<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> <p align="left">In this study, the two most dominant sexual discourses were the male sexual drive discourse and the have/hold discourse. These discourses, together with traditional gender constructions, made condom negotiation difficult for women. Nevertheless, the discourses and constructions were also resisted and challenged. This study was limited by its focus on heterosexual women and the negotiation of condom use. Future studies which explore alternate forms of safe sex, sexual orientation and allow men&rsquo / s experiences to emerge would provide greater insight.</p> </font></font></p>

<p><font face="Times-Roman"> <p align="left">The growth of the Internet has led to many interesting developments for both educational and commercial purposes. In this project an attempt was made to use the Internet for a research purpose to facilitate the determination of the thermal stability of diffusion barriers. Another purpose of this thesis is to investigate the teaching and training use of the Internet through the development of online interactive tools and activities as well as materials. The training aspects are mentioned as it is hoped that this thesis can serve as a form of documentation of the use of the Internet, while the central part was the determination of thermal stability of TiN, TaN and TiW diffusion <font face="Times-Roman">barriers on Ag.</font></p> </font></p>

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style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p>This study focuses on socio-cultural issues, which affect Kavango women&rsquo / s decision to participate in the PMTCT programme. It investigates the treatment methods used by HIV-positive pregnant women for themselves and their unborn babies, neonatally, during pregnancy and after delivery, particularly in relation to the prevention of transmission of HIV. The thesis further investigates whether women choose alternative services such as traditional healers for medical attention during pregnancy, birth and post-natally. The research aims to establish and describe the role of local notions and practices concerning anti-retrovirals on the aforementioned programme. Ethnographic and thus qualitative research methods were used to gather and analyze data. I spent three months working as a nurse in two health facilities that offer PMTCT in Rundu, Kavango. I also held semi-structured and open-ended interviews, formal and informal discussions, formal and informal focus groups with nurses, community counselors, pregnant women, women who had recently given birth in the health care facility and traditional health care practitioners. In the case of the latter, I utilized narratives of healing to understand their perception of HIV/AIDS, their beliefs and practices as well as their healing methods. Furthermore, I employed other informal conversations outside the formal research participants. The study shows that there is a paucity of partner involvement and in some cases women have to first seek permission from their partner before enrolling into the programme. My research findings further indicate that women utilized various traditional herbal medicines for themselves and their babies as part of their cultural beliefs and practices. It was evident that some of these, such as Likuki, affect women&rsquo / s participation in and adherence to the protocols of the PMTCT programme. </p>

<p>The study utilized a qualitative case study design to explore the problem of poor access to ART in Benue State. PLWHAs, policy makers, program managers and health workers were involved in an effort to describe the factors influencing access to ART in the State. Semi structured interviews, exit interviews and focus group discussions were used. To analyse the findings, categorization was done into facilitators and barriers to access, in addition to the ways respondents believe these barriers can be overcome. Other sub-themes were also identified and sorted. Themes were linked to direct quotes from the respondents. Additional literature review was done to review available information on the themes identified. Facilitators of access included free cost and increased number of sites / beneficial effects of ART / disclosure, membership in a support group and having a treatment partner. Barriers included stigma and discrimination / hunger, poverty, transportation and opportunity costs / hospital factors / non-disclosure / inaccurate knowledge and perceptions about HIV and ART / certain religious beliefs and advice / coverage, capping of services and fear of non-availability of ART. In addition to stigma, patients bypass closer ART access points to further away hospitals because of business opportunities / financial assistance / perceived better standard of care and hope that a cure, when found, will be more accessible to patients in bigger hospitals.</p>

The study population was children with physical disabilities who were not attending school and their parents. A sample of 19 participants was purposefully selected. A qualitative approach was used to explore the participants" attitudes, cultural beliefs, and challenges related to school attendance of children with physical disabilities. A content analysis approach was used for data analysis after translating and transcribing raw data from Tonga into English. The data were coded, categorized and themes of the content identified. Ethical procedures included, obtaining permission from the University of Western Cape, the Ministry of Community Development and Social Services in Zambia and Rural Health Centre. Signed consent from parents, consent from parents stating that their children can participate and assent from children was obtained. Anonymity and confidentiality of participants was emphasized and participants were reminded that their participation was voluntary. Participants had the freedom to withdraw without any prejudice. The results indicated positive attitudes of children and their parents towards school attendance of children with disabilities. The traditional and religious beliefs of parents did not influence or contribute to children with disabilities not attending school. The main reason why most children with physical disabilities were not attending school in Mazabuka district was due to physical and social barriers.

There is no common understanding on what constitutes good sick-listing, a frequent and problematic task for many physicians, especially general practitioners (GPs) and orthopaedic surgeons. Aiming to achieve a deeper understanding of sick-listing practices, 19 GPs (I, III) and 18 orthopaedic surgeons (II) in four counties were interviewed, and data analysed qualitatively for views on good sickness certification and barriers to desired practice. Data from a survey of all 7665 physicians in two counties on emotionally straining problems in sickness certification (IV) was analysed quantitatively. Some GPs exposed narrow views of sick-listing, where their responsibility was limited to issuing a certificate, while GPs with the most inclusive view had a perspective of the patient’s total life-situation and aimed to help patients shoulder their own responsibility (I). The orthopaedic surgeons´ perceptions of good sick-listing were mainly related to their views on their role in the health-care system. Some perceived their responsibility as confined to the orthopaedic clinic only, while others had the ultimate goal of helping the patient to become well functioning in life with regained work capacity – by means of surgery and proper management of sick-listing (II). Difficulty handling conflicting opinions was a barrier to good sickness certification for GPs (III), and problematic for about 50% of all physicians and about 80% of GPs (IV). Orthopaedic surgeons’ handling of such situations varied from being directed by the patient, via compromising, to being directed by professional judgement (II). Other barriers included poor stakeholder collaboration (III). GPs with a workplace-policy on sickness certification reported fewer conflicts and less worry of getting reported to the disciplinary board in relation to sick-listing (IV). Understanding physicians’ underlying views on and barriers to practicing “good sick-listing” can inform efforts to change physician practice. Communications skills training in handling sick-listing situations with conflicting opinions is recommended.

I och med en ökad konkurrens på den globala marknaden blir företagande allt viktigare för länders ekonomiska situation. Så är fallet även i Sverige där entreprenörskapet är bekymrande lågt trots goda förutsättningar. Följaktligen har entreprenörskapet blivit ett omdiskuterat ämne bland forskare såväl som politiker vilka nu strävar efter att stimulera nyföretagande och stödjer hjälpande entreprenörsorganisationer samt andra insatser. Utifrån detta vänder sig uppsatsen mot personer som varit på vägledning hos en av dessa organisationer; Drivhuset i Uppsala. Studiens målsättning har varit att skapa en förståelse för studenters perspektiv på entreprenörskap med fokus på deras uppfattning om drivkrafter samt hinder mot entreprenörskap. Studiens tvåfaldiga syfte är således att undersöka om de drivkrafter och hinder, som unga entreprenörer förväntar sig att påverkas av, motsvarar de senare faktiskt upplevda. Därtill ämnar studien ta reda på huruvida drivkrafter och förväntade hinder skiljer sig åt mellan entreprenörer och entreprenörsaspiranter. Detta görs genom att genomföra telefonintervjuer med 40 personer, varvid hälften har fullföljt den entreprenöriella processen medan resterande stannat i dess början. Genom en sammanställning samt jämförelse av svaren mellan de båda urvalsgrupperna har försök gjorts att utläsa eventuella mellan dessa.Resultaten tyder på att respondenternas primära drivkrafter för entreprenörskap är självförverkligande, självständighet samt möjlighet till ekonomisk ersättning. De huvudsakliga hinder som upplevs av respondenterna är rädsla för att erfarenheten av marknadssituationen är alltför begränsad, byråkratiska svårigheter samt finansiella risker. Dock kan en diskrepans urskiljas mellan entreprenörernas förväntningar och deras upplevda erfarenheter efter företagsstarten. Resultaten indikerar att vare sig byråkratin eller marknadserfarenheten utgjorde ett så stort problem som väntat.I och med en ökad konkurrens på den globala marknaden blir företagande allt viktigare för länders ekonomiska situation. Så är fallet även i Sverige där entreprenörskapet är bekymrande lågt trots goda förutsättningar. Följaktligen har entreprenörskapet blivit ett omdiskuterat ämne bland forskare såväl som politiker vilka nu strävar efter att stimulera nyföretagande och stödjer hjälpande entreprenörsorganisationer samt andra insatser. Utifrån detta vänder sig uppsatsen mot personer som varit på vägledning hos en av dessa organisationer; Drivhuset i Uppsala. Studiens målsättning har varit att skapa en förståelse för studenters perspektiv på entreprenörskap med fokus på deras uppfattning om drivkrafter samt hinder mot entreprenörskap. Studiens tvåfaldiga syfte är således att undersöka om de drivkrafter och hinder, som unga entreprenörer förväntar sig att påverkas av, motsvarar de senare faktiskt upplevda. Därtill ämnar studien ta reda på huruvida drivkrafter och förväntade hinder skiljer sig åt mellan entreprenörer och entreprenörsaspiranter. Detta görs genom att genomföra telefonintervjuer med 40 personer, varvid hälften har fullföljt den entreprenöriella processen medan resterande stannat i dess början. Genom en sammanställning samt jämförelse av svaren mellan de båda urvalsgrupperna har försök gjorts att utläsa eventuella mellan dessa.Resultaten tyder på att respondenternas primära drivkrafter för entreprenörskap är självförverkligande, självständighet samt möjlighet till ekonomisk ersättning. De huvudsakliga hinder som upplevs av respondenterna är rädsla för att erfarenheten av marknadssituationen är alltför begränsad, byråkratiska svårigheter samt finansiella risker. Dock kan en diskrepans urskiljas mellan entreprenörernas förväntningar och deras upplevda erfarenheter efter företagsstarten. Resultaten indikerar att vare sig byråkratin eller marknadserfarenheten utgjorde ett så stort problem som väntat.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the strategic behavior of the leading firms on the Swedish wholesale electricity market. This thesis wishes to address the competition situation on the market and how the firms can manipulate the price in order to maximize the profits. The Swedish electricity market was deregulated in 1996 and the predicted outcome was that the competition on the market would increase. However, today’s market is highly vertically integrated with three dominating firms; Vattenfall, E.ON, and Fortum. Moreover, the market has similar characteristics of an oligopoly with high entry barriers, limited room for product differentiation, and limited access of information. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and the Lerner Index show that the wholesale electricity market is highly concentrated and that market power exists. Besides external factors that affect the electricity price, such as emission trading and the amount of water in the reservoirs, the leading firms can with their market power manipulate the price. This can be done by preventing new entrants to enter the market which has led to underinvestment in new capacity with lower production costs.

Bakgrund: Människor har olika preferenser och därför triggas vi igång av olika saker. En belöning som motiverar en person kan däremot vara demotiverande för andra. Därför skulle ett helt individuellt belöningssystem kunna vara det ultimata sättet att motivera till prestation.   Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka varför företag inte har ett belöningssystem som är helt individualiserat, vilket skulle kunna anses vara idealet. Vi vill få fram de faktorer som gör att företagen har ett belöningssystem som är mer kollektivt än individuellt. Uppsatsens metod: För att genomföra undersökningen har vi valt att göra intervjuer på tre olika företag. Uppsatsen kommer att baseras på en hermeneutisk vetenskapsteori och vi har valt att tillämpa en deduktiv metodansats.   Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen består av teorier om motivation, belöningssystem samt olika former av belöningar och vår modell som visar vilka faktorer som kan påverka graden av individualitet i belöningssystem.   Empirisk metod: För att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar graden av individualitet i ett belöningssystem har vi valt att göra en jämförande fallstudie i vår undersökningsprocess. Därmed använder vi oss av en kvalitativ metod.   Slutsatser: Genom vår undersökning har vi kommit fram till att merparten av faktorerna i vår modell från teorikapitlet påverkar graden av individualitet i belöningssystem. Endast hypotesen om kultur förkastades. / Background: People have different preferences and therefore are we triggered by different things. A reward that justifies one person can, however, be demotivating for others. Therefore, an entirely individual reward system would be the ultimate way to motivate performance. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examine why firms do not have a reward system that is completely individual, which could be considered as the ideal. We want to obtain the factors that enable firms to have a reward system that is more collective than individual. Thesis method: In order to carry out the study, we have chosen to do interviews at three different companies. The essay is based on a hermeneutic theory of science and we have chosen to apply a deductive method approach.   Theory: The theoretical framework consists of theories of motivation, reward system and different forms of rewards and our model showing the factors that may influence the degree of individuality in the reward system.   Empirical method: To investigate factors that affect the degree of individuality in a reward system, we have chosen to make a comparative case study in our investigation process. Thus, we use a qualitative approach.   Conclusions: Through our research, we found that most of the factors in our model from the theory chapter affect the degree of individuality in the reward system. Only the hypothesis of culture was rejected.