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Showing 21 to 30 of 30 (0.029 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"archaeometallurgy"" "subject:"archeometallurgy""
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Production et circulation du Fer en Lorraine (VIe siècle avant J-C - XVe siècle ap. J-C) / Production and Circulation of Iron in Lorraine (6th c. BC – 15th c. AD)Disser, Alexandre 06 November 2014 (has links)
L’espace lorrain a connu, au cours des XIXe et XXe s., une intense activité sidérurgique reposant sur la réduction d’un minerai sédimentaire, la Minette lorraine. Paradoxalement, on a longtemps considéré qu’aucune activité de production liée à l’exploitation de ce minerai n’avait pris place dans cette région avant l’époque contemporaine. Un programme de recherche initié il y a 25 ans a par ailleurs totalement renouvelé la perception de l’histoire sidérurgique de cet espace. Les activités de production s’y sont déroulées de manière sporadique dès les âges du Fer, avant de prendre de l’ampleur au cours de la période médiévale. Les recherches menées permettent une première appréhension de l’évolution des modes de production du fer en Lorraine à différentes époques, mises en perspective dans leur contexte européen. Toutefois, les modalités de distribution du métal produit restent largement méconnues, du fait de l’indigence relative des sources historiques à cet égard. Une première perception des circuits de distribution du fer se développant au sein de l’espace lorrain est exposée dans ce mémoire, contribuant à l’appréhension des usages du fer à différentes époques.Une méthodologie développée récemment par le Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures et le Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l’Altération, reposant sur la caractérisation chimique des déchets associés à la réduction du minerai et des inclusions présentes dans les produits sidérurgiques, a été employée dans ce but. Ce travail interdisciplinaire propose par ailleurs de nouveaux développements en termes de traitement statistique multivarié de l’information chimique, contribuant ainsi à répondre aux problématiques développées.Un référentiel géochimique, constitué d’une base de données préexistante et d’informations nouvelles acquises à l’occasion de prospections archéologiques, offre une perception nouvelle de la diversité chimique caractérisant les activités sidérurgiques anciennes au sein de l’espace lorrain et de ses marges. Des ensembles géochimiques de production ont ainsi été mis en évidence. Plusieurs contextes de consommation ont ensuite été considérés, offrant un éclairage sur les circuits de distribution du fer aux époques anciennes en Lorraine. Une démarche statistique, reposant sur l’emploi d’analyses descriptives et de modèles prédictifs, a été appliquée en ce sens, après avoir été éprouvée par l’étude d’ateliers sidérurgiques pour lesquels l’utilisation d’un minerai en particulier est assurée par le contexte archéologique.Les résultats obtenus permettent de préciser, parfois à l’encontre des hypothèses formulées au préalable, les pratiques d’échange du fer à différentes époques, en regard de nos connaissances quant aux modes de production sidérurgiques. Des discussions portant sur le rôle joué par le travail du fer au sein des sociétés anciennes sont initiées à la lumière des informations nouvellement acquises. / Lorraine was, during the 19th and 20th c., one of the most important ironmaking areas worldwide, relying on the use of a sedimentary ore, the Minette lorraine. Paradoxically, it has long been thought that no iron was produced using this ore before the modern era. A research program initiated 25 years ago totally renewed our perception of its metallurgical history. Production activities were indeed sporadically performed since the Iron Age, before drastically increasing during medieval times. Research performed allows a first apprehension of the ironmaking activities’ forms in Lorraine and their evolution through successive periods, put into perspective in the European context. Iron trade and circulation remain however largely unknown, due to the lack of historical sources. A first insight of the trade networks relative to iron products extending throughout Lorraine and its fringes is exposed in this thesis, contributing to the perception of the use of iron in different periods.A methodology recently developed by the Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures and Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l’Altération, relying on the chemical characterization of smelting slags and slag inclusions entrapped in iron products, was employed to that purpose. This interdisciplinary work also offers new developments in the multivariate statistical treatment of chemical information, and contributes to answering the issues raised at the beginning of this work.A geochemical reference set, comprised of a pre-existing database and new information gathered on archaeological surveys performed during this work, was set up. It provides a new perception of the chemical diversity characterizing iron smelting activities within Lorraine and its fringes. Geochemical production sets were emphasized in doing so. Several iron consumption contexts were then considered, offering the possibility of shedding light on iron spreading networks during ancient times in Lorraine. A statistical approach, relying on the use of both descriptive statistical analyses and predictive modelling, was applied to that purpose. It was beforehand tested by studies performed on workshops for which the use of a given ore is attested by archaeological records.Results allow enlightening, sometimes against formerly formulated hypotheses, the practices in terms of the iron’s trade through different periods, facing our current knowledge about iron production modes. Benefiting from newly gathered information, discussions about the role played by ironworking activities among ancient societies are initiated.
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The Examimnation Of Metal Working Technology In Kultepe In Assyrian Trade Colonies PeriodErcanli, Levent 01 February 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Metal played important role in the social and economic development of societies since its discovery. It is so important that the some part of humankind historical development were designated by the type of metal which was extensively used depending upon the level of technology of that period enabling the processing of metal like bronze age and iron age.
In this frame, the rich metal deposits of Anatolia made this region a very important metal working and civilization center.
Kü / ltepe where it was the center of the trade organization in Anatolia realized between Assur and Anatolia during 1945-1730 B.C called Assyrian Trade Colonies Period was one of the most important metal working center of Anatolia at that
period.
In this thesis, it is aimed to make a contribution to understand the metal working technology in Kü / ltepe by examining the uncovered metal artifacts dated to that period.
For this purpose, the metal artifacts uncovered from Kü / ltepe Ancient Site belonging to Colonies Period which are exhibited in the Anatolian Civilization Museum were examined by portable XRF (PXRF) to obtain the quantity of elements
that constituted the artifacts without giving any harm to the artifact.
Besides the examination of exhibited artifacts in the Anatolian Civilization Museum, the uncovered metal artifact parts belonging to Colonies Period which are not suitable for exhibition and separated for studying were examined by energy
dispersive X-ray unit of scanning electron microscope for elemental analysis and by X-ray diffraction for the analysis of minerals.
The microstructures of artifacts were examined by scanning electron microscope and optical microscope for revealing the operations on metal applied by ancient metalsmith.
In addition to analysis mentioned above, in order to make a contribution to understand the copper trade between Kü / ltepe and its environs lead isotope analysis of some samples from the separated metal artifacts for studying was also performed.
As a result of all those analyses, it was concluded that Kü / ltepe ancient metalsmiths in Colonies Period had the knowledge to smelt the copper and to pour molten metal into a mold to produce an object of desired shape. Moreover, they also discovered that the addition of some elements to copper hardens the structure. In this frame the bronze to be obtained by deliberately adding of tin to copper was attained.
In addition, they were aware of shaping the casted object by hammering. In the meantime, they had the knowledge of heat treatment that allows them forging the object many times till giving the desired shape without causing the fracture in the structure.
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Microanálise de inclusões não-metálicas de artefatos ferrosos: investigação da assinatura química de procedência (Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema, Sítio de Afonso Sardinha, Sítio de Missões e Mossend Iron Works) por análise hierárquica de conglomerados. / Slag inclusions microanalysis of iron artifacts: investigation the chemical signature of production site (Royal Iron of São João de Ipanema, archaeological sites of Afonso Sardinha, São Miguel de Missões and Mossend Iron Works) by a hierarchical cluster analysis.Mamani-Calcina, Elmer Antonio 25 November 2016 (has links)
Técnicas de caracterização microestrutural, incluindo microanálise química EDS (energy dispersive spectrometry), foram usadas para investigar as inclusões não-metálicas de amostras ferrosas da Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema (Sorocaba, século XIX), da Ponte D. Pedro II (Bahia, produzida na Escócia, Mossend Iron Works, século XIX) e dos sítios arqueológicos de São Miguel das Missões (Rio Grande do Sul, século XVII) e de Afonso Sardinha (Sorocaba, século XVI). Estes resultados foram analisados por métodos estatísticos com o objetivo de estabelecer a assinatura química de cada uma das quatro procedências testadas. A análise dos gráficos bivariantes dos resultados de microanálise de inclusões \"globais\" (% SiO2 versus %Al2O3; %CaO versus %K2O; %MgO versus %Al2O3 e % SiO2 versus %FeO) não permitiu separar os resultados em agrupamentos significativos com relação à procedência das amostras. Os resultados de microanálise da correlação dos teores de %TiO2 e %V2O5 presentes na fase wüstita da microestrutura das inclusões de escória mostraram, no entanto, um agrupamento significativo para os resultados dos artefatos ferrosos de Bahia e de Missões, mas não permitiram separar os resultados dos artefatos de Ipanema e de Sardinha. Deste modo, foi usada a análise hierárquica de conglomerados dos resultados de microanálise das inclusões \"globais\" e de seus microconstituintes (fase wüstita e \"matriz\") com o objetivo de separar os resultados em quatro grupos coincidentes com as quatro procedências investigadas. Somente a análise hierárquica de conglomerados usando os teores de %MgO, %TiO2, %V2O5, %MnO e %Al2O3 presentes na fase wüstita permitiu separar com sucesso os quatro grupos de resultados. Finalmente, a baixa fração volumétrica de inclusões de escória das amostras de Ipanema (~1% contra uma média de 4% das demais amostras) indica a existência de certo grau de domínio tecnológico dos processos produtivos da Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema. / Microstructural characterization techniques, including EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) microanalyses, were used to investigate the slag inclusions of the microstructure of ferrous artifacts of the Royal Iron Factory of São João de Ipanema (first steel plant of Brazil, XIX century), the D. Pedro II Bridge (located in Bahia, assembled in XIX century and produced in Scotland) and the archaeological sites of São Miguel de Missões (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, production site of iron artifacts, the XVIII century) and Afonso Sardinha (São Paulo, Brazil production site of iron artifacts, XVI century). The microanalyses results were analyzed by a hierarchical cluster analysis and the dendrogram with the microanalyses results of the wustite phase (using as critical variables the contents of MnO, MgO, Al2O3, V2O5 and TiO2) allowed the identification of four clusters, which successfully represented the samples of the four production sites (Ipanema, Sardinha, Missões and Bahia). The comparatively low volumetric fraction of slag inclusions in the samples of Ipanema (~1% whit an average of 4% others samples) indicated the existence of some degree of proficiency in the ironmaking processing of the Royal Iron Factory of São João de Ipanema.
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Prehistoric copper production and technological reproduction in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central ThailandPryce, Thomas 20 May 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Employing a technological approach derived from the 'Anthropology of Technology' theoretical literature, this thesis concerns the identifi cation and explanation of change in prehistoric extractive metallurgical behaviour in the Khao Wong Prachan Valley of central Thailand. The 'Valley' metallurgical complex, amongst the largest in Eurasia, constitutes Southeast Asia's only documented industrial-scale copper-smelting evidence. The two smelting sites investigated, Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng, provide an interrupted but analytically useful sequence of metallurgical consumption and production evidence spanning c. 1450 BCE to c. 300 CE. The enormous quantity of industrial waste at these sites suggests they were probably major copper supply nodes within ancient Southeast Asian metal exchange networks. Excavated samples of mineral, technical ceramic, and slag from Non Pa Wai and Nil Kham Haeng were analysed in hand specimen, microstructurally by refl ected-light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemically by polarising energy dispersive x-ray fl uorescence spectrometry ([P]ED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray fl uorescence spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Resulting analytical data were used to generate detailed technological reconstructions of copper smelting behaviour at the two sites, which were refi ned by a programme of fi eld experimentation. Results indicate a long-term improvement in the technical profi ciency of Valley metalworkers, accompanied by an increase in the human effort of copper production. This shift in local 'metallurgical ethos' is interpreted as a response to rising regional demand for copper in late prehistory.
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Microanálise de inclusões não-metálicas de artefatos ferrosos: investigação da assinatura química de procedência (Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema, Sítio de Afonso Sardinha, Sítio de Missões e Mossend Iron Works) por análise hierárquica de conglomerados. / Slag inclusions microanalysis of iron artifacts: investigation the chemical signature of production site (Royal Iron of São João de Ipanema, archaeological sites of Afonso Sardinha, São Miguel de Missões and Mossend Iron Works) by a hierarchical cluster analysis.Elmer Antonio Mamani-Calcina 25 November 2016 (has links)
Técnicas de caracterização microestrutural, incluindo microanálise química EDS (energy dispersive spectrometry), foram usadas para investigar as inclusões não-metálicas de amostras ferrosas da Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema (Sorocaba, século XIX), da Ponte D. Pedro II (Bahia, produzida na Escócia, Mossend Iron Works, século XIX) e dos sítios arqueológicos de São Miguel das Missões (Rio Grande do Sul, século XVII) e de Afonso Sardinha (Sorocaba, século XVI). Estes resultados foram analisados por métodos estatísticos com o objetivo de estabelecer a assinatura química de cada uma das quatro procedências testadas. A análise dos gráficos bivariantes dos resultados de microanálise de inclusões \"globais\" (% SiO2 versus %Al2O3; %CaO versus %K2O; %MgO versus %Al2O3 e % SiO2 versus %FeO) não permitiu separar os resultados em agrupamentos significativos com relação à procedência das amostras. Os resultados de microanálise da correlação dos teores de %TiO2 e %V2O5 presentes na fase wüstita da microestrutura das inclusões de escória mostraram, no entanto, um agrupamento significativo para os resultados dos artefatos ferrosos de Bahia e de Missões, mas não permitiram separar os resultados dos artefatos de Ipanema e de Sardinha. Deste modo, foi usada a análise hierárquica de conglomerados dos resultados de microanálise das inclusões \"globais\" e de seus microconstituintes (fase wüstita e \"matriz\") com o objetivo de separar os resultados em quatro grupos coincidentes com as quatro procedências investigadas. Somente a análise hierárquica de conglomerados usando os teores de %MgO, %TiO2, %V2O5, %MnO e %Al2O3 presentes na fase wüstita permitiu separar com sucesso os quatro grupos de resultados. Finalmente, a baixa fração volumétrica de inclusões de escória das amostras de Ipanema (~1% contra uma média de 4% das demais amostras) indica a existência de certo grau de domínio tecnológico dos processos produtivos da Real Fábrica de Ferro São João de Ipanema. / Microstructural characterization techniques, including EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) microanalyses, were used to investigate the slag inclusions of the microstructure of ferrous artifacts of the Royal Iron Factory of São João de Ipanema (first steel plant of Brazil, XIX century), the D. Pedro II Bridge (located in Bahia, assembled in XIX century and produced in Scotland) and the archaeological sites of São Miguel de Missões (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, production site of iron artifacts, the XVIII century) and Afonso Sardinha (São Paulo, Brazil production site of iron artifacts, XVI century). The microanalyses results were analyzed by a hierarchical cluster analysis and the dendrogram with the microanalyses results of the wustite phase (using as critical variables the contents of MnO, MgO, Al2O3, V2O5 and TiO2) allowed the identification of four clusters, which successfully represented the samples of the four production sites (Ipanema, Sardinha, Missões and Bahia). The comparatively low volumetric fraction of slag inclusions in the samples of Ipanema (~1% whit an average of 4% others samples) indicated the existence of some degree of proficiency in the ironmaking processing of the Royal Iron Factory of São João de Ipanema.
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Alle origini del rogo votivo e della metallurgia alpina Il culto del fuoco nell’Età del Rame nel caso del Pigloner KopfOberrauch, Hanns 02 December 2021 (has links)
The archaeological site Pigloner Kopf (Vadena/Pfatten, South Tyrol, Italy) has revealed unexpected elements related to the local Bell Beaker culture, like the local production of shaft-hole axes, typologically linked to the Balkans and the Danube region. The site also shows the oldest evidence of ritual burnt offerings in the Eastern Alps. The mostly burnt animal bones, cereals, flint tools and fragments of pottery could be interpreted as the remains of a rock sanctuary with burnt offerings. The site can be considered as a prototype of the alpine places of worship and mountain sanctuaries. These burning rituals were practised from the beginning of the Bronze Age until the late Roman Empire. The aim of the paper is to present the results of the study of materials and their analyses, focussing on the metallurgical industry, composed mostly by objects produced with local copper, like 10 miniaturised shaft-hole axes, 7 awls and a pin and also by imported objects like a dagger blade and spiral ornaments. The deposition of copper tools in hoards in association with burnt offerings suggest a ritual interpretation of the site, dated to the late Copper Age with Bell Beaker elements in lithics and pottery.
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[en] ARCHAEOMETALLURGY STUDY OF METALLIC ARTIFACTS RECOVERED FROM HISTORICALS SITES IN RIO DE JANEIRO / [pt] ESTUDO ARQUEOMETALÚRGICO DE OBJETOS METÁLICOS RESGATADOS DE SÍTIOS HISTÓRICOS DO RIO DE JANEIROGUADALUPE DO NASCIMENTO CAMPOS 03 March 2006 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar um estudo
arqueometalúrgico de
objetos ferrosos e não-ferrosos resgatados de sítios
históricos do Rio de
janeiro. A pesquisa experimental desenvolveu uma
metodologia de análise
utilizando-se de técnicas destrutivas como Microscopia
Ótica (MO),
Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia
Eletrônica de
Transmissão e não destrutivas como Fluorescência de Raio X
(FRX) e Emissão
de Raios-X por Indução de Partículas (PIXE). Os objetos
foram analisados com
o intuito de caracterizar sua composição, estrutura e
método de elaboração.
Estes correspondem a seis artefatos de natureza metálica
não-ferrosa e um de
natureza metálica ferrosa. O objeto metálico ferroso
corresponde a uma
enxada. As características microestruturais dos objetos
estão correlacionadas
com a função que esses desempenhavam na época e indicativa
de que a
enxada possa ter sido feita no Brasil por escravos
africanos. A análise da
enxada permite concluir que é constituída de um ferro
pudlado e que foi
processada por fundição e forjamento. Quanto aos objetos
não-ferrosos, o
rosário é constituído de um latão monofásico mais rico em
cobre. Com relação
à fabricação do rosário pode-se concluir de que seja de
origem européia, sendo
decorrente de um minério pirítico. As medalhas são de
procedência européia
constituídas de latão. Historicamente, pode-se deduzir que
são referentes ao
século XVIII. Conclui-se que as duas moedas do Sítio
Rochedo sejam
originárias de fontes diferentes, constatado pelas
análises químicas. Porém, as
concentrações químicas da moeda de 1821 são próximas a uma
das moedas
de 40 réis. A presente tese permitiu evidenciar a
importância da sistemática de
trabalho experimental de caracterização, a partir de
técnicas destrutivas e nãodestrutivas
de materiais, de objetos arqueológicos para estabelecer seu
contexto histórico. / [en] This work undertakes an archeometallurgical study of
ferrous and non-ferrous
artifacts recovered from historical sites of Rio de
Janeiro. The experimental
research developed an analytical methodology based on
destructive techniques,
such as Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electronic
Microscopy (SEM) and
Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM); as well as non-
destructive
techniques, namely X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Particle
Induction X-Ray
Emission (PIXE). These artifacts were analyzed in order to
characterize their
composition, structure and elaboration/processing methods.
There are six
artifacts with a non-ferrous metallic nature and one with
a ferrous metallic nature.
The ferrous metallic artifact was a hoe. The
microstructure characteristics is
related to the usage of this object at that time, and
indicates that the hoe could
have been made in Brazil by African slaves. The analysis
of the hoe indicates
that it was elaborated from puddle iron and that it had
been processed by foundry
and forging. The rosary, one of the non-ferrous artifacts,
is formed by singlephase
brass riche in copper; and according to historical
research it is of
European origin, deriving from pyrite ore. The medals are
also of European origin
and are based on brass. Historically one can deduce that
they are dated from the
18th century. The two coins from the Rochedo site most
probably came from
distinct sources, as validated by the chemical analysis.
However, the chemical
composition of the 1821 coin is close to that of the 40
réis coin. The present
thesis has shown the importance of a systematic
methodology to characterize
ancient objects combining both destructive and non-
destructive techniques.
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Společenský kontext mědi ve starověkém Egyptě do konce Střední říše / The Social Context of Copper in Ancient Egypt down to the end of Middle KingdomOdler, Martin January 2020 (has links)
1 Odler, Martin 2020: The social context of copper in Ancient Egypt down to the end of Middle Kingdom. PhD thesis. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts. Supervisor: Prof. Mgr. Miroslav Bárta, Dr. Abstract The subject of the doctoral thesis is a reconstruction of the chaîne opératoire of copper in ancient Egypt from its earliest occurrence in the fourth millennium BC until the end of the Middle Kingdom. As copper was the metal most widely used in ancient Egyptian society, its study can offer statistical "big data" otherwise rarely available for ancient cultures. Three large groups of sources are discussed successively: written and iconographic sources, archaeological sources (material culture, i.e. artefacts), and archaeometallurgical sources, divided into several consecutive stages of the chaîne opératoire. Copper was named bjA and read [byr] in the periods under study, while an interpretation as arsenical copper with a low and high content of arsenic, respectively, is proposed for so- called Asian copper and Hsmn. In the Middle Kingdom, the term Hsmn begun to be used also for tin bronze. The word for crucible was bD(.t) and the word for metalworker (incorporating both metallurgists and smiths) was bD.ty. There is no substantial Egyptian evidence from the periods under study for the current...
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To Make Iron of Iron : A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Spade Shaped Iron BarsPappas Adlerburg, Nickolas T. January 2017 (has links)
This thesis aims to provide adequate analytical information on the spade shaped iron bars of Norrland and central Sweden. While their significance has been thoroughly debated for decades, analytical research on them has been confined to cases of single artefacts or theoretical interpretations of their value, meaning and origin. In this study a comprehensive approach is taken into consideration. Based on X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographical analysis this thesis seeks to facilitate new interpretations on quality, production centres and usage based on analytical results. Aiming to settle some of the long lasting questions regarding the artefacts while producing results which can further the discussion by raising new questions, previously unasked.
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To Make Iron of Iron : A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Spade Shaped Iron BarsPappas Adlreburg, Nickolas January 2017 (has links)
This thesis aims to provide adequate analytical information on the spade shaped iron bars of Norrland and central Sweden. While their significance has been thoroughly debated for decades, analytical research on them has been confined to cases of single artefacts or theoretical interpretations of their value, meaning and origin. In this study a comprehensive approach is taken into consideration. Based on X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographical analysis this thesis seeks to facilitate new interpretations on quality, production centres and usage based on analytical results. Aiming to settle some of the long lasting questions regarding the artefacts while producing results which can further the discussion by raising new questions, previously unasked.
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