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1	Norrlands småkungadömen Lövgren, Tobias January 2021 (has links) Northern Sweden’s petty kingdoms have been described in historical documents dating as far back as the Roman iron age, as more-or-less independent and self-governing smaller principalities. Previous examination of them has determined at least thirteen probable independent petty kingdoms during the Swedish iron age and migration period, which could be an interpretation influenced by the historical accounts of Prokopios. This paper aims to re-examine their makeup and function from historical sources, geographical and archaeologically contextual factors and whether the term “petty kingdom” is the descriptor most apt for them or not. There are possible origins from and connections to middle Sweden, to Finland, Estland and Russia which puts the independence of these pettykingdoms in question, as well as archaeological analysis of the identified kingdom sites from a perspective other than as an administrative and/or political center, which could lead to an understanding of their purpose and use. arkeologi folkvandringstid vendeltid järnålder mellannorrland småkungadöme Archaeology Arkeologi
2	Kostnadskalkyler med osäkerhetsanalys och subjektiva sannolikheter : En fallstudie på Biogas Mellannorrland Kwiatkowski, Robert, Htay, Shwe January 2017 (has links) The purpose with this study is to show how the subjective uncertainty analysis can be applied to the cost estimates and examine how the attitudes towards risk budgeting of construction projects works. Biogas Mellannorrland is based on a case study and focuses on four location options for the biogas plant. For each option, a cost estimate in form of a fixed cost and variable cost elements, where the latter are uncertain. Pearson-Tukey method have been applied as a method to estimating subjective probabilities. An assumption is made so that the uncertain costs are normally distributed, where the parameters’ mean and standard deviation collected from respondents indicating percentiles at 5% and 95% for doubtful cost elements. In order to identify the project managers risk attitude, the risk premium method will be used to calculate where the expected value is produced by Pearson-Tukey method. The expected value is subtracted with certainty equivalent, which consist of the budgeted amount. The study was conducted through interviews in order to obtain the costs and the subjective probabilities. The study results show that it is difficult to determine which option is the best, or the worst, by just looking at the expected value. The risk premium shows that each option is a risk averse choice for the project managers, since the risk premium was greater than zero. / Denna studie syftar till att visa hur subjektiv osäkerhetsanalys kan tillämpas vid kostnadskalkyler samt undersöka riskattityder vid budgetering av byggprojekt. Undersökningen är en fallstudie vid Biogas Mellannorrland och fokuserar på fyra lokaliseringsalternativ för biogasanläggning. För varje alternativ görs en kostnadskalkyl i form av ett antal fasta och rörliga delkostnader, där de senare är osäkra. Som metod för att skatta subjektiva sannolikheter har Pearson-Tukey-metoden tillämpats. Ett antagande görs att osäkra kostnader är normalfördelade, där parametrarna väntevärde och standardavvikelse hämtas från respondenter som anger percentilerna vid 5 % och 95 % för osäkra delkostnader. För att identifiera projektledarnas riskattityd, kommer riskpremium att beräknas, där det förväntade värdet tas fram med Pearson-Tukey- metoden. Det förväntade värdet subtraheras med säkerhetsekvivalensen, vilket utgörs av det budgeterade beloppet. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer för att få fram kostnader och subjektiva sannolikheter. Studiens resultat visar att det är svårt att avgöra vilka alternativ som är bäst eller sämst genom att bara titta på väntevärdet. Med riskpremium visar alla alternativ att projektledarna gör ett riskaversivt val, eftersom riskpremium blev större än noll. Biogas Mellannorrland normal distribution uncertainty analysis Pearson Tukey standard deviation subjective probability expected value Biogas Mellannorrland normalfördelning osäkerhetsanalys Pearson-Tukey standardavvikelse subjektiva sannolikheter väntevärde Övrig annan teknik
3	”Ett indiskret brott mot god takt och ton” : Om arkeologi och samtiden utifrån fångstmarksgravar / An indiscreet crime against good tact and tone : On archaeology and the contemporary from hunting ground graves. Sundin, Lena January 2011 (has links) Hunting ground graves were distinguished as a separate category during the 1930s. There is however no clear definition of what a hunting ground grave is. They have been constructed over a large area over a long period of time (200 BC-1200 AD) and their morphology varies. This paper investigates how the archaeologists have discussed the hunting ground graves since they were distinguished as a separate category until today. It investigates what concepts that have been used to define and categorize the graves as a group. It also investigates if the choices of concepts are depending on a broader societal perspective. To find the answers to these questions two surveys have been done. In the first one, texts about the hunting ground graves, written by scientists from 1931 to 2009, are analyzed. The second survey is a questionnaire sent to archaeologists working at museums and at the County Administrative Board in the regions of northern Svealand and Norrland. The source material in both surveys is mainly studied qualitatively, where phrases and choices of words are analyzed using the concepts and methods derived from the research tradition of conceptual history. In the second survey quantitative elements is also analyzed, which aims to show how different views on the hunting ground graves are spread over different counties. The results of the surveys show that the concepts used to define the graves contain locked dichotomies concerning location, economy and ethnicity. The research from the twenty-first century is however increasingly thinking about hunting ground graves as an expression of meetings and mixtures of cultures. The second survey shows that there is no clear consensus on the concept of lake graves (the concept lake graves was used in the questionnaire) among the archaeologists answering the questionnaire. On the contrary, they consider the concept unclear and difficult to use. Central Norrland Iron Age hunting ground graves lake graves conceptual history thought collectives archaeology and politics archaeology and ethnicity Mellannorrland järnålder fångstmarksgravar insjögravar begreppshistoria tankekollektiv arkeologi och politik arkeologi och etnicitet
4	To Make Iron of Iron : A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Spade Shaped Iron Bars Pappas Adlreburg, Nickolas January 2017 (has links) This thesis aims to provide adequate analytical information on the spade shaped iron bars of Norrland and central Sweden. While their significance has been thoroughly debated for decades, analytical research on them has been confined to cases of single artefacts or theoretical interpretations of their value, meaning and origin. In this study a comprehensive approach is taken into consideration. Based on X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographical analysis this thesis seeks to facilitate new interpretations on quality, production centres and usage based on analytical results. Aiming to settle some of the long lasting questions regarding the artefacts while producing results which can further the discussion by raising new questions, previously unasked. Archaeological Science Archaeometallurgy Spade Shaped Iron Bars X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Metallography Swedish Archaeology Archaeology in Norrland Scandinavian Iron Age Nordic Iron Age Roman Iron Age Migration Period Vendel Period Prehistoric Metallurgy Slag Iron Bar Currency Bar Bloomery Bloom Iron Bog Iron Limonite Mineral Iron Ores Hematite Magnetite Phosphoric Iron/Steel Prehistoric Steel Ferrite Pearlite Nickel Cobalt Phosphorus Arsenic Magnesium Sulfur Manganese Norrland Middle Norrland Uppland Gästrikland Hälsingland Medelpad Jämtland Södermanland Helgö Torsåker Gåcksätter Alborga Offerdal Selånger Villberga Arbrå Laborativ Arkeologi Arkeometallurgi Spadformiga Ämnesjärn Röntgenfluorescens (XRF) Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) Metallografi Svensk Arkeologi Norrländsk Arkeologi Förnnordisk Arkeologi Skandinavisk Järnålder Nordisk Järnålder Fornnordisk Järnålder Romersk Järnålder Folkvandringstiden Vendeltiden Forhistorisk Metallurgi Slaget Ämnesjärn Blästerugn Blästa Myrmalm Sjömalm Limonit Bergmalm Hematit Magnetit Fosforisk Järn/Stål Förhistorisk Stål Ferrit Pearlit Nickel Kobolt Fosfor Arsen Magnesium Svavel Mangan Norrland Mellannorrland Uppland Gästrikland Hälsingland Medelpad Jämtland Södermanland Helgö Torsåker Gåcksätter Alborga Offerdal Selånger Villberga Arbrå Archaeology Arkeologi

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