity faces were more often recognized than non-celebrity faces, and the difference was greater in holistic processing than in analytic. The difference between Caucasian and African faces showed the same tendency, but was not significant.

With the continuation of Swedish Armed Forces personnel deployed in international service and the increase of national defence focus with new units being created, the average age of cadets enrolling in officers school is decreasing. Studies have previously shown that ethics and morals are linked to cognitive development, and cognitive development linked to age and education. The Neo-Kohlbergian Schema theory defines three general schemas of ethical and moral decision making. Where Postconventional schema is considered most beneficial for military officers, but the military culture seems to promote the Maintaining norms schema. This study is examining the regulating documents from the statute from the government, the program directions from the university, to individual courses programs and descriptions. In order to examine how the ethics and moral education in the Swedish officers school relates to the Neo-Kohlbergian schema theory. The study concludes that the education promotes both the Maintaining norms and Postconventional schemas rather equally with some aspects tending more to the maintaining norms schema while other tends more to the postconventional schema. Meaning that the cadets are given multiple tools to combat ethical and moral dilemmas, but by not focusing on one schema the speed in decision making is halted.

Tidigare forskning har visat att unga i jämförelse med äldre förare, har en mer positiv inställning till att ta risker och håller en generellt högre hastighet i trafiken (Hatfield & Fernandes, 2009). Forskning har också visat att unga förare, framför allt män har en tendens att överskatta sin körförmåga (De Craen et al., 2011). Självskattning kan mätas medolika metoder, något som bland annat Sundström (2008) menar kan påverka resultatet. Flera studier har visat att unga förare kan göra en mer exakt bedömning av sin körprestation när de bedömer en specifik körförmåga snarare än när de jämför deras allmänna körprestation med den genomsnittliga förarens (Mynttinen et al., 2009a; Mynttinen et al., 2009b). Syftet med den aktuella studien var att undersöka om självskattad körprestation påverkas av körerfarenhet samt om det fanns något samband mellan körprestation och självskattad körprestation eller riskbedömning. Studien ämnade att göra detta genom att besvara följande frågeställningar 1. Finns det ett samband mellan ålder och självskattad körförmåga? 2. Finns det ett samband mellan körprestation och självskattad körprestation? 3. Finns det ett samband mellan körprestation och riskbedömning? Totalt deltog 48 förare i studien, där hälften var i åldrarna 18–25 och resterande i åldrarna 45–60. Experimentet genomfördes hos Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) där deltagarna fick köra ett 20 minuter långt scenario i en stationär körsimulator. Innan, under och efter körningen ombads deltagarna att skatta sin körprestation och upplevda risk. Efter körningen hölls en kompletterande intervju. Resultaten visade att det inte fanns något signifikant samband mellan ålder och självskattad körförmåga, något som tyder på att körerfarenhet inte hade någon inverkan på självskattning. Det fanns en antydan till samband mellan körprestation och både självskattning och riskbedömning. För riskbedömning generellt fanns en potentiell effekt för både ålder och kön, något som inte fanns hos självskattad körprestation. Studien ger en indikation på samband för både körprestation och självskattad körprestation samt körprestation och riskbedömning som behöver studeras vidare med ett större underlag. / Previous research has shown that young in comparison with older drivers, have a more positive attitude towards taking risks and maintain a generally higher speed in traffic (Hatfield & Fernandes, 2009). Research has also shown that young drivers, especially men, tend tooverestimate their ability to drive (De Craen et al., 2011). Self-assessment can be measured using different methods, something that Sundström (2008), with others,believes can affect the result.Several studies have shown that young drivers can make a more accurate assessment of their driving performance when assessing a specific driving ability rather than when they are assessingtheir general driving performance against the average driver (Mynttinen et al., 2009a; Mynttinen et al., 2009b). The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether self-rated driving performance was affected by driving experience and whether there was any correlation between driving performance and self-rated driving performance or risk assessment. The study intended to do this by answering the following questions 1. Is there a correlation between age and self-rated driving ability? 2. Is there a correlation between driving performance and self-rated driving performance? 3. Is there a correlation between driving performance and risk assessment? A total of 48 drivers participated in the study, half of them were in the age group 18–25 and the rest were in the age group 45–60. The experiment was carried out at the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) where the participants completed a 20-minute long driving scenario in a stationary simulator. Before, during and after the drive, participants were asked to estimate their driving performance and perceived risk. After that, a supplementary interview was held. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between age and self-rated driving ability, which indicates that driving experience had no effect on self-assessment. There was a hint of correlation between driving performance and both self-assessment and risk assessment. For risk assessment in general, there was an effect for both age and gender, something that did not exist in self-rated driving performance. The study provides an indication of a relationship between both driving performance and self-rated driving performance, as well as driving performance and risk assessment that need to be studied further with a larger sample.

Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka hur yogautövare, motionsutövare och kombinationsutövare skiljer sig åt i psykologiskt välbefinnande, stress, somatiska symtom och emotionsreglering. Vidare undersökte studien antal yoga tillfällen i veckan och dess samspel till de fyra variablerna (psykologiskt välbefinnande, stress, somatiska symtom och emotionsreglering). En kvantitativ design användes för att studera syftet och datainsamlingen genomfördes via webbenkät. Webbenkäten innehöll fyra olika frågeformulär: PSS-14, DERS, RPWB och SCL-90. Studien rekryterade totalt 152 deltagare, varav 98 kvinnor och 54 män. Av dem 152 deltagarna var 45 yogautövare, 56 motionsutövare och 51 kombinationsutövare. Studiens resultat visar att deltagare som utövar yoga tenderar att skatta sig lägre i upplevd stress, svårigheter av emotionsreglering och somatiska symtom samt högre i psykologiskt välbefinnande, i jämförelse med deltagare som endast utövar motion. Antal yoga tillfällen i veckan indikerade enbart ha ett positiv samband till psykologiskt välbefinnande, inget signifikant samband visades till resterande variabler stress, emotionsreglering och somatiska symtom. / The purpose of the present study was to investigate how yoga practitioners, exercisers andcombination practitioners differ in psychological well-being, stress, somatic symptoms andemotions regulation. Furthermore, the study examined the number of yoga sessions per weekand its interaction with the four variables (psychological well-being, stress, somaticsymptoms and emotions regulation). A quantitative design was used to study the purpose andthe data collection was carried out via a web survey. The web survey contained four differentquestionnaires: PSS-14, DERS, RPWB and SCL-90. The study recruited a total of 152participants, of which 98 were women and 54 men. Of these, 152 participants were 45 yogapractitioners, 56 exercisers and 51 combination practitioners. The results of the study showthat participants who practice yoga tend to rate themselves lower in perceived stress,difficulties of emotions regulation and somatic symptoms and higher in psychological wellbeing, in comparison with participants who only practice exercise. The number of yogasessions per week indicated only a positive association with psychological well-being, nosignificant association was shown with the remaining variables stress, emotions regulationand somatic symptoms.

Region Östergötland engages in many international collaborations as a way to exchange knowledge and insights with other organizations. The organization has had a collaboration focused on patient safety with Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya, since 2015. Kenya is considered a low and middle-income country, while Sweden is considered a high-income country. The aim of this study was to describe patient safety development using activity theory, with a special focus on how Region Östergötland supports patient safety development in a low and middle-income country’s healthcare system. Data was collected by conducting interviews with six participants involved in the patient safety collaboration, by visiting Eldoret to conduct a participant observation and by analyzing relevant policy documents. The results showed that many factors are involved in patient safety development, both within an organization and in supporting the development in a low and middle-income country’s healthcare system. Healthcare organizations should strive for commitment to patient safety development from all levels of the organization, and for a safety culture where staff members are comfortable reporting errors. The management must pursue patient safety questions and put aside resources for patient safety development. As Sweden and low and middle-income countries are different in many aspects, it’s important for the supporting part, in this case Region Östergötland, to be attentive to and understanding of prevailing differences caused by available resources, cultural norms, rules and organizational structures. Many of the requirements for an organization’s patient safety development, and for a successful collaboration between Region Östergötland and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, were shown to be achieved or at least functioning. Even though all requirements are not fulfilled, they are all matters that can be improved by the continuation of the collaboration. Region Östergötland can learn from the collaboration by seeing how results can be achieved in an organization with few resources, how efficiently changes can be made within an organization, as well as by gaining knowledge about another culture and country. These factors create opportunities for project participants to be inspired and question current methods and norms in their own organization, which can result in improvements of Region Östergötland as on organization in the future.

Att prestera inom arbetslivet är viktigt i dagens samhälle för att kunna utvecklas, få erfarenhet och kunna bedömas av sin chef. Tidigare forskning visar att vår personlighet spelar en stor roll i arbetslivet. Denna studie fokuserar på tre olika former av upplevd arbetsprestation, det vill säga uppgiftsbaserad arbetsprestation (vardagliga arbetsuppgifter), kontextuell arbetsprestation (initiativtagande utöver de vardagliga arbetsuppgifterna) och kontraproduktiv arbetsbeteende (arbetar emot verksamheten). Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan aspekter av individuell arbetsprestation och personlighetsdimensioner. I studien användes test som mäter personlighet utifrån HEXACO (Mini-IPIP6) och Dark Triad (SD3), samt den individuella arbetsprestationen (IWPQ) för att undersöka samband mellan frågeformulären. I studien deltog 207 personer (M = 36.13 år, SD = 19 år; 109 män). Resultaten visade, som förväntat, att uppgiftsbaserad arbetsprestation var positivt relaterad (.35) till samvetsgrannhet och negativt (-.36) till neuroticism. Kontextuell arbetsprestation var bl.a positivt relaterad (.41) till öppenhet, vilket var den starkaste korrelationen. Kontraproduktiv arbetsbeteende visade starkast korrelation med neuroticism (.39). Studiens resultat tyder på att personlighetsdrag har betydelse för den upplevda individuella arbetsprestationen vilket kan vara behjälpligt vid personalutveckling. / Performing in working life is important today in order to develop, gain experience, and be judged by one’s manager. Previous research shows that our personality plays a big role in working life. This study focuses on three different parts of experienced work performance; that is, task work performance (everyday tasks), contextual work performance (initiative in addition to everyday tasks) and counterproductive work behavior (working against the business). The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between aspects of individual work performance and personality dimensions. The study made use of personality-based questionnaires, HEXACO (Mini-IPIP6) and Dark Triad (SD3), as well as a measure of individual work performance (IWPQ). The study involved 207 people (M = 36.13 years, SD = 19 years; 109 men). The results showed, as expected, that task-based work performance was positively related (.35) to conscientiousness and negative (-.36) to neuroticism. Contextual work performance was positively related (.41) to openness, which showed the strongest correlation. Counterproductive work behavior showed the strongest correlation with neuroticism (.39). This study results indicate that personality has significance for individual work performance which can be implemented in staff development.

Simuleringsverktyget Emergo Train System® (ETS) har tidigare använts främst inom sjukvården för träning inom katastrofmedicin, räddningstjänsten däremot saknar motsvarande träningsverktyg. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka hur ETS kan tillämpas i räddningstjänstens utbildnings- och träningsverksamhet. Fyra fokusgrupper bestående av personal från räddningstjänsten fick köra ett brandscenario och utifrån den upplevelsen besvara och diskutera frågor om möjligheten att använda ETS inom räddningstjänsten. Rekommendationer sammanställdes efter varje fokusgrupp och implementerades iterativt i nästkommande fokusgrupp. Studiens resultat visade bland annat att deltagarna vill använda ETS för att träna på ett flertal olyckor och situationer, men att verktyget behöver fler domänspecifika redskap och figurer. En central insikt var att whiteboardtavlornas placering påverkar deltagarnas aktivitet. Det finns även ett behov av att flera olika roller inom räddningstjänstens verksamhet ska kunna använda ETS, exempelvis brandmän och chef i beredskap. Studien fann även att räddningstjänstens “lag om skydd mot olyckor” bör ligga till grund för hur ett utfall ska utformas. Framtida studier bör undersöka detta i djupare detalj samt uppsöka specialister inom olika olycksområden för att ta fram rutinåtgärder, roller och redskapstillämpningar. I sin helhet visar studien på att ETS har stor potential att bli ett tränings- och utbildningsverktyg inom räddningstjänstens verksamhet. / The simulation tool Emergo Train System® (ETS) has in the past been primarily used for training emergency medicine operators, however the fire and rescue services lack a similar training tool for their operators. As a part of the ongoing work of adapting ETS the current study investigated how ETS can be adapted to the fire and rescue service's training activities. Four focus groups of fire and rescue service personnel played a house fire scenario in ETS and, based on that experience, answered and discussed questions regarding the possibilities of using ETS as a training tool in their domain. The recommendations of each focus group were iteratively implemented in the next focus group session. Results showed that the participants want to use ETS to train on different accidents and situations, but additional domain-specific tools and figures must be developed. Importantly, the positioning of the whiteboards affects the participants' activity. ETS should be adapted for use for different personnel within the fire and rescue services, such as firefighters and response managers. The study also found that the fire and rescue services "law for protection against accidents" should form the basis for developing measurable outcomes. Future studies should investigate this in greater detail, and also incorporate various accident specialists from various areas to develop routine measures, roles and implements. Overall, the study shows that ETS has great potential to become a training tool within the fire and rescue services.

The neuroscience of decision making is laying the puzzle of how the brain computes decisions. It tries to sort out which factors are responsible for causing us to choose one way or the other. This thesis reviews to what extent emotional brain processes and their neural circuits impact decision making. The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) provides a solid dual-system framework for decision making. Dissociating an impulsive system, in which the amygdala is central, and a reflective system mediated by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex(VMPFC). The SMH emphasizes the function of the VMPFC as necessary and crucial formaking favorable long-term decisions. Research on moral decision making also shows that similar systems as used by the SMH has a key role in how we think about moral dilemmas as well. Damage or maldevelopment of these neural circuits can cause myopia for the future and deeply immoral behavior. Abnormalities in emotional neuronal circuits can also be linked to addictive behavior and psychopathy. The findings on decision making and its neuralsubstrates dismantle the common sense notion of free will and moral responsibility. An explanation of how the feeling of free will arises is given using the Interpreter system theoryof consciousness. Moral responsibility without the need for a free will is defended by analternative approach with a framework of a brain in-control versus out-of-control.