Dans la dernière décennie, une abondante littérature a documenté la situation des Rroms d'Europe Centrale et de l'Est, où a émergé une nouvelle élite politiquement activiste. Mais chez les Tsiganes d'Europe de l'Ouest, l’activisme politique d’une élite semblait absent. Cette étude de terrain a été réalisée chez Gitans de Perpignan, à la recherche d’une action et d’une élite politique chez ce groupe, dans le contexte culturel d’une société segmentaire à pouvoir diffus, frappée d’exclusion par la société majoritaire. En effet, je propose que le concept de société segmentaire puisse s’appliquer aux Gitans, et que l’exclusion des Gitans par les païos (non Gitans) constitue un déni de la réalité relationnelle des Gitans avec la majorité païa. Enfin, l’enquête a révélé la position de «médiateurs culturels» des différents agents qui interviennent entre le monde des Gitans et celui des païos. C’est à travers le rôle de «médiateurs culturels» qu’émerge peut-être une élite politique. / In the last decade, a wealth of literature has documented the situation of Rroma living in Central and Eastern Europe, in a context in which there has emerged new elite and new forms of political action. Among Western Europe’s Romani, political activism and elites seemed to be absent. This fieldwork has been done with certain types of elites among the Gypsies of Perpignan seeking to encourage political action, in the cultural context of a segmentary society with diffuse power which is faced with various forms of socio-economic exclusion by mainstream society. In this analysis, I suggest that exclusion by the païos (non Gypsies) is a denial of the relational reality of the Gypsies with the païa majority. Finally, this fieldwork has revealed the position of the cultural brokers, a role played by various agents intervening between Gypsies and non gypsies worlds. I argue that it is through the cultural broker’s role that political elite may emerge.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise, option droit des affaires" / Le recours à diverses stratégies d'investissement ainsi qu'aux services des intermédiaires de marché a pris, dans les dernières années, une place importante dans la planification financière de la retraite des Canadiens. Toutefois, une question demeure: les marchés financiers contemporains sont-ils adaptés aux petits investisseurs? Cette question, étant réapparue à plusieurs reprises au fil des ans, nous frappe avec d'autant plus d'acuité à la lumière de la dégringolade qu'ont subie les marchés boursiers depuis mars 2000. Pour répondre à cette question, un examen du contexte dans lequel évolue la relation établie entre l'intermédiaire de marché et l'investisseur s'avère nécessaire. Tout d'abord, la mise en place d'un système réglementaire technique visant à encadrer les activités des intermédiaires de marché, complétée par les règles adoptées par les organismes professionnels auxquels ces derniers appartiennent, viennent d'emblée imposer un modèle de conduite visant à maintenir la confiance des investisseurs dans le marché de valeurs. De même, l'adoption de cet ensemble de règles fait en sorte que le comportement adopté par les intermédiaires de marché corresponde le plus possible aux attentes des investisseurs. En outre, ces règles viennent, avec le nouveau Code civil, établir l'ensemble des obligations imposées aux parties dans leur relation. Il va sans dire que l'assujettissement à un certain nombre de devoirs et d'obligations amène inévitablement des litiges en matière de responsabilité civile. Toutefois, la formulation d'une demande devant les tribunaux judiciaires afin d'obtenir une compensation pour les pertes subies amène un lot important d'inconvénients (poids financier des procédures, délais, technicité du fardeau de preuve). Par ailleurs, ce constat pourra, dans certains cas, entraîner un questionnement sur l'étendue réelle de la protection des droits du public investisseur. Dans ce cadre, l'apparition dans les demières années de modes alternatifs de règlement de litiges propose une solution intéressante en permettant d'envisager une nouvelle forme de justice plus adaptée aux litiges consuméristes pouvant survenir dans le cadre de la relation entre l'investisseur et l'intermédiaire de marché. / In the past few years, use of various investment strategies and intermediary market services has occupied an important place in the Canadians' retirement financial planning. However, one question remains unanswered: Are contemporary financial markets adapted to small investors? Asked many times over the years, this question is ail the more striking in light of the upheaval that stock exchanges have suffered since March 2000. To answer this question, it is necessary to examine the context in which the relationship between market intermediaries and investors is established. The application of a technical regulatory system that gives structure to market intermediaries' activities and which is further completed by the rules of organizations that these professionals belong to readily imposes a model of conduct that aims to maintain investors' confidence in securities markets. Similarly, by adopting this set of rules, market intermediaries also adopt behavior that corresponds as much as possible to investors' expectations. Moreover, these rules, along with the new Code Civil, establish a set of obligations for parties in contact. It goes without saying that restraining certain duties and obligations inevitably causes legal disputes over civil responsibility. However, drafting a claim before the court to obtain compensation for losses suffered causes major inconvenience (financial burden of the proceedings, the delays and hold-ups, and the technicality of the duty to produce evidence). In certain cases, this finding can put into question how long the protection of public investors' rights actually last. In this context, the appearance in the last years of alternative means of settling litigation presents an interesting solution. It allows us to envision a new form of justice that is more adapted to consumer disputes and may very weil arise in the relationship between investors and market intermediaries.

This work deal with a consumer protection in insurance in conditions of the Czech Republic. It specifies an insurance service and reasons leading to necessity of clients of insurance companies protection. The central theme of the work is delimitation of instruments serving to consumer protection in insurance. It treats of legislative acts, Czech National Bank as a supervisory authority in insurance, consumer associations, codes of ethics, financial education of consumers and institute of insurance arbiter or ombudsman, which is not still established in the Czech Republic. A proposal of European Commision to Insurance Guarantee Schemes is mentioned too. The work deal with an insurance terms as well, its transparency for clients of insurance companies and necessity to read it before signing a contract of insurance. In conclusion of the work the most important deficiencies of the particular instruments and the recommendations for improvement of situation are presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nanci Souto de Assis.pdf: 1015428 bytes, checksum: 1c962c44a5cb064c56ace73695b1ff76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-05 / The aim of this thesis is to document the important fusion and acquisition process that was created during Real Plan, on this period at Brazil had one change in your system through the open market and the change of your cambial system. We believed that it is recent event and your documentation is very simple and generic, so we decided to create our interpretation about this subject. On the first chapter, we describing about main and important historic moments. On the next chapter, we are reviewing the economic and financial concepts through chronologic line. On the third chapter, we go to investigating how this alteration (monetary and cambial politic) to accelerate the financial structural system process. Finally, on the fourth chapter we are to exposure all numbers about the new brazilian financial structure and to context then in to the worldwide process in other words financial globalization process / Esta dissertação pretende documentar o processo de fusões e aquisições que ocorreu fortemente a partir do Plano Real, período em que o Brasil viveu a mudança de seu sistema através da abertura de seu mercado e modificação de seu sistema cambial. Acreditamos que esse evento, por ser recente, não foi explorado em toda a sua extensão, e este trabalho tem o objetivo de gerar uma interpretação sob tal fato. Inicialmente, iremos discorrer sobre o momento histórico que estamos analisando, nos atendo aos pontos que serão úteis no entendimento maior de nossa análise. Em seguida, iremos fazer uma revisão de conceitos econômicos e financeiros relativos ao sistema financeiro (bancário), construindo uma linha cronológica. Será dada especial ênfase aos fatores que constituíram o atual sistema. O passo seguinte consistirá na investigação e exposição de em que medida a alteração da política monetária e cambial brasileira acelerou o processo de estruturação do sistema financeiro/bancário. A dissertação, por fim, mostrará em números as modificações ocorridas e irá posicionar estes números dentro do processo mundial de monopolização financeira

Under de senaste åren har det i media spekulerats om en eventuell bubbla på den globala bostadsmarknaden. Den internationella finanskrisen blev slutet på en stadig bostadsprisutveckling i många länder. Under 2010 låg bostadspriserna på högre nivåer än innan finanskrisen och det har spekulerats att priserna kan komma att falla i betydande mängd. Frisell och Yazdi har kommit fram till att prisutvecklingen på den svenska bostadsmarknaden i stor utsträckning kan förklaras av två verkliga faktorer, högre disponibla inkomster och strukturellt lägre reala bolåneräntor.Vi har i denna uppsats studerat olika aktörers syn på prisutvecklingen av bostadsrättsmarknaden i Göteborgs innerstad i april/maj 2011, utifrån olika övergripande ekonomiska aspekter. Marknaden undersöks ur tre olika perspektiv, långivare, låntagare och en mäklare. Fokus har legat på bankernas kreditbedömningsprocess och potentiella köpares resonemang och förväntningar om framtiden. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge läsaren en överblick och en djupare förståelse för det aktuella läget på bostadsrättsmarknaden i Göteborgs innerstad utifrån de olika perspektiven. Vi har främst antagit en kvalitativ metodansats då den största delen av empirin utgår från kvalitativa intervjuer med handläggare från SEB, Nordea, Swedbank och Handelsbanken samt en mäklare från mäklarföretaget Bjurfors. Dock har vi även antagit en kvantitativ ansats då intervjuerna med potentiella köpare gjordes i enkätform.De främsta slutsatserna vi har dragit av vår undersökning är att vid kreditbedömning så utgår bankerna från liknande grunder där fokus ligger på kundens återbetalningsförmåga. Ingen av de undersökta respondenterna verkar tro på ett större prisfall på bostadsrättsmarknaden i Göteborgs innerstad inom den närmaste framtiden. Det rådde lite delade meningar om övervärdering men överlag anser bankrespondenterna samt mäklaren att försäljningspriset speglar ett marknadspris på en fungerande marknad. Däremot ansåg många av de potentiella köparna att bostadsrätterna i Göteborgs innerstad var övervärderade och många trodde även att priserna skulle fortsätta öka. Sammanfattningsvis verkar det inte vara någon risk för en skadlig bostadsbubbla på marknaden i dagsläget, så länge sysselsättningen är bra, kundernas återbetalningsförmåga god och det är ett ”normalt” ränteläge. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats var att undersöka hur aktivt arbetande fastighetsmäklare uppfattar och skapar kundlojalitet under en fastighetsförsäljning. Eftersom det enligt forskning inte finns någon samstämmig definition av kundlojalitet eller ett ramverk för att skapa det så bör fenomenet undersökas branschvis, i detta fall inom fastighetsbranschen. Detta gjordes för att försöka klargöra osäkerheterna kring det lojalitetsskapande arbetet. Det teoretiska ramverket bestod av forskning kring fenomenets innebörd samt vilka egenskaper som en tjänsteförmedlare bör besitta. Metoden som användes var kvalitativa intervjuer som utfördes på åtta fastighetsmäklare från olika marknader i Sverige. Teorin och empirin visar sambandet mellan kundlojalitet, kundnöjdhet och image - ett samband som skulle kunna undersökas ytterligare i fortsatt forskning med denna studies resultat som grund. De lojalitetsbyggande egenskaperna som värderades högst var kontinuerlig kommunikation, engagemang, lyhördhet och anpassning efter kunden. Eftersom mäklartjänsten alltid i grunden innehåller detsamma så var det enligt respondenterna viktigt att mäklaren utmärker sig på ett personligt plan för att ha chansen till en bred och lojal kundbank. Inför framtida forskning kan denna studie användas för att fortsätta skapa en större insikt i hur andra fastighetsförmedlare eller tjänsteleverantörer uppfattar och skapar kundlojalitet. Ytterligare avgränsningar och fler resurser skulle kunna skapa en mer omfattande studie kring ämnet. / The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to investigate how active-working real estate brokers’ interpret and creates customer loyalty during a property sale. According to research there is no unanimous definition of customer loyalty or a framework for creating it. Therefore the phenomenon should be investigated in various industries, in this case within the real estate industry. This was done to try to clarify the uncertainties about the loyalty-creating work. The theoretical framework consisted of research on the meaning of the phenomenon and what characteristics a service broker should possess. The method used was qualitative interviews conducted on eight real estate brokers’ from different markets in Sweden. Theory and empirics showed the relationship between customer loyalty, customer satisfaction and image - a connection that can be further investigated in future research with the results of this study as a foundation. The most highly valued loyalty-building qualities were continuous communication, dedication, responsiveness and customization to the customer. As the brokerage service always contains the same, it was according to the respondents important that the broker distinguish in a personal way to get the chance of a broad and loyal clientele. For future research, this study can be used to continue to create a broader insight into how other real estate brokers’ or service providers’ interpret and creates customer loyalty. Further delimitations and more resources could create a more comprehensive study on the subject.

In the past two decades the Swedish compulsory school for students aged 7 to 16 has undergone major processes of reform and change. On a structural level these have ushered in a new era with a fundamentally changed assignment for the schools and its teachers. In this thesis, however, it is assumed that the teachers as individual actors and as groups have agency to accomplish change and alter structures. The thesis has been written within a several years’ inter­active research project with teachers from three compulsory schools. Based on data created in the project on how new and changing groups and working groups within teachers’ work lead to an extended assignment, the study focuses teachers’ negotiation of professional identities regarding the entire work situation. Etienne Wenger’s (1998) social theory on identity, entitled “Communities of Practice”, is used to deepen the understanding of the data. In the framework of an interactive research project the overall aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze how teachers negotiate professional identities in compulsory school. The aim is also to describe and analyze teachers’ learning and development of knowledge in the project. The central research question is: How and about what do teachers negotiate professional identities in different communities of practice? By using the interactive research approach the goal has been to develop a democratic dialogue and learning processes together with the participating teachers. One ambition is to enhance the knowledge of teachers as co-researchers within research projects and as teacher-researchers at work in school. The fora of the interactive project were informal talks, dialogues for learning, individual interviews and focus groups. The results of the study show that teachers negotiate professional identities in a flexible expanding multimembership of communities of practice. As brokers of information and knowledge between and within communities of practice at school, and from various identity positions, the teachers negotiate overlapping identities. Memberships in communities for adults only are growing in relation to teachers’ work regarding the entire work situation. The study’s main conclusion is that teachers in the new era negotiate identities within a web of tensions between fragmentation and coherence of the complexity of the work in its entirety through the multimembership in communities of practice. The thesis proposes that an awareness of complexity is fundamental, and that such an understanding can be enhanced by the teachers by developing themselves as brokers and by their reification of boundary objects within a complex multi­membership. Analysis of data shows that teachers in the interactive project have had the opportunity to further develop competences to negotiate identities as teacher-researchers at work in school. Data from the project are moreover analyzed within the context of globalized and diversified structural changes such as decentralization, economic transformations, cultural standardization, the individua­­­­lized knowledge society and the reflective society. A conclusion is that teachers seem to operate within an increasing globalization of the teaching profession and towards identities as globalized teachers. / Lärare i en ny tid: Om kunskapsbildning mellan lärare och forskare

I skrivande stund föreligger viss oklarhet vad gäller fastighetmäklarlagens (2011:666) tillämpningsområde. I ett avgörande från Svea hovrätt[1] har problematiken kring huruvida fastighetsmäklarlagens bestämmelser är tillämpliga på kommersiella fastighetsförmedlingar konkretiserats. Frågeställningen har varit föremål för diskussion i motiven till fastighetsmäklarlagen, och efter hovrättens avgörande gett upphov till livlig debatt. Lagutskottet har i förarbetena till lagen framhållit att det inte kan betraktas såsom rimligt att man, i samband med en fastighetsförmedling vid en inkråmsaffär, ska vara tvungen att anlita både en företags- och en fastighetsmäklare eller att valet av överlåtelseform[2] ska tillmätas någon betydelse. Regeringen var av samma åsikt som Lagutskottet, men påpekade att det i praktiken ändå oftast anlitas advokater vid förmedlingar av denna typ. Någon särreglering av kommersiell fastighetsförmedling var därför inte på tal, enligt regeringen. Hovrätten valde i domskälen till förevarande mål att tillmäta det “värdejämförandebedömningskriterium”, vilket återfinns i förarbetena till fastighetsmäklarlagen, betydelse. Detta kriterium har av två förespråkare från Mäklarsamfundet kritiserats och domen är, enligt dem, att anse såsom “rättpolitiskt olämplig”. Vi har i analysen intagit ståndpunkten att domen inte är självklar, men att den går att anse som korrekt, vilket även en i uppsatsen omnämnd doktorand i mäklarrätt ansett, ur ett rättskälleperspektiv. Genomgående har vi eftersträvat att, i uppsatsen, utreda vilket tillämpningsområde fastighetsmäklarlagen har. Beroende på målets utgång i Högsta domstolen, vilket förväntas komma tidigast under sommaren 2015, kan det komma att stå klart huruvida en jurist är behörig att förmedla inkråm med tillhörande fastighet. Rättsläget är tillsvidare oklart med anledning av de i analysen, enligt oss, möjliga tolkningsförfaranden, vilka finns att tillgå vid fastställandet av gällande rätt. För att bemöta problematiken på detta område har vi resonerat kring vilken utformning lagen bör ha, för att i framtiden tillvarata de intressen som är i behov av en lagreglering. Sammantaget har vi, trots allt, ansett en avreglering av kommersiell fastighetsförmedling såsom bäst lämpad.   [1]Mål nr B 4377-14. [2]Härvid åsyftas andels- eller inkråmsaffär. / At the time of writing there is some ambiguity in terms of the Estate Agents Act´s (SFS 2011:666) scope. In a ruling by the Svea Court of Appeal[1] the problem of whether the real estate brokerage Act's provisions apply to commercial real estate agencies has materialized. The issue has been discussed in the preamble to the Estate Agents Act, and raised to a lively debate after the decision in the Court of Appeal. Committee on Civil Law has stated in the legislative history of the Act that it can not be regarded as reasonable that one, in an asset deal, is forced to hire both a business and a real estate agent or that the choice of the transfer form, share or asset deal, will attract some importance. The Government was of the same opinion as the Committee on Civil Law, but pointed out that in practice lawyers in offices, of this type, are often hired. No special regulation of commercial real estate was deemed necessary according to the Government. In the foundations of the decisions of the present case, the Court of Appeal decided to measure the "dividing line criterium” importance. The criterium is found in the legislative history of the Estate Agents Act and has been criticized by two proponents from the Association of Swedish Real Estate Agents. The judgment is according to the proponents considered as "inappropriate according to a legal source perspective". In the analysis we have taken the standpoint, that the judgment is not obvious but that it can be regarded as correct. A standpoint also shared with a graduate student in brokerage right, mentioned below.  Throughout this essay we have endeavored to explore which scope the Estate Agents Act has. Depending on the outcome of the case in the Supreme Court, which is expected at the earliest in summer 2015, it may come to be clear whether a lawyer is authorized to convey property associated with assets. The legal position is also, according to us, unclear because of the in the analysis possible interpretation procedures, which are available in the determination of the applicable law. In order to address the problems in this area we have discussed which design the Estate Agents Act should have, in order to ensure the interests which in the future are in need of legal regulation. After all we have considered the deregulation to be the best suited. [1]Objective no. B 4377-14.

Le recours à diverses stratégies d'investissement ainsi qu'aux services des intermédiaires de marché a pris, dans les dernières années, une place importante dans la planification financière de la retraite des Canadiens. Toutefois, une question demeure: les marchés financiers contemporains sont-ils adaptés aux petits investisseurs? Cette question, étant réapparue à plusieurs reprises au fil des ans, nous frappe avec d'autant plus d'acuité à la lumière de la dégringolade qu'ont subie les marchés boursiers depuis mars 2000. Pour répondre à cette question, un examen du contexte dans lequel évolue la relation établie entre l'intermédiaire de marché et l'investisseur s'avère nécessaire. Tout d'abord, la mise en place d'un système réglementaire technique visant à encadrer les activités des intermédiaires de marché, complétée par les règles adoptées par les organismes professionnels auxquels ces derniers appartiennent, viennent d'emblée imposer un modèle de conduite visant à maintenir la confiance des investisseurs dans le marché de valeurs. De même, l'adoption de cet ensemble de règles fait en sorte que le comportement adopté par les intermédiaires de marché corresponde le plus possible aux attentes des investisseurs. En outre, ces règles viennent, avec le nouveau Code civil, établir l'ensemble des obligations imposées aux parties dans leur relation. Il va sans dire que l'assujettissement à un certain nombre de devoirs et d'obligations amène inévitablement des litiges en matière de responsabilité civile. Toutefois, la formulation d'une demande devant les tribunaux judiciaires afin d'obtenir une compensation pour les pertes subies amène un lot important d'inconvénients (poids financier des procédures, délais, technicité du fardeau de preuve). Par ailleurs, ce constat pourra, dans certains cas, entraîner un questionnement sur l'étendue réelle de la protection des droits du public investisseur. Dans ce cadre, l'apparition dans les demières années de modes alternatifs de règlement de litiges propose une solution intéressante en permettant d'envisager une nouvelle forme de justice plus adaptée aux litiges consuméristes pouvant survenir dans le cadre de la relation entre l'investisseur et l'intermédiaire de marché. / In the past few years, use of various investment strategies and intermediary market services has occupied an important place in the Canadians' retirement financial planning. However, one question remains unanswered: Are contemporary financial markets adapted to small investors? Asked many times over the years, this question is ail the more striking in light of the upheaval that stock exchanges have suffered since March 2000. To answer this question, it is necessary to examine the context in which the relationship between market intermediaries and investors is established. The application of a technical regulatory system that gives structure to market intermediaries' activities and which is further completed by the rules of organizations that these professionals belong to readily imposes a model of conduct that aims to maintain investors' confidence in securities markets. Similarly, by adopting this set of rules, market intermediaries also adopt behavior that corresponds as much as possible to investors' expectations. Moreover, these rules, along with the new Code Civil, establish a set of obligations for parties in contact. It goes without saying that restraining certain duties and obligations inevitably causes legal disputes over civil responsibility. However, drafting a claim before the court to obtain compensation for losses suffered causes major inconvenience (financial burden of the proceedings, the delays and hold-ups, and the technicality of the duty to produce evidence). In certain cases, this finding can put into question how long the protection of public investors' rights actually last. In this context, the appearance in the last years of alternative means of settling litigation presents an interesting solution. It allows us to envision a new form of justice that is more adapted to consumer disputes and may very weil arise in the relationship between investors and market intermediaries. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise, option droit des affaires"

Dans la dernière décennie, une abondante littérature a documenté la situation des Rroms d'Europe Centrale et de l'Est, où a émergé une nouvelle élite politiquement activiste. Mais chez les Tsiganes d'Europe de l'Ouest, l’activisme politique d’une élite semblait absent. Cette étude de terrain a été réalisée chez Gitans de Perpignan, à la recherche d’une action et d’une élite politique chez ce groupe, dans le contexte culturel d’une société segmentaire à pouvoir diffus, frappée d’exclusion par la société majoritaire. En effet, je propose que le concept de société segmentaire puisse s’appliquer aux Gitans, et que l’exclusion des Gitans par les païos (non Gitans) constitue un déni de la réalité relationnelle des Gitans avec la majorité païa. Enfin, l’enquête a révélé la position de «médiateurs culturels» des différents agents qui interviennent entre le monde des Gitans et celui des païos. C’est à travers le rôle de «médiateurs culturels» qu’émerge peut-être une élite politique. / In the last decade, a wealth of literature has documented the situation of Rroma living in Central and Eastern Europe, in a context in which there has emerged new elite and new forms of political action. Among Western Europe’s Romani, political activism and elites seemed to be absent. This fieldwork has been done with certain types of elites among the Gypsies of Perpignan seeking to encourage political action, in the cultural context of a segmentary society with diffuse power which is faced with various forms of socio-economic exclusion by mainstream society. In this analysis, I suggest that exclusion by the païos (non Gypsies) is a denial of the relational reality of the Gypsies with the païa majority. Finally, this fieldwork has revealed the position of the cultural brokers, a role played by various agents intervening between Gypsies and non gypsies worlds. I argue that it is through the cultural broker’s role that political elite may emerge.