Submitted by Milena Dias (milena.dias@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-13T18:03:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Joao Granja.pdf: 883586 bytes, checksum: 7ba2654b559cfedb378344483a1d803c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T18:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Joao Granja.pdf: 883586 bytes, checksum: 7ba2654b559cfedb378344483a1d803c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02 / FACEPE / interferência antrópica no meio, as plantas se deparam com as variações naturais dos parâmetros ambientais, conhecida como sazonalidade, que consiste nas mudanças nos fatores ambientais ao longo das estações e pode ser bem observado nas regiões de climas semiáridos,. Além das variações naturais, essas regiões d clima semiárido apresentam um alto grau de antropização, que pode ser evidenciado pela presença de áreas com alto risco de desertificação.. Nesse contexto insere-se Croton blanchetianus Bail. Conhecida popularmente como marmeleiro preto, C. blanchetianus é um arbusto muito comum na região nordeste do Brasil, sendo uma espécie amplamente dispersa, formando densas populações. Por ser adaptada às condições drásticas do ambiente, essa espécie é vista como de extrema importância para a manutenção do balanço ecológico da região. Nesse contexto, O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as adaptações morfofisiológicas de C. blanchetianus cultivadas em ambiente natural na Caatinga pernambucana sob duas condições de luminosidade. O experimento foi realizado com plantas cultivadas a pleno sol e sob sombreamento natural (<70%), dentro de um fragmento de Caatinga com diferentes graus de antropização,. durante o período de um ano. Foram realizadas medidas de trocas gasosas, análises bioquímicas do tecido vegetal, análise de isótopos de carbono e nitrogênio (δ13C e δ15 N), conteúdo total de nitrogênio foliar e área foliar unitária e específica. Os valores de PN foram maiores durante a estação chuvosa, alcançando os maiores valores no mês de maio. gs e E mostraram picos significativos na estação chuvosa e na intersecção entre a estação chuvosa e seca. Os compostos bioquímicos de maneira geral apresentaram maiores valores na estação chuvosa, com decréscimo na estação seca, com exceção de prolina, H2O2 e MDA (aldeído malônico), que se apresentaram em maior quantidade na estação seca. O teor de nitrogênio foliar seguiu o mesmo padrão da maioria dos compostos bioquímicos, com maiores valores durante a estação chuvosa. As clorofilas totais seguiram esse mesmo padrão, enquanto os carotenóides totais apresentaram um perfil inverso, com maiores valores na estação seca. A área foliar unitária foi maior durante a estação chuvosa, devido, principalmente a maior cobertura vegetal, fato evidenciado pela maior área foliar nas plantas sombreadas em relação aquelas a pleno sol. A área foliar específica, como uma razão entre a área foliar o sua massa, foi maior durante a estação chuvosa, porém com fortes decréscimos durante a estação seca

Text in Afrikaans / Wanneer die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling in die bree bespreek word, moet die bepalings van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 met inbegrip van die Handves van Menseregte en die onderliggende waardes, beginsels en doelstellings daartoe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks inaggeneem word. Die algemene transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in 'n verteenwoordigende demokrasie, veelvolkigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, eskalerende misdaadsyfer, wantroue van die gemeenskap in die regstelsel en die beklemtoning van fundamentele regte is aspekte wat figureer binne die Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg. Die tradisionele benadering dat die bewyslas op die beskuldigde rus tydens borgtogverrigtinge is binne die moderne borgtogreg en in die lig van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 asook die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet 75 van 1995 onvanpas. As algemene reel behoort die bewyslas by 'n borgaansoek op die staat te rus op oorwig van waarskynlikhede. In sekere spesifiek omskrewe gevalle soos vervat inartikel60(11) van die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet rus die bewyslas op die beskuldigde. Hierdie beperking is regverdigbaar in tenne van artike133 van die Grondwet 200 van 1993. Daar bestaan verder nie voldoende rede om nie gebruik te maak van die bewyslasbegrip as gevestigde prosessuele maatreel tydens borgverrigtinge nie. In die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg moet 'n balans gehandhaaf word tussen die belange van die gemeenskap en die fundamentele regte van die individu. Die howe moet in elke spesifieke geval· inhoud aan hierdie beginsel verleen. / When the effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 on bail is considered, the transformation of the South African community, multi-racial society, high crimerate, disillusionment of the community with regard to the courtsystem and importance of fundamental rights must be regarded. The traditional approach that the onus is upon the accused (in his capacity as applicant) to prove on a balance of probability that the court should exercise its discretion in favour of granting bail and, in discharging this burden, he must show that the interests of justice will not be prejudiced, is in terms ofthe Constitution 200 of 1993 and the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 75 of 1995 unacceptable. It is submitted that the onus should be on the State to place grounds before the Court why there should be an exercise of discretion in favour of the State for further detention of the individual. In terms of certain spesific crimes as described in article 60(11) of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act theis placed on the accused. This exception is acceptable as it prescribes to the requirements in article 33 of the Constitution 200 of 1993. It is submitted that there is no reason why onus as excepted evidentiary rule should not be used in bail applications. A balance between the interest of the community and fundamental rights of the individual must be kept in modern law regarding bail. It is in the hands of the courts to substantiate this balance. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Text in Afrikaans / Wanneer die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling in die bree bespreek word, moet die bepalings van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 met inbegrip van die Handves van Menseregte en die onderliggende waardes, beginsels en doelstellings daartoe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks inaggeneem word. Die algemene transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in 'n verteenwoordigende demokrasie, veelvolkigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, eskalerende misdaadsyfer, wantroue van die gemeenskap in die regstelsel en die beklemtoning van fundamentele regte is aspekte wat figureer binne die Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg. Die tradisionele benadering dat die bewyslas op die beskuldigde rus tydens borgtogverrigtinge is binne die moderne borgtogreg en in die lig van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 asook die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet 75 van 1995 onvanpas. As algemene reel behoort die bewyslas by 'n borgaansoek op die staat te rus op oorwig van waarskynlikhede. In sekere spesifiek omskrewe gevalle soos vervat inartikel60(11) van die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet rus die bewyslas op die beskuldigde. Hierdie beperking is regverdigbaar in tenne van artike133 van die Grondwet 200 van 1993. Daar bestaan verder nie voldoende rede om nie gebruik te maak van die bewyslasbegrip as gevestigde prosessuele maatreel tydens borgverrigtinge nie. In die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg moet 'n balans gehandhaaf word tussen die belange van die gemeenskap en die fundamentele regte van die individu. Die howe moet in elke spesifieke geval· inhoud aan hierdie beginsel verleen. / When the effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 on bail is considered, the transformation of the South African community, multi-racial society, high crimerate, disillusionment of the community with regard to the courtsystem and importance of fundamental rights must be regarded. The traditional approach that the onus is upon the accused (in his capacity as applicant) to prove on a balance of probability that the court should exercise its discretion in favour of granting bail and, in discharging this burden, he must show that the interests of justice will not be prejudiced, is in terms ofthe Constitution 200 of 1993 and the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 75 of 1995 unacceptable. It is submitted that the onus should be on the State to place grounds before the Court why there should be an exercise of discretion in favour of the State for further detention of the individual. In terms of certain spesific crimes as described in article 60(11) of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act theis placed on the accused. This exception is acceptable as it prescribes to the requirements in article 33 of the Constitution 200 of 1993. It is submitted that there is no reason why onus as excepted evidentiary rule should not be used in bail applications. A balance between the interest of the community and fundamental rights of the individual must be kept in modern law regarding bail. It is in the hands of the courts to substantiate this balance. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

This dissertation uses applied microeconomic tools to study three topics of fundamental importance for the regulation of the urban environment: housing, pollution, and the criminal justice system. The first chapter considers the mortgage market, and analyzes the regulatory tradeoff between optimal credit access and mortgage default. The second chapter examines the difficulties of designing environmental policy in interlinked production processes. In particular, we investigate (i) the impact of regulation on the producers of an upstream good on the pollution practices of the downstream firms that process that good and (ii) the subsequent health impacts on those who live in the cities and towns surrounding the downstream firms. The third chapter explores the bail system used for criminal defendants in the United States, and shows that the requirement that defendants post money bail has profound impacts on case outcomes. Chapter 1, "Asymmetric Information and the Link Between Leverage and Mortgage Default" begins with the observation that borrowers with large mortgages relative to their home values are more likely to default. This chapter asks whether this correlation is due to moral hazard---larger balances causing borrowers to default---or adverse selection---ex-ante risky borrowers choosing larger loans. To separate these information asymmetries, I exploit a natural experiment resulting from (i) the unique contract structure of Option Adjustable Rate Mortgages and (ii) the unexpected divergence, during the 2008 crisis, of two financial indices used to determine interest rate adjustments for these loans. I find that moral hazard is responsible for 60-70 percent of the baseline correlation between leverage and default, but adverse selection explains the remaining 30-40 percent. I construct and calibrate a simple model of mortgage choice and default with asymmetric information to highlight the policy tradeoff informed by my estimates. I show that optimal regulation of mortgage leverage must weigh losses from defaults against under-provision of credit due to adverse selection. In Chapter 2, "Interlinked Firms and the Consequences of Piecemeal Regulation", coauthored with Jonas Hjort and Gianmarco Leon, we note that industrial regulations are typically designed with a particular policy objective and set of firms in mind. Yet when input-output linkages connect firms across sectors, such ``piecemeal'' regulations may worsen externalities elsewhere in the economy. Using daily administrative and survey data, we show that in Peru's industrial fishing sector, the world's largest, air pollution from downstream (fishmeal) manufacturing plants caused 55,000 additional respiratory hospital admissions per year as a consequence of the introduction of individual property rights (over fish) upstream. By removing suppliers' incentive to ``race'' for the resource and enabling market share to move from inefficient to efficient firms, the reform spread production out across time, as predicted by a conceptual framework of vertically connected sectors. We show that longer periods of moderate air polluting production are worse for health than shorter periods of higher intensity exposure. Our findings demonstrate the risks of piecemeal regulatory design in interlinked economies. In Chapter 3, "The Heavy Costs of High Bail: Evidence from Judge Randomization", coauthored with Ethan Frenchman and Arpit Gupta, considers the bail system in the United States. On any given day, roughly 450,000 people are detained awaiting trial, typically because they have not posted bail. Using a large sample of criminal cases in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, we analyze the consequences of the money bail system by exploiting the variation in bail-setting tendencies among randomly assigned bail judges. Our estimates suggest that the assignment of money bail causes a 12% rise in the likelihood of conviction, and a 6--9% rise in recidivism. Our results highlight the importance of credit constraints in shaping defendant outcomes and point to important fairness considerations in the institutional design of the American money bail system.

Inaug.-Diss.--Cologne. / Vita. Bibliography: p. iv-xix.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DX212013.

Magister Legum - LLM / In South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government’s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.

Exploateringsavtal används för att fördela ansvaret för finansiering och utbyggnad av en detaljplan som upprättats på mark som inte ägs av kommunen. Avtalet upprättas mellan en kommun och en exploatör eller privat byggherre. Exploateringsavtal har tillämpats länge men blev inte angivet i lagtext förrän den 1 januari 2015. Något som fortfarande inte är angivet i lagtext är hur kommuner ska använda sig av ekonomiska säkerheter i exploateringsavtal. Avtalen reglerar finansiering och åtaganden för miljonbelopp och finansiering ska ofta ske efterhand som byggnationen färdigställs. Om en exploatör inte kan fullfölja sina åtaganden i exploateringsavtalet på grund av exempelvis konkurs, kan kommunen bli tvungen att färdigställa och finansiera exploatörens kvarstående åtagande. Har kommunen i avtalet angivit att en säkerhet måste ställas som ska täcka de belopp som motsvarar exploatörens åtaganden, kan kommunen lösa in säkerheten och på det viset säkra finansieringen om en exploatör skulle bli oförmögen att betala. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om Sveriges kommuner använder sig av säkerheter i exploateringsavtal för att säkerställa dess genomförande. Vidare är syftet med studien att kartlägga vilka säkerheter som anges i exploateringsavtal. I de fall en bankgaranti använts som säkerhet i exploateringsavtalen kommer även en fördjupning att genomföras av bankgarantin och dess bakomliggande exploateringsavtal. Exploateringsavtal och bankgarantier från Sveriges kommuner samlades in via mejl. 120kommuner valde att delta i studien vilket resulterade i en analys av 197 exploateringsavtaloch 35 bankgarantier. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat att 58 % av de 197 exploateringsavtalen innehöllsäkerhet, 37 % av avtalen saknar säkerhet och 5 % av avtalen inte har något behov av säkerhet. De vanligaste säkerheterna som kommunerna anger i exploateringsavtalen att exploatören måste ställa är valfri godtagbar säkerhet, bankgaranti, moderbolagsborgen och pantbrev i fast egendom. Resultatet visar även att 69 % av de 35 bankgarantier som studeratsär accessoriska till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet och 31 % av bankgarantierna är självständiga i förhållande till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet. Accessorisk innebär att bankgarantin är kopplad till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet. Självständig innebär att bankgarantin inte är kopplad till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet. Slutsatsen av studien är att medvetenheten och tydligheten kring säkerheter i exploateringsavtal bör förbättras och att en lagreglering av säkerheter är att föredra. / Land development agreements are used to divide responsibility for the financing and development of a detailed development plan which is arranged on land not owned by the municipality. The agreement is established between a municipality and a developer or private individual. Land development agreements were not specified in the act until a legislative change in January 1, 2015. A subject that was not specified in the act is how municipalities should use financial collateral in the land development agreement. Land development agreements involves the financing and constriction commitments for millions of crowns and the financing often take place afterwards construction is completed. If it turns out that the developer can´t perform their obligations in the land development agreement due to bankruptcy, the municipality may be required to complete and fund the developer's remaining commitments. If the municipality had stated in the agreement that the developer must perform a collateral to cover the amount corresponding to the developer's commitments, the municipality can redeem the collateral and thus secure the financing if a developer would become insolvent. The idea of the study is to examine if the Swedish municipalities are using collaterals in land development agreements. The ambition is also to identify what type of collaterals described in the land development agreements. Finally a deeper analysis will be made of the agreements for which a guarantee issued by a bank has been used as collateral. Land development agreements and guarantees from the Swedish municipalities were gathered via email. 120 municipalities did participate in the study, which resulted in ananalysis of 197 land development agreements and 35 guarantees. The result of the study shows that 58% of the 197 land development agreements contain collateral, 37% of the agreements did not contain collateral and 5% of the agreements had no need of collateral. The most commonly required collaterals by the municipality in land development agreements are any optional collateral that the municipality can accept, guarantees issued by a bank or insurance company, bail by parent company and mortgages on real estate property. The results also show that 69% of the 35 guarantees studied are ancillary to the underlying development agreement and 31% of the guarantees are independent in relation to the underlying development agreement. Ancillary means that the guarantees issued by bank is linked to the underlying land development agreement. Independent guarantee means that the guarantee is not linked to the underlying land development agreement.The final conclusion of the study is that awareness and clarity of collateral in land development agreements should be improved and that a statutory regulation of collaterals in land development agreements is preferable.

La thèse de Jean-François Chemain porte sur « le cautionnement dans le monde romain du IIe siècle av. J.-C. au Ier siècle ap. J.-C. ». Elle a été menée à partir de sources littéraires, juridiques et épigraphiques. Dans sa première partie, l’auteur étudie les acteurs du cautionnement (garants et garantis) à la fin de la République : les relations qu’ils entretenaient les uns avec les autres, la catégorie sociale à laquelle ils appartenaient, les motifs qu’on avait de se porter caution, et les stratégies que cela pouvait dissimuler. Dans la deuxième partie, il repose la question des 5 leges de sponsu (lex Publilia, lex Appuleia, lex Furia, lex Cicereia, lex Cornelia), essayant, à partir de leur logique propre, de reconstituer les objectifs du législateur et, partant, de les dater. C’est ainsi qu’il situe la première dans un « long deuxième siècle avant J.-C. », peut-être à l’époque des Gracques, et les quatre dernières entre 67 et 47 av. J.-C. La troisième partie de la thèse est consacrée au devenir du cautionnement au début du Principat, marqué par une visible tentative d’en encadrer (apparition de la fideiussio) et limiter l’usage (préférence pour les garanties réelles, limitation des occasions de cautionner). Dans la quatrième partie, enfin, Jean-François Chemain met évidence que le cautionnement est un bon marqueur des grandes évolutions de la société romaine à l’époque du « Passage ». / Jean-François Chemain's thesis carries " the caution money in the Roman world of the IIth century BC in Ier century AD ". It was led from literary, legal and epigraphic sources. In his first part, the author studies the actors of the caution money (guarantors and guarantee) at the end of the Republic: the relations that they maintained some with the others, the social category to which they belonged, the motives which they had to stand surety, and the strategies which it could hide. In the second part, he asks the questionof the 5 leges de sponsu (lex Publilia, lex Appuleia, lex Furia, lex Cicereia, lex Cornelia), trying, from their own logic, to reconstitute the objectives of the legislator and therefore, to date them. And so he places the first one in a " long second century BC " Maybe at the time of Gracques, and the four last ones between 67 and 47 BC The third part of the thesis is dedicated to the future of the caution money at the beginning of the Princedom, marked by a visible attempt to frame( it (appearance of the fideiussio) and to limit its usage (preference for the real guarantees, the limitation of the opportunities to guarantee). In the fourth part, finally, Jean-François Chemain puts evidence that the caution money is a good marker of the main evolutions of the Roman society at the time of the "Passage".

Spätestens mit den fiskalischen Auswirkungen der deutschen Wiedervereinigung haben die Haushaltsprobleme der Kommunen die Wahrnehmungsschwelle der Innenministerien als oberste Kommunalaufsicht überschritten. Sie sahen die Ursache in mangelnder Haushaltsdisziplin der Kommunen und reagierten in den folgenden Jahren entsprechend ihrer juristischen Rationalität mit einer Novellierung des Haushaltsrechts, Verschärfung der fiskalischen Regeln und Implementation neuer Instrumente. Zum wichtigsten Instrument dieser Art entwickelte sich das Haushaltssicherungskonzept, welches sowohl als Anreiz wie auch repressiv eingesetzt wird. Es verändert die Aufsichtsposition der Behörden entscheidend, stellte einen wesentlichen Eingriff in die kommunale Finanzhoheit dar und hat flächendeckende Verbreitung erfahren. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über die historische Entwicklung und Ausgestaltung des Haushaltssicherungskonzepts in den Flächenländern seit 1987. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklungslinien der Länder aufzuzeigen, dahinter liegende Strategien und Leitbilder aufzudecken und diese zu vergleichen. Das praktische Interesse an diesem Vergleich ist angesichts der weiten Verbreitung des Instruments sowohl in den Kommunen als auch der Kommunalaufsicht groß. Diese verwaltungswissenschaftliche Arbeit bietet Anstöße zu weiteren Diskussionen und Reflektionen sowie zukünftigen Anpassungen. In Anbetracht der (fast) flächendeckenden Anwendung der Haushaltssicherungskonzepte durch die Kommunalaufsicht der Länder besteht eine wissenschaftliche Bedeutung in der weiteren Beleuchtung der Rechtslage, der Aufsichtsbeziehungen und Steuerungsansätze. Darüber hinaus werden auch die verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen dieses Steuerungsansatzes, die kommunalpolitischen Konsequenzen und die Auswirkungen der Haushaltsreform diskutiert. Aus der Analyse und dem Vergleich der Rechtsentwicklungen lassen sich zentrale Thesen ableiten. Die Innenministerien experimentierten flächendeckend mit den fiskalischen Regeln des Haushaltsrechts, wobei sie den Schwerpunkt auf die Sanktionierung der Gemeinden über das Haushaltssicherungskonzept legten, welchen sie zunehmend anwendeten und formalisierten. Sie begaben sich damit in eine Pfadabhängigkeit der Regulierung, aus der sie bisher nicht ausbrechen konnten. Gleichzeitig sind Versuche beobachtbar, über bail-out Modelle Anreize der Haushaltskonsolidierung zu setzen. Sie haben sich jedoch als nicht zweckmäßig herausgestellt. Nach vielen Jahren rechtlich basierter hierarchischer Steuerung hinterfragen die Innenministerien diese Ansätze zunehmend. Obgleich die verfassungsrechtliche Zulässigkeit der repressiven Steuerung bejaht werden muss, ist eine letztliche Gesundung der Kommunen darüber allein nicht zu erwarten. Dieses Gutachten ist Teil eines Forschungsprojektes des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Institutes zur kommunalen Haushaltskonsolidierung. Es basiert auf Interviews mit Mitarbeitern der Innenministerien und Kommunalverwaltungen, Rechtskommentaren sowie einschlägiger sozialwissenschaftlicher Fachliteratur.