Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:19:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DALVA DE JESUS CUTRIM MACHADO.pdf: 420046 bytes, checksum: 816e073b99d0b74ec40354c6ade154af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-10 / This study aimed to investigate the relationships between environmental variables and behavioral analysis that would promote relations analysis between speaker and listener. It also sought to investigate verbal and nonverbal context. From this perspective four experiments were performed: Experiment I had the following objectives: a) check if there was visual contact control variable (CV) and statement with the head (AC), which reinforce the verbal behavior of the speaker and listener in the total verbal episode b) consider whether different audiences control verbal differentiated responses between the behavior of the speaker and listener in a total verbal episode. Eight people aged 20 to 27 years of age took part of this experiment. The results showed that the control of the variable, visual contact had occured (VC) for most participants, while the variable (AC) there was no control for most participants. Experiment II aimed to systematically replicate the procedure adopted in the study of Simonassi, Tizo, Gomes and Alvarenga (2009) to see if: a) verbal contexts (instructions) and nonverbal (object) control on verbal responses in a total verbal episode b) whether the addition of a new object when presented in the presence of other existing objects controls verbal responses in a total verbal episode. This experiment was conducted with eleven participants aged 18 to 23 years. The results were similar to the experiment cited, and there was verbal control of responses when a new object was introduced: the answer had changed. Experiment III aimed to investigate: a) to test more systematically the possible influence on changing the verbal context (instructions) and verify if it would influence the control of verbal responses in a total verbal episode while maintaining the same nonverbal objects from Experiment II. Experiment III was conducted with eleven participants aged 19 to 25 years. The results showed that the change in the instructions had changed the context when compared to Experiment II. Experiment IV aimed to verify: a) what the written accounts of the participants were like with the same verbal context (instruction) from Experiment III and various contextual objects. This experiment was conducted with eleven participants aged 17 to 25 years. It was found that there was a significant reduction of responses when a different object was presented and there were changes in participants' verbal reports. It was concluded that both the verbal context (instruction) and the non-verbal context (objects) when they were changed, changed the response of the participants in the various experimental conditions. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre as variáveis ambientais e comportamentais que favorecessem a análise das relações entre falante e ouvinte em um episódio verbal total. Também procurou investigar contexto verbal e não verbal. Foram realizados quatro Experimentos: o Experimento I teve como objetivo investigar: a) se houve ocorrência da variável contato visual (CV) e asserção com a cabeça (AC), que reforçam o comportamento verbal do falante no episódio verbal total; b) analisar se audiências diferenciadas controlam respostas verbais diferenciadas no comportamento do falante em um episódio verbal total. Participaram desse experimento, oito alunos com idades entre 20 a 27 anos de idade. Os resultados mostraram que houve controle da variável contato visual (CV) para a maioria dos participantes, enquanto a variável (AC) não houve controle da variável para a maioria dos participantes. Experimento II objetivou replicar de forma sistemática o procedimento adotado no estudo de Simonassi, Tizo, Gomes e Alvarenga (2010) com acréscimo de dois novos objetos, um lápis e uma bola, para verificar: 1) se contextos verbais (instruções) e não verbais (objetos) exercem controle sobre respostas verbais em um episódio verbal total; 2) se o acréscimo de novos objetos quando apresentados na presença dos outros objetos já existentes controlam respostas verbais em um episódio verbal total. Este experimento foi realizado com onze participantes com idades entre 18 a 23 anos. Os resultados foram semelhantes aos do Experimento citado, e houve controle das respostas verbais quando introduziu-se um novo objeto: o responder se modificou. Objetivo do Experimento III foi investigar sistematicamente a possível influencia na mudança dos comportamentos verbais que ocorreram no Experimento II, ou seja, se a modificação de estímulos verbais sob a forma de instrução em um contexto não verbal influenciaria o controle das respostas verbais em um episódio verbal total. Foi realizado com onze participantes com idade entre 19 a 25 anos. Os resultados mostraram que a mudança na instrução alterou o contexto quando comparado ao Experimento II. Experimento IV teve como finalidade investigar sistematicamente uma possível influencia na mudança dos relatos escritos dos participantes. Com o mesmo contexto verbal (instruções) semelhante ao do Experimento III. E a modificação de objetos não verbais. Este experimento foi realizado com onze participantes com idade entre 17 a 25 anos. Verificou-se que houve diminuição significativa das respostas quando o objeto diferente foi apresentado e houve alteração nos relatos verbais dos participantes. Concluiu-se que tanto o contexto verbal (instrução) quanto o contexto não verbal (objetos) quando foram alterados alteravam o responder dos participantes nas diversas condições experimentais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Antonio Bernardes.pdf: 1976580 bytes, checksum: 6ad8d0432468ef57ee98d69a20f6acf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this work was to identify the variables that could or couldn‟t contribute to the emission of children responses that would produce larger and delayed reinforcers. This was made in order to answer the following question: which responses children emit while they were waiting for larger and delayed reinforcers? Does it occur chaining or stereotyped behaviors during the waiting period? Are there any relations between what is done and the waiting time so that it would facilitate the waiting period? Can a hand puppet work as an audience to the participants so that it could extend the chain of public events and diminish the chain of covert events? Those children that were waiting in pairs or using a puppet waited for longer periods in order to receive larger and delayed reinforcers? The experimental design was based on the Mischel‟s, Ebbesen e Zeiss (1972) study. Fifteen children participated in the study divided in three experimental conditions: alone , hand puppet and peers . They should wait for 15 minutes so that they would obtain two chocolates. If they didn‟t wait, they should ring a bell and the experimenter would return and the children/child would gain the chocolate that was close to her. The results showed that four of the 15 children didn‟t wait for the whole time. The children emitted 14 categories of responses and the more frequent categories were similar for all of them. In the condition alone it was observed a smaller variation on the distribution of the responses between the categories and a smaller number of responses per minute. The condition hand puppet was the only one in which all the participants waited. However, only one participant emitted public oral verbal responses, which doesn‟t allow the experimenter to say that the hand puppet enhancing the emission of these verbal responses. Otherwise, the report of one of the participants does not allow us to discard it entirely as an audience. The standard of the observed responses on the hand puppet condition was similar to the alone condition, but with a higher average of responses per minute. For the peers condition was possible to observe that an interlocutor facilitated the waiting and enhanced the number of responses in new categories. This condition presented the higher average of responses per minute. The results indicated that oral verbal responses were emitted almost exclusively in this condition. The categorized verbal operants most common were tacts and mands about the experimental condition and unrelated subjects . Stereotypy was observed in only one participant (P5). The low variability in the 'alone' condition and greater variability in the other conditions have revealed that more complex environments allowed the participants to respond into new categories. The children who had longer waiting times were the ones with the most responses per minute and/or responded in as many categories as possible / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar variáveis que poderiam contribuir ou não para que crianças emitissem respostas que produziriam reforçadores maiores e atrasados. A partir de então, responder as seguintes perguntas: quais as respostas que crianças emitem enquanto esperam por reforçadores maiores e atrasados? Dentre as respostas observadas, existem encadeamentos ou estereotipias comportamentais? Existe algum tipo de relação ente o que se faz e o tempo de espera de maneira a facilitar a espera? Um fantoche poderia funcionar como audiência para o participante ampliando assim a cadeia de eventos públicos e diminuindo por sua vez a cadeia de eventos encobertos? Crianças esperando em duplas ou usando um fantoche teriam maiores tempos de espera por reforçadores maiores e atrasados? O arranjo experimental foi baseado nos estudos de Mischel, Ebbesen e Zeiss (1972). Participaram 15 crianças divididas em três condições experimentais: sozinha‟, fantoche‟ e duplas‟. Elas deveriam esperar 15 minutos para obter dois chocolates e caso não esperassem, tocariam um sino, o experimentador retornaria e a criança ganharia o chocolate que estava junto dela. Os resultados mostraram que quatro das 15 crianças, não esperaram o tempo total. As crianças emitiram 14 categorias de respostas e as mais frequentes foram semelhantes para todas. Na condição sozinho‟ houve menor variação na distribuição das respostas entre as categorias e menor número de respostas por minuto. A condição fantoche‟ foi a única em que todos os participantes esperaram. Entretanto apenas um participante emitiu respostas verbais orais públicas, e isto não permite afirmar que o fantoche foi capaz de aumentar a emissão destas respostas verbais. Todavia o relato de um dos participantes não nos permite descartá-lo completamente como audiência. O padrão de respostas observáveis da condição fantoche‟ foi semelhante ao da condição sozinho‟, mas com uma média maior de respostas por minuto. Para a condição duplas‟ foi possível observar que ter um interlocutor facilitou a espera e aumentou o número de respostas em novas categorias. Esta condição apresentou as maiores médias de respostas por minuto. Os resultados indicaram que as respostas verbais orais foram quase que exclusivamente nesta condição e os operantes verbais classificados mais comuns foram tatos e mandos sobre a condição experimental‟ e assuntos não relacionados‟. Foi observada estereotipia em apenas um participante (P5). A pouca variabilidade na condição sozinho‟ e a maior variabilidade nas outras condições permitem afirmar que ambientes mais complexos permitiram a emissão de respostas em novas categorias. As crianças que tiveram tempos de espera mais longos foram as que apresentaram mais respostas por minuto e/ou responderam em tantas categorias quantas possíveis

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COS - Cimara Apostolico.pdf: 2592450 bytes, checksum: 05ca79967f3a86b6bfb61627e279c7c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research analyses the soap opera in its aspects related to the image presentation as hegemonic item in the audience s ability to perceive things. It is chosen to understand soap opera not in its aspects of daily narratives, but as imagery narratives created by bodies that represent themselves as mediators in the process of communication, functioning as main starting-point in the image production. In this way, the concept of body and body language is used. With it this process starts, expressing the relation of cumulativity and complementarity to media, reinforcing the soap opera appealing. It is perceived that the body is seen on the soap opera as commodities and exploiting fact. This paper/thesis selects the male image because of the visible set of public opinion in the last years. The questions of body image through history are investigated in order to understand in a broad sense its changes in relation to cultural process and trying to highlight the evidences that lead to see it as emerging bodies. The images are narrated/described from the understanding of their origin to questions that point out their symbolic aspects, which belong to the sensibility that creates links among bodies. Using Harry Pross, Martin Barbero, Esther Hamburger, Denise Bernuzzi de Sant Anna, Régis Debray as theoretical support, it can be seen that along with the soap opera several media are used as a support of it. In this sense, magazines that write about cinematographic and TV celebrities are analyzed. Being aware that there is no TV without bodies before and off cameras, for example, biological bodies and body-image, we understand that is in the relation among audience, body and image that the soap opera keeps on / A presente pesquisa analisa a telenovela em seus aspectos voltados para a apresentação da imagem como item hegemônico na captação do olhar do telespectador. Opta-se pela compreensão da telenovela não no aspecto das narrativas cotidianas, mas sim tendo como base as narrativas imagéticas geradas por meio de corpos que se configuram como mediadores no processo de comunicação, atuando como ponto de partida central na produção das imagens. Nesse sentido, é utilizado o conceito de corpo e suas linguagens. Nele iniciase esse processo, a partir do qual se expressam as relações de cumulatividade e complementaridade entre as mídias, reforçando os atrativos da telenovela. Percebese o corpo exibido na telenovela como produto mercadológico e fator de exploração. O presente trabalho faz um recorte com ênfase no masculino, pela tendência evidenciada nos últimos anos. As questões de construção de corpos ao longo da história são investigadas, compreendendo-se de maneira abrangente as etapas de suas mudanças decorrentes do processo da cultura e buscando evidências, que conduzem a percebê-los como corpos emergentes . As imagens são narradas, partindo do entendimento de sua gênese até questões que as conduzam em seus aspectos simbólicos, os quais fazem parte da sensibilidade que gera as raízes dos vínculos entre os corpos. Em diálogo e com apoio nos autores Harry Pross, Martin Barbero, Esther Hamburger, Denise Bernuzzi de Sant Anna, Régis Debray, constata-se que paralelamente à novela em si, acumulam-se e complementam-se diversas mídias de apoio. Nesse sentido, são analisadas, também revistas voltadas para as celebridades cinematográficas e televisivas. Ciente de que não há televisão sem corpos antes e depois das câmeras, ou seja, corpos biológicos e corpos-imagem, entende-se que é na cauda da relação triádica telespectador, corpo e imagem que o ambiente da telenovela se mantém

This thesis deals with the study of popular culture for example, television series like a typical product of this culture and of research of their consumers. It deals with the shift in the understanding of the importance of the concept of popular culture for example, female audience pursuing series called series "for the whole family. With this selected audience watching the series at the time of normalization, and at the same time pursuing current series I am trying to trace the development, as well as the changes in understanding of pop culture. The aim of this thesis is to determine the movement, changes in the understanding of the concept / importance of popular culture occurred during the period of normalization to the present days. At work I deal with social and political context, defining of popular culture, everydayness and watching TV serials. This is a qualitative research on female audience through in-depth interviews.

This thesis studies the interaction between language, people and culture in England in the century either side of 1300 by analysing the use of French in three Middle English texts: Laȝamon's Brut, Kyng Alisaunder, and Handlyng Synne. I explore the ways in which these texts exploit the sociocultural implications of French elements to negotiate the expression of collective identity, and consider what that suggests about the texts' audiences. This exploration also provides insights into the sociolinguistic relation between English and French. Specifically, I add to recent work on multilingualism within texts by providing a more systematic approach than has been adopted hitherto. Since this period saw the largest influx of French-derived vocabulary in English, evaluating the use of French elements requires consideration of the extent to which that vocabulary had become integrated in English. This aspect has not so far been included in studies of multilingualism in texts, and in approaching it this thesis brings together previous work on loanwords to offer a systematic methodology. Chapters 2 to 4 treat the lexis of the individual texts. Study of the broader context of the French elements in chapter 5 shows that they are distributed evenly across the texts and the majority are introduced independently of the source texts. Those that were carried over from the source texts were not adopted into Middle English more generally. Appeal to a specific register better explains the appearance of clusters. Chapter 6 concludes that the implications of the French elements in these texts centre on the negotiation of social and cultural identity. No clear support was found for the use or avoidance of French elements to express ethnic or religious identity in these texts. The style of both versions of Laȝamon's Brut was confirmed to be the result of redactors' choices and not the state of the language as a whole, since most French-derived words in either version were apparently well integrated by 1300. On a larger scale, the amount of well-integrated lexis of French origin in Handlyng Synne demonstrates the extent to which French-derived vocabulary had become accessible as early as 1300. Lastly, the atypical, specialised French elements in Kyng Alisaunder are best explained by supposing its initial audience included those with extensive knowledge of French. This supports the hypothesis of continuity of audience between French and Middle English literary culture.

Modern stories are the product of a recursive process influenced by elements of genre, outside content, medium, and more. These stories exist in a multitude of forms and are transmitted across multiple media. This article examines how those stories function as pieces of a broader narrative, as well as how that narrative acts as a world for the creation of stories. Through an examination of the polymediated nature of modern narratives, we explore the complicated nature of modern storytelling.

Abstract available through The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal.

有關「公共關係」一詞，由於定義非常廣泛，且不同組織所從事公共關係的目標及目的亦有所差異。職是之故，本研究僅就企業從事公共關係專案時所應確立之架構模式予以討論。本研究所需之資料舉凡有關公共關係理論及實務介紹的文獻、書籍皆為主要來源。研究中乃以四家企業為個案，以驗證依據理論建立架構之可行性。整體內容以理論和實務並重，重點在理論架構的建立和實務運作程序之探討。 第２章：公共關係理論發展的文獻回顧。 第３章：公共關係運作架構建立為本研究之重心所在。 第４章：乃舉個案公司之實務運作，以驗證說明理論架構之可行性。 第５章：對前兩章內容作一總結。說明理論架構之特色，適用性及運用範圍，以及實務運作之發現，以利後續研究之方向參考。研究之主要發現有： (1) 公關運作架構能契合個案公司之需求 (2) 理論架構的程序，有助於企業掌握公關問題 (3) 決策導向的運作程序，提高了公關活動的品質 (4) 公關運作架構，使企業更能掌握內、外部公眾 (5) 目標公眾特質分析使公關活動運用更為恰當 (6) 完整的公關運作分析，有效界定不同的公關媒介與方法 (7) 不同的公司特性會影響公關媒介與方法的運用 (8) 有效的公關評估準則，能掌握目標公眾態度、行為的改變

科學概念若能有效地普及於社會大眾，可以加速跨領域知識的整合創新、提高國家的創新經濟產能，並促進社會間的對話與發展想像。因此「科學普及」（以下簡稱「科普」）是全球許多國家推動知識工程的基礎。 所謂「科普」，是把科學研究的結果用一種比較含糊的轉譯方式提供給大眾，目的在於對公眾進行教育（educate）、說服（persuade）與溝通（communicate），讓大眾能學習理解科學的內涵（learned）、具有科學思辨的能力（competent）並能夠以科學精神參與社會事務（function-in-society）；傳播媒介則是科普最好的載具。然而，科普的工作一直都有傳播內容過於生硬難懂、望之生畏的困境，無法真正達到普及的效果；學者們認為主要包含科普內容文本、讀者理解以及科學家參與推廣等層面的問題。 本文藉由量化的研究方法初探「科普讀物的圖文呈現形式」在傳播效果上對讀者「認知資訊負荷」、「態度」及「理解」的影響。同時，將讀者的「涉入感」與「先備知識」納入變項，探究讀者「涉入感」與「先備知識」的差異對於科普讀物傳播效果的影響程度。 研究者以「奈米保養化妝品」為實驗科普訊息主題，針對臺灣大學及淡江大學合計507 名的大學生，進行不同形式的科普讀物訊息實驗，並以問卷量測受試者對科普訊息主題的涉入感、先備知識，以及閱讀實驗科普訊息之後，對該訊息內容的認知資訊負荷、態度及理解程度。經過資料整理及統計分析，得到本次實驗相關結果與發現如下： 一、 本次實驗中的科普訊息使用不同圖文呈現形式，但在依變項的傳播效果上並沒有顯著的差異，顯示科普訊息的文字與圖像其實可以各自獨立。 二、 科普訊息的涉入感及先備知識均高度影響閱讀科普訊息時的認知資訊負荷、態度與理解程度；認知資訊負荷較小的科普文本，其傳播效果較好。 三、 不同性別的閱聽人，在閱讀科普訊息的認知資訊負荷、態度及理解程度上均沒有顯著的差異，打破一般認為女性不擅長科學的刻版印象。 四、 理工背景學生在閱讀科普訊息時的認知資訊負荷明顯較小，在理解程度及態度上較非理工背景的學生表現僅為稍佳。 此外，本研究發現，新世代的資訊使用行為可能受網路閱讀行為的影響，因此對科普訊息的取用方式，已轉向使用篇幅短、取用彈性大的訊息內容服務；傳統科普傳播講究循序漸近、結構完整的知識傳遞方式，如何因應新世代的資訊使用行為而調整，是未來所有科普傳播工作者思考創新發展的重要方向。 / Popular science, sometimes called science popularization or literature of science, is to transfer and translate the concepts or results of scientific researches to the public in a comparatively vague manner. It aims at educating, persuading and communicating, so that the public could be learned in understanding science, be competent in scientific thinking and be able to function in the society with a scientific spirit. The mass media is absolutely the best channel for popular science. However, most contents of popular science are very difficult to understand, and this has put popular science in a dilemma and couldn’t be “popularized” at all. Scholars believe there’re three main factors influencing the achievement of popular science: the content design, the comprehension of readers, and the participation of scientists. This article based on quantitative methods attempts to make a preliminary inquiry into the communication effect of popular science reading materials with different presentation of graphs. The audience’s “cognitive loading”, “attitude” and “understanding of the science concepts” are observed and their “sense of involvement” and “prior knowledge “ are taken into account as variables. The experiments were conducted at 2 universities in Taiwan in June, 2010. There’re 507 students exposed to 3 different types of nanoscience reading. The result indicates: 1) The communication effect of popular science’s texts and pictures could be independent from each other. 2) Audience’s sense of involvement and prior knowledge both significantly influence their cognitive load, attitude and comprehension. 3) Audience of different genders shows no significant difference in understanding popular science messages.

<p>In a Swedish setting an audience orientation is applied to investigate public service TV in the ongoing development of terrestrial digital television. Focus is on institutionalized politics and public service TV companies Sveriges Television (Swedish Television) and Utbildningsradion (Education Radio). In a case study through a multitude of material, emphasizing policy documents and interviews but also including media coverage, it is explored how and why the audience is involved in public service digital TV development. Is it an operation in the public interest, and what does this mean for public service as a media policy principle? The empirical result indicates a complex and problematic audience, which is not constantly prioritized but always present. The audience legacy is threatened in public service TV by a consumer orientation. Concluding implications are on the one hand that feedback from the audience can not only be based in ratings and market analysis. On the other hand there is a need for an attitude towards public service legitimacy as utopian realism.</p>