我國加入WTO後，保險市場加速開放，保險行銷亦走向多元化，而保險經紀人屬於保險行銷之一環，因此如何健全保險經紀市場以維護保險業之正常運作，並兼顧消費者權益，實係監理機關之一大課題。 2004年10月14日，美國紐約州檢察官史匹哲（Eliot Spitzer）正式起訴國際保險經紀人，此起訴案為保險經紀業界投入震撼彈，引發保險經紀人之利益衝突等問題。而我國亦隨之檢討保險經紀人於保險交易中，雙重代理及保單條件與再保條件不一致之問題。因此如何避免保險經紀人之利益衝突，並尋求解決之道，無疑係現階段各國監理機關之重要課題。 而本文以「論保險經紀人之自律規範與法令遵循」為題，嘗試先就保險經紀人之利益衝突之態樣、國內外案例及解決方法做一探討；其次再就美國、歐洲、巴塞爾銀行監理委員會及國際保險監理官協會等之法令遵循計畫做介紹，嘗試為我國保險經紀人之法令遵循制度勾勒完整之藍圖；再其次針對英國金融服務管理局、保險監理官協會、紐約州之保險經紀人自律規範為介紹，引導出我國保險經紀人自律規範之立法走向；最後做一評析與建議。 / Since the entrance into WTO, the market of insurance is opened speedily and the marketing of insurance also trends to diversify in Taiwan. To be a part of insurance marketing, it is essential for the regulatory to enhance the operation of market of insurance brokers regularly and protect the rights of consumers. In 14 Oct,2004, the New York Attorney General Spitzer filed a civil suit in State Supreme Court in Manhattan, bringing charges of fraud and antitrust violations against leading insurance broker Marsh & McLennan Cos. (MMC). This case shocked the industry of insurance brokers and emerged the scandals of conflict of interest. Therefore the fierce debate on dual brokerage and difference in condition during the process of insurance mediation was going on in Taiwan. So undoubtedly the most important task of the regulatory all over the world right now is to avoid the conflict of interest of insurance brokers and solve it . The main theme of this paper focuses on the issue of Code Of Conduct And Legal Compliance Of Insurance Brokers. In the first place, the forms of conflict of interest of insurance brokers in Taiwan and overseas are addressed and the solutions are suggested. Second, some models of the legal compliance are examined, including U.S., Europe, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and International Association of Insurance Supervisors. And the structure of legal compliance of insurance brokers in Taiwan is established. Third, the codes of conduct of insurance brokers abroad, ex: the Financial Services Authority of UK, National Association of Insurance and the Insurance Department of New York State are introduced. Then the guidance of code of conduct of insurance brokers in Taiwan is proposed. As possible contribution to the reform of insurance brokers in Taiwan, some conclusive remarks and suggestions are submitted in the final place.

Syfte: Syftet med vår forskning är att söka förståelse för hur fristående mikroföretag överlever påen konkurrensutsatt och snabbt växande bostadsmarknad. Metod: Denna studie bygger på en kvantitativ metod i form av enkäter. Totalt samlades 95 enkäterin, vars svar analyserades med hjälp av SPSS i form av faktor- och klusteranalys. Resultat & slutsats: Undersökningens resultat visar att den främsta drivkraften hosmikroföretagarna är friheten och möjligheten att sätta egna villkor/bestämma själv. Den störstakonkurrenten visade sig vara Sveriges marknadsledande företag, Fastighetsbyrån, och mikroföretagens främsta konkurrensmedel ansåg de själva vara en mer personlig service samt derasmöjlighet att till större del kunna anpassa sig efter kunden. Gällande strategier har vi hittatstatistiska samband mellan strategisk planering och framgång. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi rekommenderar vidare att framtida forskare undersökermikroföretag genom en kvalitativ metod, för att förstå deras situation mer på djupet. Vidareforskning skulle även kunna beakta andra branscher än fastighetsmäklarbranschen. Uppsatsens bidrag: Till ämnet företagsekonomi bidrar detta examensarbete till att förstå varföregenföretagare driver mikroföretag, samt en förståelse hos dessa för olika konkurrensmedel ochöverlevnadsstrategier på en konkurrensutsatt marknad. / Aim: The purpose of our research is to seek an understanding of how self-contained microenterprisessurvive in a competitive and fast growing housing market. Method: This study is based on a quantitative method in the form of questionnaires. A total of 95questionnaires were collected into whose response was analyzed using SPSS as factor and clusteranalysis. Result & conclusions: The survey results show that the main driver of the micro-entrepreneurs isthe freedom and ability to set your own terms/decide for yourself. The largest competitor turned outto be Sweden's leading company, Fastighetsbyrån, and micro-businesses' main competitiveadvantage, they considered themselves to be a more personal service as well as their potential for alarger share to adapt to the customer. We found statistical relationships between strategic planningand success. Suggestions for future research: We further recommend that future researchers investigatingmicro-enterprises through a qualitative approach, to understand their situation more in depth.Further research could also consider other sectors than real estate brokerage. Contribution of the thesis: On the subject of business contributing this essay to understand whyself-employed managers of micro, as well as an understanding of these different means ofcompetition and strategies for survival in a competitive market.

Economic scheduling needs to be considered for Grid computing environment, because it gives an incentive for resource providers to supply their resources. Moreover, it enforces efficient use of resources, because the users have to pay for their use. Tendering is a suitable model for Grid scheduling because users start the negotiations for finding suitable resources for executing their jobs. Furthermore, the users specify their job requirements with their requests and therefore the resources reply with bids that are based on the cost of taking on the job and the availability of their processors. In this thesis, a framework for economic Grid scheduling using tendering is proposed. The framework entities such as users, brokers and resources employ tender/contract-net model to negotiate the prices and deadlines. The brokers' role is acting on behalf of users. During the negotiations, the entities aim to maximise their performance which is measured by a number of metrics. In order to evaluate the entities' performance under different scenarios, a Java- based simulator, called MICOSim, supporting event-driven simulation of economic Grid scheduling is presented. MICOSim can perform a simulation of more than one hundred entities faster than real time. It is concluded from the evaluation that users who are interested in increasing the job success rate and paying less for executing their jobs have to consider received prices to select the most appropriate bids, while users who are interested in improving the job average satisfaction rate have to consider either received completion time or both price and completion time to select the most suitable bids when the submission of jobs is static. The best broker strategy is the one that doesn't take into account meeting the job deadlines in the bids it sends to job owners. Finally, the resource strategy that considers the price to determine if to reply to a request or not is superior to other resource strategies. The only exception is employing this strategy with price that is too low. However, there is a tiny difference between the performances of different user strategies in dynamic submission. It is also concluded from the evaluation that broker strategies have the best performance when the revenue they target from the users is reasonable. Thus, the broker's aim has to be receiving reasonable revenue (neither too low nor too high) from acting on behalf of users. It is observed from the results that the strategy performance is influenced by the behaviour of other entities such as the submission time of user jobs. Finally, it is observed that the characteristics of entities have an effect on the performance of strategies. For example, the two user strategies that consider the received completion time and both price and completion time to determine if to accept a broker bid have similar performance, because of the existence of resources with various prices from cheap to expensive and existence of resources which don't care about the price paid for the execution. So, the price threshold doesn't have a large effect on the performance.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)" / Le présent texte a pour sujet la Base de données nationale d'inscription, système d'inscription obligatoire depuis quelques mois pour l'ensemble des firmes de courtage et des représentants en valeurs mobilières au Canada, à l'exception de ceux et celles qui n'exercent leurs activités qu'en territoire québécois. La question de la protection des renseignements personnels compris dans cette base de données y est analysée en portant une attention particulière à la pluralité des régimes de protection qui évolue au Canada. En effet, différentes règles s'appliquent selon que l'on est en présence d'un organisme public ou une entreprise du secteur privé et selon que la « transaction» est intraprovinciale ou extraprovinciale. La Base de données nationale d'inscription remplace dorénavant la procédure d'inscription sur support papier. Les documents issus de ce système informatique possèdent des caractéristiques propres et certaines règles doivent être respectées afin de leurs conférer la même valeur juridique que les documents papier. Finalement, la compilation de l'information dans cette gigantesque base de données serait futile s'il n'était pas possible d'accéder aux renseignements qui y sont contenus. Une fois les différents types d'accès définis, une comparaison sera faite avec certains systèmes d'inscription en ligne américains. La technologie bouleverse nos habitudes dans tous les secteurs de l'économie. Les finances ne sont pas en reste. Avec la Base de données nationale d'inscription, c'est tout le système d'inscription de l'industrie canadienne des valeurs mobilières qui prend un sérieux coup de jeune. Et il était temps ... / The subject of the present text concems the National Registration Database, a recent mandatory registration system designated for all brokerage firms and investment advisors across Canada, with the exception of those who exercise their activities exclusively in Quebec. The matter of protection of personal information included in this database is analyzed with an emphasis on the existence of multiple laws evolving in Canada. In fact, different mIes apply whether you are in the presence of a public body or an enterprise of the private sector and whether the "transaction" is concluded within or out of the province. The National Registration Database replaces the previous paper format registration procedure. The documents produced by this computerized system have their own particularities and certain mIes must be respected in order to maintain a legal value equal to the priOf format. Finally, the compiling of information found in this enormous database would be useless if it was not possible to access its information. Once the different types of access are determined, a comparison will be done with existing American online registration systems. It is obvious that technology has had a tremendous impact on the economy. Of course, the financial industry is affected. With the National Registration Database, the whole Canadian securities registration system has had a total makeover. It was about time...

Title: Customer satisfaction research for a company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. trough the method of Net Promoter Score. Goals: The ain is to analyze satisfaction and loyalty with company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. and propose measures that would lead to increased satisfaction and loyalty both of the sides - the customer on the one side and company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. on the other. Methods: Satisfaction and loyalty were measured using the Net Promoter Score. It is a tool that allows rapid measurement of customer loyalty. Question: 'How likely is that you recommend us to your friends?" was sent to 400 respondents. This issue was further extended verbal evaluation. Some shortcomings I sought a solution with the product manager of the company. Results: The company ePojisteni.cz s.r.o. is broker of insurance for czech insurance company. The result of method Net Promoter Score is hopeful. The customers are very contented with this company and they are loyal. In second part of research the customers warm about some shortcomings. On these shortcomings I was looking for a solution with Product manager of the company. Keywords: loyalty, customer, insurance, insurance contract, the policyholder, insurer, insurance company, broker, agent, method, analysis.

<p>With accelerating urbanization it is crucial to understand how urban ecosystems play a part in generating ecosystem services for urban dwellers, such as clean water, spaces for recreation, stress relief and improved air quality. An equally important question relate to who gets to enjoy these benefits, i.e. the distribution of ecosystem services, and how issues of power and equity influence the management of ecosystems. Through case studies from the urban landscape of Stockholm, this doctoral thesis engages with these perspectives through combining ecological theory with social theory, including social network analysis, actor-network theory and social movement theory. Strategies for how to improve urban ecosystem management are presented along with frameworks for how to analyze issues of power and equity in relation to natural resource management.</p><p><b>Paper I </b>shows that ecosystem management can be studied through analyzing the structure of social networks, i.e. the patterns of relations between agencies, stake-holders and user groups. <b>Paper II</b> and <b>Paper III</b> analyze, based on a network survey of 62 civil society organizations and in-depth interviews, a transformational process of how an urban local movement managed to protect a large urban green area from exploitation (The Stockholm National Urban Park). <b>Paper IV</b> discusses, based on several case studies from Stockholm, a conducive network structure for linking managers and user groups (e.g. allotment gardens, cemetery managers, and urban planners) across spatial ecological scales so as to improve urban green area management. <b>Paper V</b> presents a framework to analyze the social-ecological dynamics behind the generation and distribution of ecosystem services in urban landscapes.</p><p>The thesis points towards the notion of "a social production of ecosystem services" and argues for deeper engagement with urban political ecology and critical geography to inform governance and collective action in relation to urban ecosystems.</p>

<p>The right to personal data is compared with the right to land. The concept of rights may be regarded as bundles of rights of which the right to use of scarce resources, the right to exclude and the right transfer rights are the most important ones. The development of Information Technology has reduced considerably the cost of using personal data leadingto an increased use of the data in the context of direct marketing by different firms. However, the use and processing of personal data may cause externalities, both positive and negative ones, on the individual to whom the data relates. This situation can be analysed with the Coase Theorem, where the transaction costs have important function. In a state of zero transaction costs the parties, firms and individuals, can make agreements of an optimal use of the personal data, independently of the assignments of rights to the personal data. Such agreements internalise further the externalities. However, in the real life the transaction costs are high meaning that the assignments of rights are most significant leading to that the externalities remain. To pass by the problem of transaction costs and externalities, zoning procedure with transference of rights can be used. The background of bundles of right to personal data together with the Coase Theorem and zoning procedure are applied to the Directive 95 /46/EC adopted by the European Union regarding the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy. This Directive may however be interpreted in different ways leading to that the assignment of rights and level of direct marketing is different between Member States.</p>

The right to personal data is compared with the right to land. The concept of rights may be regarded as bundles of rights of which the right to use of scarce resources, the right to exclude and the right transfer rights are the most important ones. The development of Information Technology has reduced considerably the cost of using personal data leadingto an increased use of the data in the context of direct marketing by different firms. However, the use and processing of personal data may cause externalities, both positive and negative ones, on the individual to whom the data relates. This situation can be analysed with the Coase Theorem, where the transaction costs have important function. In a state of zero transaction costs the parties, firms and individuals, can make agreements of an optimal use of the personal data, independently of the assignments of rights to the personal data. Such agreements internalise further the externalities. However, in the real life the transaction costs are high meaning that the assignments of rights are most significant leading to that the externalities remain. To pass by the problem of transaction costs and externalities, zoning procedure with transference of rights can be used. The background of bundles of right to personal data together with the Coase Theorem and zoning procedure are applied to the Directive 95 /46/EC adopted by the European Union regarding the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy. This Directive may however be interpreted in different ways leading to that the assignment of rights and level of direct marketing is different between Member States.

With accelerating urbanization it is crucial to understand how urban ecosystems play a part in generating ecosystem services for urban dwellers, such as clean water, spaces for recreation, stress relief and improved air quality. An equally important question relate to who gets to enjoy these benefits, i.e. the distribution of ecosystem services, and how issues of power and equity influence the management of ecosystems. Through case studies from the urban landscape of Stockholm, this doctoral thesis engages with these perspectives through combining ecological theory with social theory, including social network analysis, actor-network theory and social movement theory. Strategies for how to improve urban ecosystem management are presented along with frameworks for how to analyze issues of power and equity in relation to natural resource management. <b>Paper I </b>shows that ecosystem management can be studied through analyzing the structure of social networks, i.e. the patterns of relations between agencies, stake-holders and user groups. <b>Paper II</b> and <b>Paper III</b> analyze, based on a network survey of 62 civil society organizations and in-depth interviews, a transformational process of how an urban local movement managed to protect a large urban green area from exploitation (The Stockholm National Urban Park). <b>Paper IV</b> discusses, based on several case studies from Stockholm, a conducive network structure for linking managers and user groups (e.g. allotment gardens, cemetery managers, and urban planners) across spatial ecological scales so as to improve urban green area management. <b>Paper V</b> presents a framework to analyze the social-ecological dynamics behind the generation and distribution of ecosystem services in urban landscapes. The thesis points towards the notion of "a social production of ecosystem services" and argues for deeper engagement with urban political ecology and critical geography to inform governance and collective action in relation to urban ecosystems.

1900-talets sista fyra decennier innebar stora förändringar för kyrkorna i såväl globalt som lokalt perspektiv. Två rörelser inom kristenheten spelade stor roll för utvecklingen: den ekumeniska rörelsen och den karismatiska rörelsen. Mötet mellan de etablerade kyrkorna och framför allt den karismatiska förnyelserörelsen var inte enkelt. Tonläget mellan dem var tidvis högt. Under 1980- och 90-talen skadades relationer mellan både människor och organisationer vid sådana möten. Förutom personlig och kollektiv sorg har detta inneburit en dränering av resurser. Denna studies syfte är att utifrån ett ecklesiologiskt perspektiv undersöka vad som sker i mötet mellan en förnyelserörelse och kyrkorna i en lokal ekumenisk kontext, samt under vilka förutsättningar mötet leder till enhet eller splittring. De aktörer som studien intresserar sig för är (1) förnyelserörelsen med dess företrädare, (2) församlingarna med dess ämbetsbärare, samt (3) samfundsledningar och -ledare på stifts-, distrikts- och nationell nivå. I studien söks mönster i deras handlande, samt vilka konsekvenser dessa får för mötet mellan förnyelserörelsen och de etablerade kyrkorna på orten. Aktörernas förmåga att bedriva ett aktivt försoningsarbete förefaller vara en viktig faktor när det gäller sambandet mellan förnyelserörelser, splittring och enhet. Ett delsyfte är därför också att undersöka förutsättningarna för och förekomsten av försoningsprocesser, samt vilken metodik som använts. Studien görs utifrån ett lokalt ekumeniskt perspektiv på förnyelserörelsens möte med kyrkan. Explicit undersöks den ekumeniska utvecklingen i Uddevalla i mötet med främst den karismatiska förnyelserörelsen under tidsperioden 1975-2000. / During the last four decades of the 1900’s, the churches in Sweden faced major changes, both from a national and a local perspective. Two movements within Christianity played a major role in this development: the ecumenical movement and the charismatic movement. The encounters between the established churches and, in particular, the charismatic renewal movement was, however, not always friction-free. At times, they were quite belligerent. As a result, many relations between people and organisations were damaged, during the 80’s and 90’s. In addition to personal and collective grief, this implied a significant drain of resources. The aim of this study is to examine, from an ecclesiological perspective, what happens in the encounter between a renewal movement and churches in a local ecumenical context, and to highlight under what conditions these meetings lead to unity and division, respectively. The actors of interest to this study are (1) the renewal movement with its upholders, (2) the churches, with its ministers, and (3) leaders at district and national levels. The aim is to find patterns in their behaviour, as well as the consequences of these for the encounters between the renewal movement and the established churches in the area. The participants' ability to engage in active reconciliation appears to be an important factor, determining the direction of the correlation between renewal movements in relation to division and unity. A part of the aim is therefore also to examine the conditions and the occurrence of reconciliation processes, as well as the methodology used. The study is made from a local ecumenical perspective on the meeting between the renewal movement and the church. More specifically, the ecumenical development in Uddevalla, during its meeting with the charismatic renewal movement the years 1975-2000, is examined.