The inclusion of ecotourism into biosphere reserves to enhance sustainable development has increased the importance of tourism stakeholders’ relationships. Therefore, this research aims to explore how the quality of social relationships among tourism stakeholders affects ecotourism cooperation in the Blekinge Archipelago biosphere reserve. This is accomplished by using social capital as a theoretical lens for conceptualizing relationships between ecotourism stakeholders. A qualitative case study of the ARK56 network has been conducted, incorporating 8 in-depth interviews with ecotourism operators in the Blekinge Archipelago biosphere reserve. The results indicated that the regional network ARK56 is essential for tourism operators since it provides a broad network of contacts and encourages cooperation among the members. It is argued that a good working relationship based on trust and reciprocity facilitates efficient cooperation within the ARK56 network and that a balance between bridging and bonding social capital was identified which contributes to successful cooperation.

The outcome of this project is a proposal called Nämdöskärgården Marine Wildlife Center, located on Nämdö in the area of Östanvik. The proposal consists of a series of structures that together will function as a gate to the wildlife experience of the national park, for both educational, scientific and leisure purposes. The program is essentially divided in two main components: (1) a publicly profiled visitor center including functions such as exhibition space, science and lecture hall, bar/restaurant as well as an office space and a conference room, and (2) accommodation typologies aimed to meet the needs from a broad variety of guest constellations at any season of the year. Additionally, along the shoreline of the bay the proposal also suggests two leisure oriented structures and jetties; one bathing jetty with a sauna and locker room and one guest jetty for boats and a rental service for outdoor wildlife activities.

Stockholm archipelago has over the centuries been fairly unknown and anonymous place for many. Unless you were involved in fishing or trade you did not know much about this sea landscape. Besides its commercial value it had also a military significance for a long period. During Gustav Vasa’s reign Vaxholm was decided to consolidate in order to protect the entrance to Stockholm by sea. Up until mid 20th century it was occupied mainly by fishermen and farmers. It was a place where people lived, studied and worked because of its natural riches. In the early 1900s more and more land was bought by rich Stockholmers for recreation purposes. A new typology has appeared on the islands, great summer villas. Even artists and writers were drawn to this place, including August Strindberg, Bruno Liljefors and Gustaf Fröding. After WW II, the population in archipelago rapidly declined. It was mainly due to compulsory education. People were forced to seek places to settle on mainland where higher education facilities were located. It also offered a wider range of jobs. The islands were slowly transformed from agricultural land into recreational resorts for the rich. Nowadays, it is very popular summer holiday destination among Stockholmers and many others which is represented by 50 000 summer cottages that are spread out on many of the islands. It is becoming a luxury holiday destination with popular water sports and fast loud boats disturbing the natural habitat of archipelago. thesis The aim of this project is to better understand complex nature of Stockholm’s Archipelago, its inner working and relation between natural habitat and people. Through series of sensitive micro-interventions I would like to tell a story of archipelago, provide a “path“ to follow and explore this beautiful biotope. However, this should be achieved in meaningful and practical way. These small (temporary) structures range from a bench with a beautiful view of the sea, tree house library, public WC, floating sauna to a small desalination plant for residents as well as tourists. The objective is to provide a sustainable future experience of the Stockholm archipelago as well as education and information regarding preservation and protection of the environment.

The project investigate the role of space, architecture and landscape in the rehabilitation process.

Värmdö municipality, in the archipelago of Stockholm, has one of Sweden’s fastest growing populations and is a popular location for tourism and summer houses. This puts a lot of pressure on groundwater reservoirs and will likely be even more strained in the future as the climate continues to heat up due to anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of groundwater resources on the island of Ingarö, today and in a changing climate. The goal was also to identify the behaviour of the groundwater reservoir under different extraction rates. A model was constructed using MODFLOW, a software developed and maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey. The results show that for the present-day scenario with the current extraction rate there is a surplus of recharge leaving the reservoir. Moreover, three groundwater divides could be identified in the reservoir which can prove useful when examining the movement of contaminants. The result also indicated that an extraction rate of 105% of current extractions could be possible without any artificial infiltration. At an extraction rate of 110%, one well struggled with keeping up with demand for water. As the extraction rate increased further the results were deemed as inconclusive. For these scenarios, model domain required to be extended further east due to a constant head boundary condition acting as an infinite source of water in these cases. / Värmdö kommun har en av Sveriges snabbast växande befolkningar, därtill är kommunen en populär tillflyktsort under sommaren med många turister och andra som har sina sommarhus där. Många av dessa sommarhus har under de senaste 20 åren konverterats till permanentboenden och det är troligt att denna utveckling kommer fortsätta i framtiden. Detta medför att den redan begränsade tillgången på vatten ute i skärgården påverkas negativt och kommer spädas på ytterligare i samband med att klimatet blir allt varmare. Målet med denna uppsats var att kartlägga grundvattentillgångarna i Ingarö vattentäkt och hur dessa påverkas av klimatförändringarna samt under olika uttagsscenarion, där de olika uttagen kan spegla kraven på tillgång på vatten vid en ökande befolkning. En konceptuell modell skapades i Groundwater Modelling Systems (GMS) och i ArcGIS. Modellen löses sedan numeriskt med hjälp av grundvattenflödesekvationen i MODFLOW och lösningen importeras därefter tillbaka till GMS för analys. Den underliggande förutsättningen i modellen var att det nuvarande grundvattenuttaget och den naturliga återhämtningen av magasinet är lika stor. Den naturliga återhämtningen inom domänen, och de bidragande omkringliggande områdena, baserades på årsmedelvärden av nederbörd och evapotranspiration som hämtas från Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut (SMHI). De bidragande omkringliggande områdena identifierades genom att hitta vattendelare i landskapet med hjälp av en Digital Elevation Model (2x2 m). Jorddjupet i åsen beräknades med hjälp av Sveriges Geologiska Undersöknings (SGU) jorddjupsmodell som grund. I de områden där SGUs modell inte ansågs ge tillförlitliga jorddjup ersättes den med dels en jorddjupsmodell utvecklad på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Simplified Regolith thickness Model) och dels med hjälp av kriging-interpolation över ett område med en högre densitet av kända jorddjupspunkter. Resultaten från det nutida scenariot med dagens uttag visade att det finns ett visst mått av överskott på vatten i åsen. Utöver detta så visade också resultatet att det finns tre grundvattendelare i vattenreserven vars placering kan visa sig nyttig för att förstå hur föroreningar kan sprida sig i åsen. Resultatet visade att uttag på 105 % av dagens uttag troligtvis är möjliga utan artificiellinfiltrering. Då uttaget ökades till 110 % började en brunn visa på svårigheter att leverera de volymer som förväntades. För uttag på 130 % och större visade sig resultatet vara missvisande då en stor mängd vatten strömmade in från den östra gränsen. Den östra gränsen av modellen bör därför förflyttas längre öster ut för att uppnå mer tillförlitliga resultat. Klart stod dock att den generella grundvattennivån lär sjunka i framtiden då evapotranspirationen förutspås öka mer än nederbörden.

This thesis examines the biodiversity and evolutionary ecology of Lumnitzera mangroves in the Indonesian Archipelago. Using a combination of genomics and metabolomics, the study arrived at several key findings: (1) Investigation into 14 populations of L. littorea and 21 populations of L. racemosa revealed low genetic variation, with significant barriers like Sulawesi and the Java Sea influencing genetic differentiation. (2) Specifically for L. littorea, Wallace's line was identified as a key biogeographical separator, marking divergent evolutionary pathways and separating phylogroups, whereas L. racemosa showed a mixing population in the Wallacea region. (3) Uniquely, the research discovered a diversity in sulfated constituents, including previously unknown compounds like Lumnitzeralactone. (4) Further emphasizing the mangroves' medicinal importance, antibacterial potential was uncovered in the species. (5) The study innovatively linked phylogenetic data with chemical analyses, offering a comprehensive view of mangrove evolution and ecology. (6) Finally, the findings highlighted the need for specific conservation strategies, considering the genetic differentiation within populations, to protect the mangroves' ecological significance and medicinal value across Indonesia.:Preface 4 Summary 5 Zusammenfassung 10 1. Introduction 15 1.1. Characteristics, significance, and threat of mangroves 15 1.1.1. Characteristics of mangroves 15 1.1.2. Significance of Indonesian mangroves 16 1.1.3. Threats to mangroves 18 1.2. Evolutionary processes and diversity of mangroves 19 1.2.1. Evolution of mangroves 19 1.2.2. Sea surface currents in Indonesia shape genetic structure 20 1.2.3. The relevance of Wallace’s line to mangrove evolution 22 1.2.4. Isolation by geographical distance 24 1.2.5. Genetic diversity and population structure 25 1.3. Diversity of bioactive compounds of mangrove genus Lumnitzera 27 1.3.1. Sulfur-containing metabolites 27 1.3.2. Phylogenetics 28 1.3.3. Anti-infective potential 29 1.4. Study species 30 1.5. Aim of the thesis 33 2. Material and Methods 37 2.1. Sampling and sample design 37 2.2. Laboratory procedures and genetic analysis 38 2.2.1. DNA isolation 38 2.2.2. ddRADseq sequencing, and bioinformatics 38 2.2.3. Genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation 40 2.2.4. Identifying barriers and areas of connectivity 41 2.2.5. Isolation by distance and sea surface current connectivity 42 2.2.6. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and phylogenetic analyses 43 2.3. Laboratory procedures and phytochemical analysis 44 2.3.1. Root sample extraction 44 2.3.2. TLC, Low-resolution ESI-MS spectra, HPLC, and NMR 45 2.3.3. UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS and MS/MS 46 2.3.4. RP-UHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS 47 2.3.5. Extraction and isolation of compounds 47 2.3.6. Anti-infective bioassays 51 3. Results 52 3.1. Genetic diversity and population structure 52 3.1.1. Genetic diversity 52 3.1.2. Population structure and genetic differentiation 54 3.1.3. Effective migration 58 3.1.4. Isolation by distance and sea surface current connectivity 59 3.2. Unusual-sulfated constituent and anti-infective properties 61 3.2.1. Phytochemical screening 61 3.2.2. Phylogenetic tree of Lumnitzera 69 3.2.3. Evaluation of anti-infective properties 70 4. Discussion 74 4.1. Population genomics of Lumnitzera mangroves in Indonesia 74 4.1.1. The genetic diversity paradox in mangroves 74 4.1.2. Phylogroups and the Sunda-Wallacea biogeographical pattern 76 4.1.3. Limited mixture among phylogroups and populations by sea surface currents 78 4.1.4. Restricted gene flow by geographical distance 80 4.1.5. Evolutionary ecology of Lumnitzera inferred by genetics and chemodiversity 81 4.2. Bioactive compounds and anti-infective potential of Lumnitzera 82 4.2.1. Diversity of bioactive compounds 82 4.2.2. Sulfated and nonsulfated ellagic acid supported by phylogenetic pattern 83 4.2.3. Anti-infective properties and their restriction to particular locations 86 5. Conclusion and future perspective 89 6. References 94 7. Appendix 111 Curriculum vitae 119 Declaration of independent work 122 Acknowledgments 123 Author contributions statement 125 Authors’s Addendum / Diese Arbeit untersucht die biologische Vielfalt und evolutionäre Ökologie der Lumnitzera-Mangroven im indonesischen Archipel. Unter Verwendung einer Kombination aus Genomik und Metabolomik gelangte die Studie zu mehreren wichtigen Ergebnissen: (1) Die Untersuchung von 14 Populationen von L. littorea und 21 Populationen von L. racemosa ergab eine geringe genetische Variation, wobei signifikante Barrieren wie Sulawesi und die Javasee die genetische Differenzierung beeinflussen. (2) Speziell für L. littorea wurde die Wallace-Linie als wichtige biogeografische Trennlinie identifiziert, die divergierende Evolutionspfade markiert und Phylogruppen trennt, während L. racemosa eine Mischpopulation in der Wallacea-Region aufweist. (3) Einzigartig war die Entdeckung einer Vielfalt an sulfatierten Bestandteilen, darunter bisher unbekannte Verbindungen wie Lumnitzeralacton. (4) Ein weiterer Beleg für die medizinische Bedeutung der Mangroven ist das antibakterielle Potenzial, das in der Art entdeckt wurde. (5) Die Studie verknüpfte auf innovative Weise phylogenetische Daten mit chemischen Analysen und bot so einen umfassenden Einblick in die Evolution und Ökologie der Mangroven. (6) Schließlich verdeutlichten die Ergebnisse die Notwendigkeit spezifischer Erhaltungsstrategien, die die genetische Differenzierung innerhalb der Populationen berücksichtigen, um die ökologische Bedeutung und den medizinischen Wert der Mangroven in ganz Indonesien zu schützen.:Preface 4 Summary 5 Zusammenfassung 10 1. Introduction 15 1.1. Characteristics, significance, and threat of mangroves 15 1.1.1. Characteristics of mangroves 15 1.1.2. Significance of Indonesian mangroves 16 1.1.3. Threats to mangroves 18 1.2. Evolutionary processes and diversity of mangroves 19 1.2.1. Evolution of mangroves 19 1.2.2. Sea surface currents in Indonesia shape genetic structure 20 1.2.3. The relevance of Wallace’s line to mangrove evolution 22 1.2.4. Isolation by geographical distance 24 1.2.5. Genetic diversity and population structure 25 1.3. Diversity of bioactive compounds of mangrove genus Lumnitzera 27 1.3.1. Sulfur-containing metabolites 27 1.3.2. Phylogenetics 28 1.3.3. Anti-infective potential 29 1.4. Study species 30 1.5. Aim of the thesis 33 2. Material and Methods 37 2.1. Sampling and sample design 37 2.2. Laboratory procedures and genetic analysis 38 2.2.1. DNA isolation 38 2.2.2. ddRADseq sequencing, and bioinformatics 38 2.2.3. Genetic diversity, population structure and differentiation 40 2.2.4. Identifying barriers and areas of connectivity 41 2.2.5. Isolation by distance and sea surface current connectivity 42 2.2.6. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and phylogenetic analyses 43 2.3. Laboratory procedures and phytochemical analysis 44 2.3.1. Root sample extraction 44 2.3.2. TLC, Low-resolution ESI-MS spectra, HPLC, and NMR 45 2.3.3. UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS and MS/MS 46 2.3.4. RP-UHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS 47 2.3.5. Extraction and isolation of compounds 47 2.3.6. Anti-infective bioassays 51 3. Results 52 3.1. Genetic diversity and population structure 52 3.1.1. Genetic diversity 52 3.1.2. Population structure and genetic differentiation 54 3.1.3. Effective migration 58 3.1.4. Isolation by distance and sea surface current connectivity 59 3.2. Unusual-sulfated constituent and anti-infective properties 61 3.2.1. Phytochemical screening 61 3.2.2. Phylogenetic tree of Lumnitzera 69 3.2.3. Evaluation of anti-infective properties 70 4. Discussion 74 4.1. Population genomics of Lumnitzera mangroves in Indonesia 74 4.1.1. The genetic diversity paradox in mangroves 74 4.1.2. Phylogroups and the Sunda-Wallacea biogeographical pattern 76 4.1.3. Limited mixture among phylogroups and populations by sea surface currents 78 4.1.4. Restricted gene flow by geographical distance 80 4.1.5. Evolutionary ecology of Lumnitzera inferred by genetics and chemodiversity 81 4.2. Bioactive compounds and anti-infective potential of Lumnitzera 82 4.2.1. Diversity of bioactive compounds 82 4.2.2. Sulfated and nonsulfated ellagic acid supported by phylogenetic pattern 83 4.2.3. Anti-infective properties and their restriction to particular locations 86 5. Conclusion and future perspective 89 6. References 94 7. Appendix 111 Curriculum vitae 119 Declaration of independent work 122 Acknowledgments 123 Author contributions statement 125 Authors’s Addendum

No / Human migration is a hallmark of the species and there is significant interest in methods that can determine the past migrations of humans and associated fauna. We present a new method that utilizes collagen oxygen, carbon and nitrogen isotopes from histologically informed samples of cortical bone. The utility of this multi-isotopic, life history approach is demonstrated in migrating Dutch whalers, and both the possibilities and limitations of the method are described.

The Stockholm Archipelago has a unique natural landscape - rugged nature that blends with wooded islands, rocky cliffs and sandy beaches enriched by cultural and ecological values. The islands, dating back to the Viking Age are faced with a progressively uneven growth compared to the city developing an inevitable socio-economic dependency on the city core through infrastructural connections. Emigration from already diffusely scattered settlements made life unaffordable on the islands for both permanent residents and municipalities. According to official surveys and analyses, the islands claimed to lack a live-work-play balance and social potential that could be developed better for the residents. This struggle is loaded with the seasonal influx of tourists who exploit the landscape, leaving the responsibility for care onto those who live there. This situation added to climate change, strains energy and (water) resources causing summer droughts. All these struggles raise a question for the future - “How can urban planning and design help re-imagine the potential of existing systems to adapt to a more sustainable Archipelago?” The project envisions to transform the fragmented, protected landscape of the Stockholm Archipelago into a continuous productive landscape, bringing meaning to the scattered and dynamic context. With an approach that closely integrates fields of planning, landscape and design, the goal is realised through a three-layered strategy - (1) continuous blue-green systems of resource capture and nutrient circulation, (2) building local economy through collective production and diversification through exchange, and (3) community exchange through robust networking and production as a way of life. For design possibilities on the local scale, the island of Runmaro is explored with the aim of building synergies with the existing context of landscape, mobility networks, food production, resident villages, local businesses and popular landmarks. The idea is to strengthen existing socio-economic nodes while developing new ones through programs offering shared production and exchange, a year-round activation and continuous accessibility (circulation and systemic) that bring continuity to the overall experience.

No description available.

Syftet med den här studien är att utvärdera det befintliga avfallssystemet på de kärnöar som benämns i den Regionala Utvecklingsplanen för Stockholmsregion (RUFS 2050) tillhörande Värmdö kommun, en skärgårdskommun öster om Stockholm. Ett hållbarhetsperspektiv ligger till grund för kartläggningen av området och innefattar aspekter som social, ekonomisk och ekologisk hållbarhet vilket genomsyrar hela rapporten. Avfallstyperna som har studerats är rest-, och matavfall samt förpackningar och returpapper som behandlas genom materialåtervinning. Rapporten är baserad på en litteraturstudie kompletterad med intervjuer för att skapa en mer nyanserad bild av systemet. Även om det idag finns etablerade system för hantering av restavfall saknas ett system för matavfall och materialåtervinning som täcker hela Värmdö kommun. Detta resulterar i en ökad mängd restavfall vilket leder till bristfälliga arbetsförhållanden. Andra svårigheter med avfallshanteringen i skärgården är de långa transportsträckorna över havet som är tidskrävande, kostsamma och har en negativ miljöpåverkan. På grund av de olika förutsättningar bland skärgårdsöarna krävs det ett flexibelt och välanpassat system vilket leder till en hög servicenivå. Trots att många av de boende i skärgården upplever systemet som välfungerande tydliggör denna studie att det krävs åtgärder som förbättrar arbetsmiljön och minskar systemets miljöpåverkan. Utöver att etablera nya system för insamling av matavfall, förpackningar och returpapper krävs åtgärder som gynnar återanvändning samt minimerar mängden producerat avfall för att i linje med EU- direktiv skapa ett hållbart avfallssystem i Värmdö kommuns skärgård. / The purpose of this study is to evaluate the existing waste management system on the main islands of Värmdö municipality, which is a part of the Stockholm archipelago, as described in the regional development plan for the greater region of Stockholm (RUFS 2050). Throughout the report, this evaluation will be made from a sustainability perspective including social, economic and ecological aspects. The types of waste that are subject to review are general waste, food waste and recyclables such as products made from plastic, paper, glass and metal as well as newspapers and magazines. The report is based on a literature review that is complemented by interviews, providing a nuanced image of the complete system. Currently established systems for managing general waste in the archipelago exists but as the system for food waste and recycling does not include this region, they require future development in order to extend to the entire municipality. As a result, much of the food and recyclable waste ends up in the general waste, leading to inadequate working conditions within that system. Moreover, transportation between the islands and the mainland is costly, time consuming and has a negative environmental impact. As such, the waste management system must be flexible and adaptable to the varying conditions of the islands in order to deliver a high level of service. This study shows that there is a need to improve working conditions and reduce the negative environmental impact of the municipality’s waste management system. Besides implementing new systems for managing food and recyclable waste, action must be taken to promote reuse and minimize the amount of waste produced. This would ensure alignment with EU directives as well as make the whole system more sustainable.