X-ray polarimetry, the study of the polarisation of X-ray light, is a powerful and rapidly developing tool for astrophysics, which promises to help answer outstanding questions about the physics of extreme objects such as pulsars, X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. The balloon-borne telescope XL-Calibur will be the first instrument to study the polarisation of hard X-rays (with energies between 10 and 100 keV) in detail, correlating with the soft X-ray observations of IXPE to provide further tests of polarisation-dependent x-ray emission models in extreme objects. The working principles of XL-Calibur are described, together with the necessary steps to measure the polarisation of X-rays. In these steps, Geant4 simulations of the telescope play a vital role, and the simulations are thus described in detail, together with the experiments done to validate the simulations. These experiments were performed at Esrange, Sweden during the XL-Calibur flight campaign in May of 2022, and the experimental setup and design of the validation experiments are described, as well as the specific simulations performed to replicate the experiment. The simulations show very good agreement with validation experiments, achieving a simulated modulation factor (a measure of the polarimetric response intrinsic to the detector) of 41.88% ± 0.17%, within one standard deviation of the measured 41.95% ± 0.18%. The optical effects of the XL-Calibur X-ray mirror is also simulated to good agreement with experimental results, necessary for simulating flight observations. Thus, the simulations can be used to simulate XL-Calibur for polarisation measurements and analysis. Furthermore, the effect on polarisation parameters of the mirror focal spot being offset is investigated. It is shown that it affects the modulation factor and thus the measured polarisation parameters, increasing the importance of using simulations to replicate and compensate for these effects during a data-taking flight with XL-Calibur. / Röntgenpolarimetri, att undersöka polariseringen hos röntgenljus, är ett kraftfullt redskap inom astrofysiken som är under snabb utveckling. Förhoppningen är att tekniken ska hjälpa till att lösa obesvarade frågor inom fysiken som beskriver extrema objekt såsom pulsarer, röntgenbinärer och aktiva galaxkärnor. Det ballongburna teleskopet XL-Calibur kommer att vara det första instrumentet som studerar polariseringen av hårda röntgenstrålar (med energi mellan 10 och 100 keV) i detalj, och genom att korrelera med IXPEs observationer i mjuka röntgenstrålar kommer polarisationsberoende modeller för bildandet av röntgenstrålar runt extrema objekt att testas. En beskrivning av hur XL-Calibur fungerar ges, tillsammans med de nödvändiga stegen för att mäta polariseringen hos röntgenljus. I dessa steg är simulering av teleskopet i Geant4 en vital del, och simuleringen beskrivs därav ingående tillsammans med experimenten som gjordes för att validera simuleringen. Dessa experiment utfördes på Esrange, Sverige i maj 2022, före XL-Caliburs första flygning. Experimentuppställningen och utformningen av dessa valideringsexperiment beskrivs tillsammans med de specifika simuleringar som gjordes med mål att replikera experimenten. Simuleringarna visar mycket god överensstämmelse med experimenten, med en modulationsfaktor (ett instrumentspecifikt mått av polarisationsgraden) på 41.88% ± 0.17%, inom en standardavvikelse från experimentens 41.95% ± 0.18%. Även de optiska effekterna från XL-Caliburs röntgenspegel simuleras och visar god överensstämmelse med mätningar, vilket är nödvändigt för att kunna simulera data tagen under en flygning. Därmed kan simuleringarna användas för att göra polarisationsmätningar och -analys. Slutligen görs en undersökning av effekten på polarisationsparametrarna av förskjutning av röntgenspegelns fokus. Denna visar att modulationsfaktorn och därmed polarisationsparametrarna ändras på ett betydande vis, vilket ökar vikten av att använda simuleringar för att reproducera och kompensera för dessa effekter under en datainsamlingsflygning med XL-Calibur.

Der Ursprung der kosmischen Strahlung ist ein hundert Jahre altes Rätsel der Astrophysik. Mit modernen Großobservatorien wurde die kosmische Strahlung bei immer höheren Energien gemessen, aber auch andere Boten wie Gammateilchen und Neutrinos werden nun zur Erforschung des nichtthermischen Universums eingesetzt. Das IceCube Neutrino Observatory hat den extragalaktischen diffusen Neutrinofluss in verschiedenen Kanälen gemessen, aber bis heute ist weitgehend ungeklärt, woher dieser Fluss stammt. Diese Arbeit verwendet Selektionen von spur- und kaskadenartigen Ereignissen, die zuvor für solche Messungen verwendet wurden. Beide Selektionen werden erstmals durch eine kohärente Modellierung der Signal- und Hintergrundereignisse sowie der Detektorantwort kombiniert, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Verwendung einer neuartigen Simulationsmethode zur konsistenten Behandlung von Unsicherheiten in der Detektorantwort liegt. Erstmals werden Hinweise auf eine Struktur im Energiespektrum des extragalaktischen diffusen Neutrinoflusses gefunden, entsprechend einem Flussüberschuss um 30 TeV und einem Flussdefizit sowohl bei niedrigen als auch bei hohen Energien im Vergleich zum bisher verwendeten einfachen Potenzgesetz-Spektralmodell. Das Modell des einfachen Potenzgesetzes wird mit 4.4 Sigma verworfen, verglichen mit der Hypothese des gebrochenen Potenzgesetzes. Weitere spektrale Modelle werden untersucht und die Robustheit des Ergebnisses wird demonstriert. Diese präzise Messung des extragalaktischen Neutrinoflusses und der Nachweis eines Bruchs im Spektrum ermöglichen ein besseres Verständnis extragalaktischer Neutrinoemitter. Die in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Methodik legt auch den Grundstein für zukünftige Analysen, die hochenergetische Neutrinodatensätze kombinieren. / The origin of cosmic rays remains a century-old mystery in astrophysics. With the advent of modern large-scale observatories, those cosmic rays have been measured at ever higher energies, but also other messenger particles such as gamma rays and neutrinos are now used to study the non-thermal universe. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has established the extragalactic diffuse neutrino flux through various detection channels, whose origin also remains largely unexplained to this date. The work presented in this thesis uses track- and cascade-like event selections used previously for such measurements. Both are combined, for the first time, using a coherent modeling of the signal and background events as well as the detector response. The coherent modeling is developed in this thesis, with a dedicated focus on using a novel simulation method to treat detector response uncertainties consistently. For the first time, evidence for structure in the energy spectrum of the extragalactic diffuse neutrino flux is found, exhibiting a flux excess around 30 TeV and flux deficits at lower as well as higher energies compared to the previously used single power law spectral model. The single power law model is rejected with 4.4 sigma when compared to a broken power law hypothesis. Various spectral models are studied and the robustness of this result is demonstrated. This precise measurement of the extragalactic neutrino flux and the evidence for a break in the spectrum enable a better understanding of extragalactic neutrino emitters. The methodology developed in this thesis also lays the groundwork for future analyses combining high-energy neutrino datasets.

The cosmic neutrino background (CNB) can be composed of both active and hypothetical sterileneutrinos. At approximately one second after big bang, neutrinos decoupled from radiationand matter at a temperature of approximately one MeV. Neutrinos played an important role inthe origin and evolution of our universe and have been indirectly verified by cosmological dataon the BBN (Big Bang nucleosynthesis) of the Big Bang.It was Steven Weinberg in 1962 that first theorized on the direct detection of relic neutrinos.The signal of the relic neutrino capture on a tritium target can be observed by studying theendpoint of the electrons kinetic energy that are above the endpoint energy of the beta decayspectrum. The PTOLEMY project aims to archive direct detection of the relic neutrinobackground with a large tritium target of 100 gram, MAC-E-Filter, RF-tracking, Time of flighttracking and a cryogenic calorimetry.In this thesis the MAC-E-Filter have been simulated in two filter configurations. In the firstconfiguration, the electron were simulated five times in the filter. Two in the opposite sideof the detector, one in the middle, and two at the detector. In the second configuration theelectrons was simulated in the entrance solenoid at a fixed position of y = -0.19634954 m fromthe center of the filter and in random positions. Both multiple electrons and single electronswere simulated in the second configuration.In the single electron configuration the electron had a starting position of y = -0.19634954 mfrom the center of the filter, and an initial kinetic energy of 18.6 KeV. The first filter configurationsuccessfully accomplished to simulate the electron track, as the electron was reflectedback and forth between the entry and detector solenoid. The electric and magnetic field profilediered at the entry and detector solenoid. The second filter configuration successfully showedthat the electron will reach the end solenoid, when the filter length was 0.5 m. When the filterlength was increased to 0.7 m, then the electron was reflected in the middle of the filter. Thesimulation showed that the electron energy dropped below 1 eV from 18.6 KeV as the electronpropagated through the filter. The magnetic and electric fields decreased exponentially in thedirection of the detector solenoid. The Simulation of multiple electrons showed mixed resultsand would need more modifications in order to come to a final conclusion.

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a cosmic ray detector operating aboard the International Space Station (ISS) since May 2011. The identification of cosmic ray deuterium and hydrogen particles is the main goal of this work. Using the data collected by the AMS-02 experiment between May 2011 and May 2014 we provide the measurement of the 2H to the 1H ratio between 0.7 and 7 GeV/n. Cosmic rays are mainly composed of hydrogen nuclei. No significant amount of deuterium nuclei is expected to be released from galactic sources since they are destroyed rather than formed in thermonuclear reactions inside stars. As a consequence of their production history, they are part of a class of secondary stable nuclei that provide information on the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy. Despite their relevance for propagation studies, very few measurements of deuterium exist above 1 GeV/n, due to the poor isotopic separation capacity of previous experiments. For this reason, the deuterium to hydrogen flux ratio is a very important measurement to be carried out using the data collected by the AMS-02 experiment. The mass and the isotopic composition of cosmic-rays nuclei can be measured by the AMS-02 experiment using measurements of the momentum (provided by the tracker) and velocity of the particles (provided by the Time-of-Flight and the RICH). This analysis is one of the first to be focused on hydrogen isotopic composition with AMS-02 data, and our results are in fair agreement with a similar and independent analysis that has been carried out within the Collaboration. / O Espectômetro Magnético Alpha (AMS-02) é um detetor de raios cósmicos operando na Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS) desde maio de 2011. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação de deutério e hidrogênio nos raios cósmicos. Usando dados coletados pelo experimento AMS-02 entre maio de 2011 e maio de 2014 foi medida a razão entre os fluxos de 2H e 1H entre 0.7 e 7 GeV/n. Raios cósmicos são compostos, principalmente, por núcleos de hidrogênio. Não é esperado que fontes galácticas de raios cósmicos liberem uma quantidade significativa de núcleos de deutério, já que eles são destruidos, em vez de formados, nas reações termonucleares no interior de estrelas. Assim, eles fazem parte de uma classe de partículas secundárias estáveis que fornecem informações acerca da propagação de raios cósmicos na galáxia. Apesar da relevância para o estudo da propagação de raios cósmicos, poucas medidas da sua quantidade acima de 1 GeV/n existem, devido à baixa capacidade de separação de isótopos de prévios experimentos. Por isso a razão entre os fluxos de deutério e hidrogênio é uma importante medida a ser feita com os dados do AMS-02. A massa, e portanto a composição isotópica dos raios cósmicos, pode ser medida pelo AMS-02 a partir das medições de momento (realizada pelo tracker) e velocidade (realizadas pelo ToF e RICH). Essa análise é uma das primeiras a focar na composição isotópica do hidrogênio com dados do AMS-02, e os resultados estão razoavelmente em acordo com análises independendes semelhantes realizadas na colaboração AMS.

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a cosmic ray detector operating aboard the International Space Station (ISS) since May 2011. The identification of cosmic ray deuterium and hydrogen particles is the main goal of this work. Using the data collected by the AMS-02 experiment between May 2011 and May 2014 we provide the measurement of the 2H to the 1H ratio between 0.7 and 7 GeV/n. Cosmic rays are mainly composed of hydrogen nuclei. No significant amount of deuterium nuclei is expected to be released from galactic sources since they are destroyed rather than formed in thermonuclear reactions inside stars. As a consequence of their production history, they are part of a class of secondary stable nuclei that provide information on the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy. Despite their relevance for propagation studies, very few measurements of deuterium exist above 1 GeV/n, due to the poor isotopic separation capacity of previous experiments. For this reason, the deuterium to hydrogen flux ratio is a very important measurement to be carried out using the data collected by the AMS-02 experiment. The mass and the isotopic composition of cosmic-rays nuclei can be measured by the AMS-02 experiment using measurements of the momentum (provided by the tracker) and velocity of the particles (provided by the Time-of-Flight and the RICH). This analysis is one of the first to be focused on hydrogen isotopic composition with AMS-02 data, and our results are in fair agreement with a similar and independent analysis that has been carried out within the Collaboration. / O Espectômetro Magnético Alpha (AMS-02) é um detetor de raios cósmicos operando na Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS) desde maio de 2011. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a identificação de deutério e hidrogênio nos raios cósmicos. Usando dados coletados pelo experimento AMS-02 entre maio de 2011 e maio de 2014 foi medida a razão entre os fluxos de 2H e 1H entre 0.7 e 7 GeV/n. Raios cósmicos são compostos, principalmente, por núcleos de hidrogênio. Não é esperado que fontes galácticas de raios cósmicos liberem uma quantidade significativa de núcleos de deutério, já que eles são destruidos, em vez de formados, nas reações termonucleares no interior de estrelas. Assim, eles fazem parte de uma classe de partículas secundárias estáveis que fornecem informações acerca da propagação de raios cósmicos na galáxia. Apesar da relevância para o estudo da propagação de raios cósmicos, poucas medidas da sua quantidade acima de 1 GeV/n existem, devido à baixa capacidade de separação de isótopos de prévios experimentos. Por isso a razão entre os fluxos de deutério e hidrogênio é uma importante medida a ser feita com os dados do AMS-02. A massa, e portanto a composição isotópica dos raios cósmicos, pode ser medida pelo AMS-02 a partir das medições de momento (realizada pelo tracker) e velocidade (realizadas pelo ToF e RICH). Essa análise é uma das primeiras a focar na composição isotópica do hidrogênio com dados do AMS-02, e os resultados estão razoavelmente em acordo com análises independendes semelhantes realizadas na colaboração AMS.

Gamma-ray burst light curves are notoriously irregular, yet a significant number consists of a single fast-rising, exponentially decaying pulse. These are called single-peaked light curves. The goal of this thesis is to analyse a sample of 2710 GRBs collected by the Fermi space telescope by identifying single-peaked bursts and comparing their properties to those of the multi-peaked bursts. Furthermore, the validity of the relativistic shock breakout theory as an explanation for single-peaked, low-luminosity GRBs is investigated using a closure relation. For this investigation, the Fermi sample wascomplemented by low-luminosity GRBs observed by other instruments. A criterion for selecting single-peaked bursts was successfully developed, yielding 48% long and 79% short, single-peaked GRBs. Significant differences between the populations were found in multiple properties. In general, single-peaked GRBs appear to be weaker and more slowly varying than multi-peaked ones; however, a larger sample of GRBs with redshift measurements is needed to draw conclusions about possible intrinsic differences in energy connected to the progenitor systems. The investigation of low-luminosity GRBs’ compliance with the shock breakout closure relation showed that 64% of the low-luminosity GRBs were within a factor 5 of fulfilling the relation as opposed to only 24% of high-luminosity GRBs. It was further shown that only a small number (< 5%) of Fermi GRBs without redshift measurements could be low-luminosity shock breakout GRBs according to this theory. In conclusion, while the shock breakout closure relation does hold for a greater proportion of low-luminosity GRBs than high-luminosity GRBs, there is still a large number of low-luminosity GRBs left unexplained by this theory. / Gammablixtljuskurvor är ökänt oregelbundna men en betydande andel består av en enda snabbt stigande och exponentiellt avtagande puls. Dessa kallas singelpeakade ljuskurvor. Målet med detta examensarbete är att analysera de 2710 gammablixtar som Fermirymdteleskopet har observerat genom att identifiera singelpeakade blixtar och jämföra deras egenskaper med multipeakade blixtars. Dessutom undersöks den relativistiska shockbreakoutteorin som förklaringsmodell för singelpeakade lågluminositetsgammablixtar. I denna undersökning kompletterades fermiblixtarna med lågluminositetsblixtar från andra instrument. Ett kriterium för identifikation av singelpeakade gammablixtar utvecklades och detta resulterade i 48% långa och 70% korta, singelpeakade gammablixtar. Flertalet egenskaper uppvisade signifikanta skillnader mellan populationerna. I allmänhet verkar singelpeakade gammablixtar vara svagare och variera långsammare än multipeakade. Dock behövs en större population av gammablixtar med uppmätta rödskift för att med säkerhet kunna avgöra om singelpeakade blixtar verkligen släpper ut mindre energi. Undersökningen av huruvida lågluminositetsgammablixtar kan förklaras med shockbreakoutteorin visade att 64% av lågluminositetsblixtarna uppfyllde kravet upp till en faktor fem medan bara 24% av högluminositetsblixtarna gjorde det. Vidare visades att endast ett litet antal (<5%) av fermiblixtarna utan uppmätta rödskift skulle kunna vara lågluminositetsshockbreakoutblixtar enligt denna teori. Även om shockbreakoutteorin kan förklara en större andel av lågluminositetsblixtarna än högluminositetsblixtarna återstår ett stort antal oförklarade lågluminositetsblixtar.

Das IceCube Neutrinoteleskop hat im Jahr 2013 erstmals einen isotropen, quasi-diffusen astrophysikalischen Neutrinoflusses detektiert. Dieser Fluss kann jedoch bisher keiner astrophysikalischen Quellklasse zugeordnet werden. Um nach kurzlebigen Neutrinoquellen zu suchen, wurde 2008 das optische und Röntgen-Nachfolgebeobachtungsprogramm des IceCube Detektors eingerichtet. Es sucht nach zwei oder mehr Neutrinoereignissen, die von einer Punkquelle stammen könnten und innerhalb von 100s detektiert werden. Ein solches Signal wird unter anderem von langen oder kurzen Gammastrahlungsblitzen (GRBs) erwartet oder von verwandten Objekten wie leuchtschwachen GRBs oder Supernovae mit relativistischen Jets. Die Alarmraten des Nachfolgebeobachtungsprogramms sind jedoch niedrig und bieten bisher keine Hinweise für die Existenz von kurzlebigen Neutrinoquellen. Das Nachfolgebeobachungsprogramm hat bisher nur ein einziges Neutrinotriplet detektiert, das der Auslöser für eine umfassende Beobachtungskampagne war. In den optischen, Röntgen- und Gammastrahlungsbeobachtungen wurde keine wahrscheinliche Neutrinoquelle identifiziert und eine Supernova oder ein heller GRB können ausgeschlossen werden. Das Neutrinotriplet kann entweder eine zufällige Koinzidenz von Untergrundereignissen sein (alle 13.7 Jahre erwartet) oder es kann von einer leuchtschwachen oder besonders schnell verblassenden Quelle stammen. Die niedrige Rate von Neutrinomultipletts stellt außerdem eine obere Schranke auf die Helligkeit von kurzlebigen Neutrinoquellen dar. Seltene Quellen mit lokalen Raten von < 3e-8 – 10e-5 Mpc^-3 Jahr^-1 können nicht den gesammten Fluss erzeugen, ohne die detektierte Anzahl Multipletts zu überschreiten. Der Fluss von GRBs ist dadurch auf 5-30% des astrophysikalischen Flusses beschränkt. Falls 1% aller Kernkollaps-Supernovae einen Jet besitzen, der auf die Erde zeigt, so können sie 40-100% des Flusses erzeugen und ihre durchschnittliche Neutrinohelligkeit ist <3e51erg. / The IceCube neutrino observatory first detected and isotropic, quasi-diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux in 2013. However, this flux can so far not be associated with an astrophysical source class. To search for short-lived neutrino sources, the optical and X-ray follow-up program was established in 2008. It searches for two or more neutrino events that might origin from a point source and are detected within 100s. Such a signal is expected from long or short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) or from related objects like low-luminosity GRBs or supernovae with choked jets. The alert rates of the follow-up program are however low, such that they do not provide evidence for the existence of short-lived neutrino sources. So far the follow-up program has only detected a one neutrino triplet, which triggered an extensive follow-up campaign. No likely neutrino source was detected in the collected optical, X-ray and gamma-ray observations and the presence of a supernova or a bright GRB can be excluded. The neutrino triplet can either be a chance coincidence of background events (expected every 13.7 years) or is can originate from a faint or quickly fading astrophysical source. The low rate of neutrino multiplets moreover provides an upper limit on the luminosity of short-lived neutrino sources. Rare sources with local rates of < 3e-8 – 10e-5 Mpc^-3 yr^-1 cannot produce the complete fluc without producing too many neutrino multiplets. This limits the contribution of GRBs to 5-30% of the astrophysical flux. If 1% of all core-collapse supernovae have a jet that is pointed at Earth, they can emit up to 40-100% of the flux and their average neutrino luminosity is <3e51erg.

In dieser Arbeit wird eine Analyse der TeV gamma-Strahlung in der Region um den galaktischen Sternhaufen Westerlund 2 präsentiert. Der dazu analysierte Datensatz beruht auf Observationen mit den Cherenkov Teleskopen des High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) Experiments und umfasst ~80h Beobachtungszeit. Für die Datenanalyse wird die open-source Software gammapy benutzt, um morphologische und spektrale Modelle der gamma-Emission zu erstellen. Zur Modellauswahl wird das Akaike-Informationskriterium angewandt. Die Ergebisse der Analysen werden weiter mit Daten aus anderen Wellenlängenbereichen kombiniert, um Schlüsse auf den möglichen Ursprung der TeV-Signale zu ziehen. Neben Hinweisen auf eine diffuse gamma-Emission und mehrerer Hotspots um Westerlund 2 ist die Detektion von drei ausgedehnten gamma-Strahlungsquellen das Hauptergebnis der dargelegten Analysen. Zusätzlich zu den bekannten Quellen HESS J1023-575 und HESS J1026-582 wird die Detektion einer neuen, elliptischen Quelle südöstlich von HESS J1023-575 präsentiert. Diese neue Quelle, als ''TeV jet cloud'' bezeichnet, zeigt räumliche Übereinstimmung mit länglichen Gaswolken, die in CO und HI Radio Daten gefunden wurden. Der Ursprung dieser Gaswolken könnte der Jet eines Mikroquasars oder einer anisotropischen Supernova sein. Eine weitere räumliche Übereinstimmung zeigt HESS J1023-575 mit einer sphärischen Gaswolke, die ihren Ursprung in einer Supernova haben könnte. HESS J1023-575 und die Gaswolken sind dabei symmetrisch zur Hauptachse der neuen elliptischen gamma-Quelle ausgerichtet, was eine Verbindung der Komponenten in einem hadronischen Emissionszenario nahelegt. Aus den Wolkenmassen und der gamma-Emission ergibt sich eine Verstärkung der kosmischen Strahlung in der Region, was auf aktive Teilchenbeschleunigung hindeutet. Sollte ein Mikroquasar in der Region gefunden werden, könnte dieses die erste Detektion eines galaktischen hochenergetischen Jets mit Cherenkov Teleskopen sein. / This work presents a study of the TeV gamma-ray emission in the region of the stellar cluster Westerlund 2. The main dataset analysed in this work was obtained with the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes of the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), comprising a total of ~80h of observation time. The high-level analysis of the dataset is performed with the open-source software gammapy to produce extensive spectral and spatial models for the observed emission. The best-fitting models are determined by using the Akaike information criterion. The results are combined with findings from other wavelengths to probe different emission scenarios. Besides hints of a diffuse emission and the detection of multiple hotspots, the presented studies yield three extended gamma-ray sources around Westerlund 2. Besides the known sources HESS J1026-582 and HESS J1023-575, an elongated elliptical gamma-ray source referred to as ''TeV jet cloud'' is newly found to the south east of HESS J1023-575. It shows a spatial coincidence with elongated cloud structures seen in CO and HI radio data which may originate from a high energy jet of a mircroquasar or an anisotropic supernova. Another spatial agreement is seen between HESS J1023-575 and a spherical shell of hydrogen gas which may be the remains of an old supernova remnant. HESS J1023-575 and the gas cloud structures symmetrically align along the major axis of the TeV jet cloud. This suggests a connection of these components in a hadronic emission scenario. Combining the masses of the clouds with the measured gamma-ray flux yields a high cosmic ray enhancement factor, suggesting active particle acceleration in the region. If a microquasar would be found around the best-fit position of HESS J1023-575, this could be the first detection of a galactic high energy jet at TeV energies with Cherenkov telescopes.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit zwei Aspekten der Gammastrahlungsastronomie. Einerseits studiert sie die Anforderungen an das zukünftige CTA-Observatorium für Gammastrahlung und präsentiert insbesondere Abschätzungen der Datenmengen, die während des Betriebs des Observatoriums anfallen werden. Für das größere CTA-Teleskopfeld auf der Südhalbkugel werden demnach eine Triggerate von 13 kHz und Datenraten von bis zu 2500 MB/s erwartet. Unter der Annahme, dass 15% der Zeit für Beobachtungen genutzt werden können, ergibt sich in 15 Jahren ein Datenvolumen von bis zu 165 PB. Die Implementation eines entsprechenden Systems zur Datenerfassung und -speicherung stellt eine Herausforderung dar, die jedoch mit existierenden Technik bewältigt werden kann. Andererseits befasst sie sich mit dem Supernovaüberrest RX J0852.0-4622 (auch bekannt als Vela Junior), präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Analyse von Daten, die mit dem H.E.S.S.-Experiment genommen wurden, und geht der Frage nach, ob RX J0852.0-4622 ein kosmischer Teilchenbeschleuniger ist. Dabei erlauben die präzisen Messungen eine im Vergleich zu früheren Veröffentlichungen verbesserte Bestimmung der Eigenschaften der emittierenden Teilchenpopulation. Es ergibt sich, dass das Energiespektrum von RX J0852.0-4622 ein Potenzgesetz ist, das zu hohen Energien hin mit einer Abschneideenergie von 7.2 TeV exponentiell unterdrückt wird. Abschließend wird anhand von Simulation gezeigt, dass CTA die Abschneideenergie von RX J0852.0-4622 signifikant besser bestimmen können wird. Diese genauere Vermessung des Energiespektrums sollte dazu beitragen, den hadronischen oder leptonischen Charakter der Emission aufzuklären. / This work focuses on two different aspects of gamma-ray astronomy. On the one hand, it studies the instrumental challenge posed by the future CTA Observatory by estimating the amount of data to be collected. Based on an analysis of simulated data, the more demanding southern array is expected to have an array trigger rate of 13 kHz, a data rate of up to 2500 MB/s and a data volume after 15 yr of operation and assuming a duty cycle of 15% of up to 165 PB. The design of the data acquisition and storage systems will be a challenge but should be manageable with existing technologies. On the other hand, it studies supernova remnants, by presenting analysis results of the gamma-ray data of the RX J0852.0-4622 supernova remnant (commonly known as Vela Junior) measured with the operating H.E.S.S. experiment and interpreting them in order to check the plausibility of RX J0852.0-4622 being a cosmic ray accelerator. The more precise measurements permit a better determination of the parent particle population properties with respect to previous publications. More precisely, a clear curvature of the spectrum of RX J0852.0-4622 is measured with an exponential energy cut-off at 7.2 TeV. Finally, the analysis of simulated data shows that CTA should be able to significantly improve the determination of the spectral energy cut-off of RX J0852.0-4622, which should help in identifying the nature of the gamma-ray emission.

[ES] Los neutrinos de alta energía son partículas esquivas: no tienen carga, tienen una sección transversal de interacción muy pequeña con la materia ordinaria y su masa es extremadamente pequeña. Los neutrinos son una sonda importante en el estudio del origen de los rayos cósmicos, y también, siguiendo algunos modelos de la física más allá del modelo Stardard, pueden producirse a partir de la propagación de partículas del modelo estándar producidas por la aniquilación de la materia oscura. En el último siglo, se han desarrollado muchos enfoques nuevos en la física de astropartículas, tratando de resolver los enigmas no resueltos del Universo, como el origen de los rayos cósmicos y la existencia de la materia oscura. Entre los diferentes experimentos destacan, sin duda, los telescopios de neutrinos. Los telescopios de neutrinos, consistentes en un gran volumen de un medio transparente monitorizado por sensores ópticos para detectar luz de Cherenkov, pueden detectar neutrinos de alta energía de fuentes galácticas o extragalácticas, y también pueden usarse para el estudio de las propiedades de los neutrinos. ANTARES y su sucesor KM3NeT son dos telescopios de neutrinos ubicados en el mar Mediterráneo. El telescopio ANTARES empezó a estar operativo en 2007 y ha tomado datos de forma casi continua hasta principios de 2022. KM3NeT, aprovechando la experiencia de ANTARES, pretende ser el telescopio de neutrinos más sensible de la próxima generación de detectores. Esta tesis presenta mis contribuciones en ambos detectores. En concreto, la parte técnica del trabajo se ha desarrollado en colaboración con KM3NeT. Está dedicado al estudio de los datos de los sensores de orientación instalados en los módulos de detección ópticos de KM3NeT: desde su calibración antes del despliegue en el mar hasta el análisis de sus datos in situ. Estos sensores permiten una monitorización de los movimientos de los elementos detectores en el mar. Por otro lado, en colaboración con ANTARES se ha desarrollado un análisis de física relacionado con la búsqueda de la aniquilación de la materia oscura en el Sol analizando trece años de datos. Se han obtenido nuevos límites superiores para los flujos de neutrinos y antineutrinos a partir de la aniquilación de materia oscura en el Sol, y a partir de estos, se han derivado límites superiores a la sección eficaz de dispersión de Materia Oscura - Nucleón. Estos resultados mejoran en un factor dos los resultados anteriores de ANTARES y son competitivos con respecto a otros experimentos. / [CA] Els neutrins d'alta energia són partícules esquives: no tenen càrrega, tenen una secció transversal d'interacció molt petita amb la matèria ordinària i la massa és extremadament petita. Els neutrins són una sonda important en l'estudi de l'origen dels raigs còsmics, i també, seguint alguns models de la física més enllà del Model Stardard, es poden produir a partir de la propagació de partícules del model estàndard produïdes per l'aniquilació de la matèria fosca. A l'últim segle, s'han desenvolupat molts enfocaments nous a la física d'astropartícules, tractant de resoldre els enigmes no resolts de l'Univers, com l'origen dels raigs còsmics i l'existència de la matèria fosca. Entre els diferents experiments destaquen, sens dubte, els telescopis de neutrins. Els telescopis de neutrins, consistents en un gran volum d'un medi transparent monitoritzat per sensors òptics per detectar llum de Cherenkov, poden detectar neutrins d'alta energia de fonts galàctiques o extragalàctiques, i també es poden utilitzar per a l'estudi de les propietats dels neutrins. ANTARES i el seu successor KM3NeT són dos telescopis de neutrins ubicats al mar Mediterrani. El telescopi ANTARES va començar a estar operatiu el 2007 i ha pres dades de forma gairebé contínua fins a principis del 2022. KM3NeT, aprofitant l'experiència d'ANTARES, pretén ser el telescopi de neutrins més sensible de la propera generació de detectors. Aquesta tesi presenta les meves contribucions a tots dos detectors. Concrètement, la part tècnica del treball s'ha desenvolupat en col·laboració amb KM3NeT. Està dedicat a l'estudi de les dades dels sensors d'orientació instal·lats als mòduls de detecció òptics de KM3NeT: des del calibratge abans del desplegament al mar fins a l'anàlisi de les seves dades in situ. Aquests sensors permeten una monitorització dels moviments dels elements detectors al mar. D'altra banda, en col·laboració amb ANTARES s'ha desenvolupat una anàlisi de física relacionada amb la recerca de l'aniquilació de la matèria fosca al Sol analitzant tretze anys de dades. S'han obtingut nous límits superiors per als fluxos de neutrins i antineutrins a partir de l'aniquilació de matèria fosca al Sol, i a partir d'aquests, s'han derivat límits superiors a la secció eficaç de dispersió de Materia Fosca - Nucleó. Aquests resultats milloren en un factor dos els resultats anteriors de ANTARES i són competitius respecte a altres experiments. / [EN] High energy Neutrinos are elusive particles: they are chargeless, have a very small cross section with ordinary matter and their mass is extremely small. Neutrinos are an important probe in the study of the origin of cosmic rays but also, following some models of physics Beyond the Standard Model, they can be produced from the decay of Standard Model particles produced by dark matter annihilation. In the last century, many new approaches have been developed in astroparticle physics, trying to solve the unsolved puzzles of the Universe such as the origin of Cosmic Rays and the existence of Dark Matter. Among the many experiments, neutrino telescopes certainly stand out. Neutrinos telescopes, made of large volume of a transparent medium observed by optical sensors, can detect high energy neutrinos from galactic or extra-galactic sources, and they can also be used for the study of neutrino properties. ANTARES and its successor KM3NeT are two neutrino telescopes located in the Mediterranean sea. ANTARES operations started in 2007 and it has taken data almost continuously until the beginning of 2022. KM3NeT, taking advantage from the experience of ANTARES, aims to be the most sensitive neutrino telescope in the next generation of detectors. This thesis presents my contributions to both detectors. In particular, the technical part of the work has been developed in collaboration with KM3NeT. It is devoted to the the study of data from the compasses installed in the KM3NeT detection elements: from their calibration before deployment to the analysis of their data in the sea. These compasses allow a tracking of the movements of the detector elements in the sea. In collaboration with ANTARES a physics analysis related to the search of dark matter annihilation in the Sun has been developed analyzing thirteen years of data. New upper limits for neutrino and antineutrino fluxes from dark matter annihilation in the Sun have been obtained, and from these upper limits on the Dark Matter - Nucleon scattering cross section have been obtained. These results improve previous ANTARES results by a factor of 2 and are competitive with those obtained by other experiments. / Poirè, C. (2022). Dark Matter Searches Towards the Sun with ANTARES and Positioning Studies for KM3NeT [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/188750