O presente trabalho analisa os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço no direito brasileiro. O estudo está centrado na controvérsia entre a teoria formalista e a teoria funcionalista, que apresentam concepções distintas de direito privado. Para avaliar essa controvérsia e fornecer os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço, são desenvolvidos os sentidos de justiça aristotélica e de direito kantiano. O estudo decide, com base nos referidos conhecimentos, entre a aplicação da teoria clássica da culpa, da teoria do risco ou de uma teoria específica. / The present study analyzes the basis of product and service related torts in Brazilian law. It is centered in the controversy between the formalist and the funcionalist theories, which have distinct conceptions of private law. The meanings of Aristotelian justice and Kantian law are developed in order to acess this controversy as well as to provide the basis of the legal discipline of product and service related torts. The research decides, based on such knowledge, between the application of the classical theory of fault, of the risk theory or, for the elaboration of a specific theory.

Les lecteurs du traité De l’âme d’Aristote pensent souvent que la véritable contribution du Stagirite en ce domaine consiste dans l’application de l’hylémorphisme à la relation de l’âme et du corps. Le rôle que jouent les notions de puissance et de réalisation dans la psychologie aristotélicienne est relativement négligé au profit de celui des notions de matière et de forme.L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer les contributions respectives des deux couples conceptuels fondamentaux de l’ontologie aristotélicienne à l’étude de l’être animé. Quelles sont la portée et les limites de l’hylémorphisme psychologique ? Quel rôle joue la distinction des niveaux de puissance et de réalisation dans le DA et dans d’autres traités consacrés à l’être animé ? Par quels moyens conceptuels Aristote parvient-il à définir l’âme, à résoudre les problèmes de la relation de l’âme et du corps, à unifier ses recherches psychologiques et zoologiques ? A travers l’examen de ces questions, cette étude cherche à préciser la place qu’occupe le notion de « réalisation première » dans l’étude aristotélicienne de l’âme et de l’être animé. / Readers of Aristotle’s De anima often hold that the tenor of his account consists in the application of hylomorphism to soul-body relations. The part played by potentiality and actuality in Aristotle’s psychology has been somewhat overlooked while hylomorphic analyses prevail in the literature. The objective of our study is to assess the respective contributions of these two basic Aristotelian ontological couples to the study of animate beings. What are the scope and limitations of psychological hylomorphism? What role does the distinction between different levels of potentiality and actuality play in the DA and in the other treaties that deal with animate beings? What are the conceptual means that enable Aristotle to define the soul, to disentangle problems relative to soul-body relations and to bring together his psychological doctrine with his zoological research? Through an examination of these questions, the present study seeks to spell out how the so-called “first realization” fits in with the Aristotelian study of the soul and the animate.

The purpose of this thesis is to critically examine how W.V. Quine, Michael A. Bishop and J.D. Trout confront the normativity objection against naturalized epistemology. In Chapter One, normativity in epistemology is introduced, followed by a brief look over Quine’s grievances against the traditional approach to epistemology. Quine rejects traditional epistemology and assimilates epistemology with science. The second chapter assesses how Quine naturalizes epistemology, and the third chapter evaluates his engineering response against the normativity objection. Bishop and Trout’s theory, founded upon the Aristotelian Principle, concentrates on reasoning and epistemic excellence instead of belief justification. Strategic Reliabilism’s attempt to dissolve the naturalistic challenge and resolve the normativity objection is inspected in Chapter Four. The final chapter, succinctly, summarizes its preceding chapters and ends by suggesting a closer exploration of the link between epistemology and cognitive sciences, to better understand the underlying mechanics of the objections that face naturalized epistemology. / Graduate / 0422 / 0621 / soushi@gmail.com

This study explores the conceptual relationship between design aesthetics and Aristotelian rhetoric in the context of information visualisation. Aesthetics and rhetorical theory are traditionally studied as separate discourses, but conceptual links between these fields are identified, specifically in terms of communicative goals and strategies. This study therefore compares selected theories on design aesthetics and Aristotelian rhetoric in information visualisation in order to ascertain whether a combined framework may be feasible. Although information visualisation is traditionally practiced from software engineering disciplines, this study frames the practice within the broader field of information design. The democratisation of the field of information visualisation and the emerging practices that emphasise the aesthetic value of visualisations is explored. In order to understand what is meant by the term ‘aesthetic’, a variety of both classical and contemporary views on aesthetics theory is investigated. Even though the term ‘aesthetic’ is not defined, a broad understanding is created by identifying the main conceptual themes in discourse. A specific focus is placed on understanding aesthetics in a design context, since there are many misconceptions about ‘aesthetics’ in this context. The idea that aesthetics relates to the communication of artifacts is explored, which provides a point of departure in linking aesthetics and rhetorical theory. The communicative nature of information visualisations is thus explored in relation to visual rhetorical theory. Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals, namely logos, pathos and ethos, form the backbone of the visual rhetorical analysis of visualisation artifacts. The aesthetic and rhetorical theories explored throughout the study are compared by applying them to Charles Joseph Minard’s seminal information visualisation of Napoleon’s march to Moscow. This comparative analysis considers the traditional divide between aesthetics and rhetorical theory but identifies sufficient conceptual links between the discourses to suggest that a combined aesthetic-rhetorical framework for information visualisation may indeed be practical. Lastly, the wider implications and potential value of such a combined framework is considered within a broader design context. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Visual Arts / unrestricted

Modeling protean objects, i.e. objects adapting their structure and behavior dynamically with respect to a changeable environment, is often challenging in traditional object-oriented languages. According to the author, the root cause of this problem lies in the class-based conceptual framework embedded in the foundation of the object-oriented para-digm. The proposed paradigm Object Morphology (OM) is greatly influenced by prototype theory developed in the field of cognitive psychology. OM abandons the notion of class and suggests, instead, that the abstractions of protean objects should be established through the construction of morph models describing the possible forms of those objects. This the-sis defines the theoretical foundations of OM, which is further used to specify the elements of prototypical object-oriented analysis. An important part of this work is also a proof-of-concept implementation of an OM framework in Scala.

Après les travaux de F. Del Punta, S. Donati et C. Trifogli, sur les commentaires inédits de la Physique au XIIIe siècle, cette étude propose une réévaluation du commentaire thomasien. En resituant celui-ci dans la tradition exégétique dominée par le Grand commentaire d’Averroès et la paraphrase de Maître Albert, l’intention plutôt énigmatique de Thomas prend un caractère moins théo-centré et, en un sens, plus physique, mais aussi plus paradoxal. / Following the works by F. Del Punta, S. Donati and C. Trifogli on the unpublished comments of Physics in the thirteenth century, this study puts forward a revaluation of Aquinas’s comment. By placing it in the exegetic tradition dominated by Averroes’s great comment and Albert’s paraphrase, Thomas’s rather puzzling intention becomes less theo-centred, and in a way, more physical, but also more paradoxical.

L’objet de ce présent travail consiste dans une traduction commentée du Grand commentaire d’Averroès de la Métaphysique d’Aristote à partir du texte arabe établi par le père Maurice Bouyges. Cette traduction concerne principalement les livres Grand Alpha, Petit Alpha ; Gamma ; Epsilon. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’intérêt que nous portons à la transmission de la pensée grecque chez les auteurs musulmans du Moyen Âge, et plus particulièrement à la restitution de la pensée métaphysique d’Aristote chez Averroès. À travers cette traduction, les enjeux sont multiples : traduire le texte arabe de la Métaphysique avec ce qu’il contient et ce qu’il exclut afin de déterminer la nature du texte arabe commenté par Averroès et voir s’il existe une réelle correspondance avec le texte que nous connaissons d’Aristote. En outre, permettre aux hellénistes d’accéder au texte qui a servi de support pour toutes les métaphysiques musulmanes, notamment celle d’al-Kindi, d’al-Fârâbî et d’Avicenne, car c’est le même texte qui a été utilisé par ces derniers, alors que chaque auteur a interprété différemment le contenu doctrinal de ce traité. Et enfin, suivre pas à pas le commentaire d’Averroès afin de déterminer si ce dernier demeure fidèle à Aristote en l’interprétant sans aucune considération extérieure, ou bien si son interprétation s’en éloigne volontairement, rejoignant ainsi le cercle de la plupart des philosophes néoplatoniciens. Quelques résultats de recherche ont été exposés dans les Appendices. Ils concernent essentiellement les différentes variantes que le texte soulève. Tout d’abord, une première étude consacrée à examiner la structure et le contenu de l’ensemble du traité d’Aristote dans sa version arabe. Ensuite, une deuxième étude consacrée à examiner toutes les corruptions relatives aux quatre livres traduits et leur conséquence sur l’unité doctrinale de la pensée d’Aristote. Et enfin, une troisième étude dans laquelle sont examinées les différentes erreurs de traduction et leur conséquence sur le commentaire d’Averroès. / The object of this present work is a commented translation of Averroes’ Great commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics from the Arabic text prepared by father Maurice Bouyges. This translation mainly concerns the books Alpha, little Alpha, Gamma and Epsilon. This work is a part of our interest in the transmission of the Greek knowledge among Muslim authors of the Middle Age, and particularly the restitution of the metaphysical thought of Aristotle in Averroes.Through this translation, the stakes are multiples: translating the Arabic text of the Metaphysics with what it contains and what it excludes in order to determine the nature of the Arabic text commented by Averroes and to see if there is a real correspondence with the text we know of Aristotle. In addition, allowing the Hellenists to access the text that has served as a support for all Muslim metaphysics, including that of al-kindi, al-Fârâbî and Avicenne, as it the same text that was used by the latter, while each author has interpreted the doctrinal content of this treatise differently. And finally, following step by step the commentary of Averroes to determine if the latter remains faithful to Aristotle by interpreting it without any external consideration, or if its interpretation deviates voluntarily, joining the circle of most of Neo-Platonist philosophers.Somme research results are exposed at the end of the translation. They mainly concern the different variants that the text raises. First, a primary study devoted to examine the structure and content of the entire Aristotle treaty in its Arabic version. Then, a second study devoted to examine all the corruptions relative to the four translated books and their consequences to the doctrinal unity of Aristotle’s thought. And finally, a third study in which are examined the various translation errors and their consequences on the commentary of Averroes.

Philosophical Aspects of Aquinas's Doctrine on the Trinity in Summa Theologiae. The work has the goal to disclose a philosophical background of Aquinas's doctrine on the Trinity in Summa theologiae. The Dogma of the Trinity of Divine Persons is one of the fundamental truths of faith. This fact transcends human reason, yet it is a topic with its position and content, so it was always exciting and theologians tried to cope with this paradoxical claim of a single God in the Three Persons. St. Thomas Aquinas was no exception in this. His scholastic approach uses abundant philosophical material to help him to disclose this reality which exceeds philosophical science as incontrovertible and therefore credible. In his famous work for beginner theologians, he systematically presents his solution based on the analysis of the category of relation. The distinction between being (esse) of relation and its own nature (ratio) will make it possible to distinguish the three Persons in God's only reality. He concludes that divine persons themselves are the relations they represent and that the relations are subsistent. Ultimately, such an understanding of the existence of divine Persons reveals the reason for creation and helps us to understand our salvation, which is according to the Angelic Doctor the ultimate...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This is the study of Engelbert of Admont's unique and practical take on Aristotelian political theory post-rediscovery of Aristotle's ethico-political works. Through the methods of reception theory and a comparative analysis of his first major political treatise, De regimine principum, with those of his contemporaries similar political treatises (i.e., St. Thomas Aquinas, Giles of Rome, and Marsilius of Padua) and their use of Aristotelian sources and concepts--e.g. lex animata--I have shown not only Engelbert's more original, unique, and practical approach to political philosophy within the Aristotelian political tradition of the later Middle Ages, but also a more comprehensively eclectic nature of this tradition. Engelbert's political philosophy as espoused in his De regimine principum is thus a watershed in the development of the use of practical political science.

Doctor Educationis / Three questions are central to this thesis: First, can the practice of teaching be made safe from luck through the controlling power of knowledge and reason? Second, even if it can be made safe from luck, should it be? Third, if it is neither possible nor desirable to exclude luck from teaching, what knowledge and personal qualities will put practitioners in the strongest position to face the contingencies of luck and, more especially, to face those conflicts which arise as a consequence of circumstances beyond the practitioner's control? Martha Nussbaum's account of luck and ethics in Greek philosophy and tragedy prompts the questions and provides, with Aristotle, many of the conceptual tools for answering them; Thomas Nagel's work on moral luck provides the categories for a more refined account of luck and its place in teaching. With respect to the first two questions, I argue that as a human practice teaching is open to the vicissitudes of fortune and cannot be made safe from luck, except at the expense of its vitality. Like other human practices, teaching is mutable, indeterminate and particular. Both its primary and secondary agents (teachers and pupils) and the practice itself are vulnerable to luck in four categories: constitutive, circumstantial, causal and consequential. But teaching is not just a matter of luck; it is a public practice in which some people are put into the hands of others for specific purposes, usually at public expense. If we have no way of holding practitioners accountable for their actions, the practice loses credibility. Any money or trust put into it is simply a gamble. For these and other reasons, the drive to exclude luck from practice is strong. Yet strong luck-diminishment projects are themselves a threat to the vitality of the practice. During the twentieth century two strong luck-diminishment projects have been especially detrimental to teaching: one rooted in the science of management, the other in the empirical sciences. Both have resulted in a proliferation of unfruitful and often trivial research projects, to misconceived programmers of teacher education, to distorted notions of knowledge and excellence in teaching, and to self-defeating and impoverished practice. Luck-diminishment projects rooted in logic are more or less threatening to vital practice, depending on how far they are committed to instrumental reasoning and a science of measurement. These are blunt and controversial claims. A central task of the thesis is to refine and defend them. The refinement proceeds by way of a contrastive analysis of strong luck-diminishment projects and others which are more responsive to the indeterminacy of practice. With respect to the final question, I argue that there are at least three sets of necessary conditions for a flourishing practice in the face of luck. One concerns what Aristotle calls the virtues of intellect and character. Central among these are practical rationality (conceived non-instrumentally), situational appreciation, and the knowledge required for an intelligent pursuit of the definitive ends of teaching. A second set concerns enabling institutions. A third concerns the kind of community best able to nurture those qualities necessary for vital and excellent practice. All three sets are themselves vulnerable to reversal. Keeping the practice of teaching alive and ensuring that it remains true to its definitive ends is thus a matter of sustained struggle.