What constitutes the spin of the nucleon? The answer to this question is still not completely understood. Although we know the longitudinal quark spin content very well, the data on the transverse quark spin content of the nucleon is still very sparse. Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) using transversely polarized targets provide crucial information on this aspect. The data that is currently available was taken with proton and deuteron targets. The E06-010 experiment was performed at Jefferson Lab in Hall-A to measure the single spin asymmetries in the SIDIS reaction n↑(e,éπ±/K±)X using transversely polarized 3He target. The experiment used the continuous electron beam provided by the CEBAF accelerator with a beam energy of 5.9 GeV. Hadrons were detected in a high-resolution spectrometer in coincidence with the scattered electrons detected by the BigBite spectrometer. The kinematic coverage focuses on the valence quark region, x = 0.19 to 0.34, at Q2 = 1.77 to 2.73 (GeV/c)2. This is the first measurement on a neutron target. The data from this experiment, when combined with the world data on the proton and the deuteron, will provide constraints on the transversity and Sivers distribution functions on both the u and d-quarks in the valence region. In this work we report on the single spin asymmetries in the SIDIS n↑(e,éπ+)X reaction.

This phenomenological study was designed and conducted in a Post 1992 ‘new university’ situated in the UK. The aims of the study were a) to investigate inclusive practice amongst disabled students in higher education, b) to explore students’ perceptions on their lived experiences of the support provided c) to explore disabled students’ experiences of the process in gaining support d) to identify the kind of practices disabled students used to support their own effective learning in HE. A sample of 14 students, aged 19 to 56 volunteered to participate in the study. The study was underpinned by inclusive theory and equality policy provided for higher education institutions. Rich data from phenomenological interviews was analysed using thematic and narrative analysis. Analysis of the data uncovered new knowledge for lecturers and support staff in understanding disabled students’ lived experiences as they approached support systems and classrooms in higher education. The key findings involved a) barriers to communication and collaboration between students and lecturers, b) attitudes of staff and the asymmetries of power experienced by students in accessing support, c) issues around student anxiety, dependence and independence and ownership of learning, d) the idea that a reasonable adjustment could be unreasonable and embarrassing and evidence of tokenism in supporting students. The recommendations included a) the need for more in-depth training for all staff in equality and inclusive practice and inclusive course design, b) more support for students in negotiating their Study Needs Assessment, c) bridging the communication gap between Student Wellbeing, lecturers and students. The changes in funding to the Disabled Students’ Allowance came into force during 2016 which has consequently reduced or removed support for students who have disclosed a disability. Due to such changes, it will be even more important for universities to support the training of students, lecturers and support staff in creating and maintaining more inclusive environments in the future.

Orientador: Tatsuko Sakima / Banca: Ary dos Santos Pinto / Banca: Darcy Flávio Nouer / Banca: Maria Beatriz Borges de Araújo Magnani / Banca: Dirceu Barnabé Raveli / Resumo: Esta pesquisa de natureza prospectiva foi realizada com base numa amostra não casualizada constituída de 23 indivíduos portadores de má oclusão Classe II, 1ª Divisão, Subdivisão na fase da dentadura mista. O propósito do estudo foi avaliar um novo procedimento para o tratamento precoce da Classe II Subdivisão com envolvimento mandibular, método proposto por Sakima 85 em 2003. A amostra foi dividida em: Grupo 1 - Portadores de má oclusão Classe II Subdivisão com mordida cruzada posterior unilateral (D) ou (E) e Grupo 2 - Portadores de má oclusão Classe II Subdivisão sem cruzamento. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico de interceptação para correção da subdivisão, sendo que o Grupo 1 teve procedimento prévio para descruzamento da mordida cruzada posterior unilateral (MCPU). A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada mediante tomada de radiografias extra-orais Submento-vertex, os cefalogramas foram traçados e os dados compilados para análise em computador. Os traçados cefalométricos obtidos das imagens radiográficas da Submento-vertex (SMV) foram digitalizados no programa Radiocef. Os dados analisados, submetidos à metodologia estatística e os resultados discutidos. O método estatístico empregado, além da utilização da média e desvio padrão, contou com o Teste "t" de Student, Teste F de Snedecor e probabilidade "p", utilizou-se também o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, os dados estatísticos foram utilizados para avaliar os resultados do tratamento ortodôntico realizado. Após a discussão dos resultados, concluiu-se que: 1)Houve presença de rotação mandibular significante para ambos os grupos estudados quando relacionada maxila e mandíbula; 2) A evolução dos grupos estudados foi semelhante tanto clínica como cefalométrica; 3) Os movimentos dentários constatados melhoram o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new approach to the early orthodontic treatment of Class II, division 1, subdivision, in the mixed dentition and determined the utility of approach. The sample consisted of 23 subjects divided in two groups (group 1 and group 2). The average was 9.3 years considered in both groups. Measurements were obtained with the use of Submento-vertex Cephalometric Radiographs. The Submento-vertex Radiographs symmetry was assessed by measuring the differences in the spatial positions of dental and Skeletal landmarks between right and left side, determined asymmetric (A) and normal (N) sides. The Angle's 2 Class II subdivision was evaluated in the mixed dentition. Statistic method was based on the skewness statistics, the distributions were normal, allowing means and standard deviations to be used to describe central tendencies and dispersion. We also used the Student t test, the Snedecor p test and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to statistically comparation.The results showed lower jaw replacement and dento-alveolar displacement in order to correct this malocclusion. The conclusions about the present study were: 1) There was significant mandibular rotation from the asymmetric side to the symmetric side in the two groups when maxilar and mandibular relation was investigated; 2) The two groups evolution was clinical and cephalometrical similar; 3) The teeth movements provide evidence to better relation of the occlusion; 4) The midline line of the teeth has a clinically consistent to normalization and this can better investigated with other evaluation methods. / Doutor

Submitted by Luiz Claudio Ferreira Sacramento Junior (luizclaudiosacramento@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-22T23:07:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_final version.docx: 377515 bytes, checksum: c5d360cbf921b7c3982e47f2705d59f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-05-23T19:21:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_final version.docx: 377515 bytes, checksum: c5d360cbf921b7c3982e47f2705d59f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T18:56:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertation_final version.docx: 377515 bytes, checksum: c5d360cbf921b7c3982e47f2705d59f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / This paper shows how information sharing mechanisms might enable Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) to increase their access to formal credit markets. Using a unique dataset provided by the Brazilian Central Bank and Ministry of Labor, a change is applied in the threshold of loans that must be reported and shared by all active financial institutions as a gradual increase in the available information on MSEs. Results suggest that borrowers that benefited by this change obtained more loans and smaller interest rates, and by building a good client pool ended up receiving smaller maturities. Firms were also less likely to delay repayments and present smaller loan losses. This evidence sheds light on information asymmetry and literature on financial inclusion by showing that information sharing mechanisms can improve the decision to offer credit, and MSEs can become less dependent of relationship lending to obtain loans. / Esse estudo mostra como mecanismos de compartilhamento de informação podem permitir Micro e Pequenas Empresas (MPEs) podem melhorar seu acesso a mercados de crédito formais. Utilizando uma base de dados única obtida junto ao Banco Central do Brasil e Ministério do Trabalho, uma mudança é aplicada no limite do valor de empréstimos que precisam ser reportados e compartilhados por todas as instituições financeiras ativas como uma mudança gradual na informação disponível sobre MPEs. Os resultados indicam que tomadores de empréstimo que se beneficiaram dessa mudança obtiveram mais empréstimos e menores taxas de juros, e por constituir um bom grupo de clientes acabam por receber menores vencimentos. As empresas são ainda menos prováveis de atrasar seus pagamentos e apresentam menores perdas aos bancos. As consequências desse estudo lançam luz sobre a literatura de assimetria de informação e inclusão financeira ao mostrar que mecanismos de compartilhamento de informação podem auxiliar na decisão de oferecer crédito e MPEs podem se tornar menos dependentes de empréstimos de relacionamento para obter empréstimos.

Em mercados de capitais perfeitos, a decisão de investimento de uma empresa pode ser considerada independente de sua decisão de financiamento, uma vez que recursos externos funcionam como um perfeito substituto para o capital interno. No entanto, em mercados de capitais com imperfeições, tais como custos de transação, custos de falência, problemas de assimetria de informações e problemas de agência, a disponibilidade de capital interno tende a influenciar a decisão de investimento. A insuficiência de recursos internos pode levar empresas a não aproveitarem boas oportunidades de investimento (subinvestimento) e o excesso pode incentivar administradores a investirem em projetos não lucrativos (superinvestimento). Em função de características operacionais, financeiras e administrativas, algumas empresas são mais sujeitas aos impactos de imperfeições de mercados e, por este motivo, seus investimentos devem ser mais sensíveis à geração interna de recursos. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar, no universo de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, a sensibilidade do investimento em capital fixo - representado pela variação do imobilizado bruto - à geração interna de recursos - representada pelo fluxo de caixa operacional - bem como os fatores (características operacionais, financeiras e administrativas) que afetam essa sensibilidade. Foram considerados os seguintes fatores: tempo de negociação na bolsa de valores; tamanho da empresa; alavancagem financeira; percentual de ações em posse do(s) acionista(s) controlador(es); taxa de pagamento de dividendos e setor de atividade. A abordagem do estudo foi baseada em modelos de regressão múltipla. Dados em painel foram utilizados para estimar os coeficientes dos modelos. Na primeira parte do estudo, foi feita regressão do investimento sobre o fluxo de caixa e variáveis de controle. Na segunda parte do estudo, termos de interação entre o fluxo de caixa e os fatores corporativos foram introduzidos nos modelos. Os resultados da primeira parte deste estudo não mostraram evidências de que geração interna de recursos tem impacto sobre o investimento, sugerindo que nem todas as empresas preferem (ou dependem de) recursos internos para investir. Os resultados da segunda parte mostraram que, dependendo das características das empresas, a geração interna de recursos é bastante relevante para o investimento.Tamanho, alavancagem financeira e percentual de ações ordinárias em posse do(s) acionista(s) controlador(es) afetam a sensibilidade do investimento à geração interna de recursos. Quanto maior o tamanho da empresa, quanto maior sua alavancagem financeira e quanto maior o percentual de ações em posse do(s) acionista(s) controlador(es), menor será o impacto da geração interna de recursos sobre o investimento. Isso é coerente com a existência de custos de transação, custos de falência, assimetria de informações e problemas de agência. Os resultados relativos aos dois últimos fatores sugerem que o problema de superinvestimento é mais crítico que o de subinvestimento em empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. / In perfect capital markets, a firm´s investment decision can be considered independent from its financing decision, because external funds provide a perfect substitute for internal capital. However, in capital markets with imperfections, such as transaction costs, bankruptcy costs, information asymmetries and agency problems, the availability of internal capital tends to have an influence on investment decision. The shortage of internal funds may lead firms to pass up good investment opportunities (underinvestment) and the excess can encourage managers to invest in non-valuable projects (overinvestment). Due to operational, financial and managing features, some firms are more liable to the impacts of market imperfections than others and, for this reason, their investment should be more sensitive to internal funds generation. The aim of this study is to investigate, in the universe of brazilian public firms, the of fixed capital investment – represented by change in gross fixed assets – to internal funds generation – represented by cash flow from operations – as well as the corporate factors (operational, financial and managing features) that affect this sensitivity. The following factors were considered: length of time traded in the stock exchange market; firm size; financial leverage; percentage of common assets detained by controllers; dividend payment rate and industry. The study approach was based on multiple regression models. Panel data was used to estimate models coefficients. In the first part of the study, investment was regressed on cash flow and control variables. In the second part, interaction terms between cash flow and corporate factors were introduced in the models. The results of the first part of this study showed no evidence that internal funds generation has impact on investment, suggesting that not all firms prefer (or depend on) internal funds to invest. The results of the second part showed that, conditioned on firms features, internal funds generation is rather considerable for investment decision. Size, financial leverage and percentage of common assets detained by controllers affect investment sensitivity to internal funds generation. The larger the firm size, the larger its financial leverage and the larger the percentage of common assets detained by controllers, smaller will be the impact of internal funds generation on investment. This is consistent with the existence of transaction costs, bankruptcy costs, information asymmetries and agency problems. The results concerning the two latter factors suggest that the overinvestment problem is more serious than the underinvestment problem in brazilian public firms.

Unfiltered online language use is most visible where social media sites highlight power injustices such as racism, homophobia, feminism and sexism, which in turn sometimes promotes behavior such as cyber-bullying or internet-trolling. Women have been explicit targets for cyber-bullying and internet-trolling. The linguistic sub-field of gender and language considers questions of how language is used by and about men and women. This is a language and gender study with focus on a gender vocabulary and gendered language use in an online social media forum. This study aims to reveal the linguistic patterns in the discussions about genders. This was represented by YouTube video where one man and one woman, engaged in a debate on misogyny in comedy. The research was done through a qualitative and a quantitative research, by studying the comment section regarding the YouTube video. The results show that there are two different ways of how and what people tend to focus on when talking about men and women. For a woman, her appearance will most likely be in focus while, when talking about a man, it is the man’s performance that is of relevance. The asymmetry is that men are discussed with regards to what they are saying while women are evaluated for how they are saying it, and what they look like saying it.

Bakgrund: Det finns idag ett stort utbud av hållbara fonder på den svenska marknaden och intresset för att investera hållbart ökar. Dock finns det inte någon entydig definition av hållbarhet och därmed blir innebörden av ”hållbar fondförvaltning” diffus. Det har i tidigare studier inte analyserats hur begreppsproblematiken påverkar den svenska marknadens aktörer och fondutbud och det var därför av intresse att undersöka hur aktörer på fondmarknaden ser på problematiken och hur den hanteras. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att utifrån ett institutionellt perspektiv undersöka vilka problem och möjligheter som oklarheter gällande begreppet ”hållbar fondförvaltning” skapar för svenska fondförvaltare och fondbolag i relation till dess kunder. Studien ämnar även analysera hur begreppsproblematiken samt informationsasymmetrier mellan fondförvaltare och kund påverkar fondutbud och förvaltningsstrategier i relation till hållbarhet. Genomförande: En kvalitativ metod har används för att besvara studiens syfte. Utifrån tidigare forskning gällande hållbarhet och institutionell teori utvecklades en för studien unik analysmodell som låg till grund för utformandet av intervjumallar och analys av det insamlade empirimaterialet. Totalt genomfördes tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med kapitalägare, representanter från svenska fondbolag, en intresseorganisation samt tillsynsmyndighet. Slutsats: Studien visar att begreppsproblematiken på den hållbara fondmarknaden skapar stora informationsasymmetrier mellan fondförvaltare och kunder, vilket innebär att förvaltares möjligheter att påvisa kvalitet försvåras. Då det är svårt för kunder att avgöra kvalitetsskillnader finns det utrymme för strategiskt beteende på marknaden och för att minska problematiken kring informationsasymmetrier krävs det att det institutionella ramverket utvecklas. / Background: There is currently a large supply of sustainable funds on the Swedish fund market and a growing interest for sustainable investing. However there is no consensus regarding the definition of sustainability and therefore the term “sustainable fund management” becomes vague. The effects that this conceptual problem has on the Swedish fund management and fund markets have not been analysed in previous studies, therefore it was interesting to examine how market participants perceive and handle the problem. Aim: The purpose of this study is to, from an institutional perspective, examine which problems and opportunities that uncertainties regarding the concept “Sustainable fund management” create for Swedish fund fiduciaries and fund management companies in relation to its clients. In addition, the paper aims to analyse how conceptual problems and information asymmetries between fund fiduciaries and clients affect fund offerings and investment strategies in relation to sustainability. Completion: To fulfil the aim of this study a qualitative method has been applied. A unique model has been created to construct the interview template and to analyse the empirical findings. The model was based on previous research regarding sustainability and institutional theory. In total, ten semi structured interviews were conducted with asset owners, representatives from Swedish fund management companies, one sustainable investment association and Sweden’s financial supervisory authority. Conclusion: The study shows that the conceptual problem on the sustainable fund market creates large information asymmetries between fund fiduciaries and customers. Therefore proving fund quality becomes more complex for fund fiduciaries. Due to the fact that it is hard for customers to determine differences in quality, there is room for strategic behaviour. In order to decrease the problems regarding information asymmetries, the institutional framework needs to be developed.

The environmental management of watersheds presents a complex governance issue due to their large spatial scales that include overlapping jurisdictions, competing interests in resource use, and lack of coordination among stakeholders. The Rideau Canal, spanning 200 km between the cities of Ottawa and Kingston, is an interesting case study as it is a multi-watershed system over which municipal, provincial and federal governments have authority. However, these governments have been unsuccessful in addressing system-wide issues such as shoreline development, erosion and invasive species that have significantly impacted the ecological integrity of the canal. A shift toward polycentric governance, which are systems of multi-scale governance, in which well-informed publics can contribute to the Rideau Canal’s management is required. This thesis examines how co-governance can be conceptualized for the RC by (1) analyzing convergences in stakeholder perspectives about the environment and governance, and (2) comparing collaborative causal mapping exercises with various stakeholders to current government engagement efforts. A tiered co-governance framework that intentionally links existing small-scale activities to system-wide formal venues of knowledge sharing could democratize environmental governance on the Rideau Canal to improve its management. Beyond its practical contributions, this research also contributes to developing the academic literature on co-governance for multi-watershed waterways that have both constructed and natural aspects.

La structure asymétrique du lobe temporal a déjà été démontrée. Ces asymétries structurelles sont souvent supposées comme support à la latéralisation du langage chez l’homme. Une asymétrie remarquable est celle du sillon temporal supérieur (STS) observée dès la naissance chez l’homme, mais pas chez le chimpanzé. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux origines génétiques sous-jacentes à cette asymétrie. Dans ce but, nous utilisons des méthodes d’extraction automatiques de structures asymétriques comme les racines sulcales ou les gyri transverses (plis de passage, PPs). Premièrement, nous reproduisons l’asymétrie de profondeur du STS dans deux grandes cohortes (HCP et UK Biobank) et nous démontrons que le STS gauche est plus souvent interrompu par un PP que son homologue à droite. Secondement, l’héritabilité de la profondeur des racines sulcales dans le STS et de la présence de PP est supérieure dans l’hémisphère gauche. Ceci suggère des signaux génétiques asymétriques qui contribuent à la formation des asymétries de structures du lobe temporal. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que les activations fonctionnelles dans le gyrus angulaire ont une variance génétique partagée significative avec la performance cognitive. Enfin, nous avons identifié une zone cis-régulatrice du gène KCNK2, comme significativement associée avec la largeur et l’épaisseur corticale des sillons, qui sont des caractéristiques du vieillissement du cerveau. / The asymmetrical structure of the temporal lobe has already been demonstrated. These structural asymmetries are often assumed to contribute to the human language lateralization. One noticeable asymmetry is the one of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) depth observed from birth in humans, but not in chimpanzee. In this thesis, we were interested in the genetic roots underlying this asymmetry. To this aim, we used automated extraction method of asymmetrical structures such as the sulcal roots or transverse gyri (so called plis de passage, PPs). First, we reproduced the STS rightward depth asymmetry in two large cohorts (HCP and UK Biobank) and we demonstrated that the left STS is more often interrupted by a PP than its counterpart. Second, the heritability estimates of depth and convexity of sulcal roots in the STS and the presence of PP are higher in the left hemisphere. This suggests asymmetric genetic cues contributing to the formation of these asymmetrical structures in the temporal lobe. In addition, we have shown that the functional activations in the angular gyrus have a significant shared genetic variance with the human cognitive performance. Finally, we have identified a cis-regulating region of the KCNK2, as being significantly associated with the width and cortical thickness of the brain sulci, which are features of brain ageing.

The origin and development of human cerebral asymmetries is yet a debated issue. One prominent manifestation of cerebral asymmetry is handedness with humans showing a dextral population bias. Handedness in humans is not fully established before the age of six. However, head turning preference in newborns is thought to be an important factor in the development of later handedness. If this head turning preference did not disappear completely during development but would prevail into adulthood it might, thus, be associated with handedness. Therefore, this study aimed to assess head turning preference in adults and to relate a possibly emerging bias to handedness. Forty-two adults (6 females, aged 23- 63, mean age = 35) participated in the study. Head turning preference was assessed by means of a move during Ju Jutsu martial arts training, which requires the trainee to move the head to either left or right. The direction of head movement is not specified for this move, leaving the choice to the trainee. Handedness was measured by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Results did not reveal a profound head turning bias in adults. Contrary to the dextral bias in handedness, in this study a leftward bias in head turning emerged from those participants who showed a head turning preference. Head turning bias did not depend on handedness. The finding of a nearly absent and predominantly leftward head turning bias in this sample is discussed in the context of the Ju Jutsu task, training experience and trainer bias. It is concluded that the Ju Jutsu move is not a sufficient task to assess head turning preference in humans. Thus, to further illuminate the relation between head turning preference and handedness, studies are needed which assess head turning preference in adults in an un-trainable and unbiased situation.