Spelling suggestions: "subject:"basis functionations"" "subject:"basis functionizations""
111 |
Surface reconstruction based on forest terrestrial LiDAR data / Reconstruction de surface à partir de données LiDAR terrestre acquises en forêtMorel, Jules 17 February 2017 (has links)
Au cours des dernières années, la capacité de la technologie LiDAR à capturer des informations détaillées sur la structure des forêts a attiré une attention croissante de la part de la communauté des écologues et des forestiers. Le LiDAR terrestre, notamment, apparaît comme un outil prometteur pour recueillir les caractéristiques géométriques des arbres à une précision millimétrique.Cette thèse étudie la reconstruction de surface à partir de nuages de points épars et non structurés, capturés en environnement forestier par un LiDAR terrestre. Nous proposons une suite d’algorithmes dédiés à la reconstruction de modèles d’attributs de placettes forestières : le sol etla structure ligneuse des arbres (i.e. troncs et branches principales). En pratique, nos approches modélisent le problème par des surfaces implicites construites à partir de fonctions à base radiale pour faire face à la forte hétérogénéité spatiale du nuage de points Lidar terrestre. / In recent years, the capacity of LiDAR technology to capture detailed information about forests structure has attracted increasing attention in the field of forest science. In particular, the terrestrial LiDAR arises as a promising tool to retrieve geometrical characteristics of trees at a millimeter level.This thesis studies the surface reconstruction problem from scattered and unorganized point clouds, captured in forested environment by a terrestrial LiDAR. We propose a sequence of algorithms dedicated to the reconstruction of forests plot attributes model: the ground and the woody structure of trees (i.e. the trunk and the main branches). In practice, our approaches model the surface with implicit function build with radial basis functions to manage the homogeneity and handle the noise of the sample data points.
|
112 |
Otimização multidisciplinar em projeto de asas flexíveis utilizando metamodelos / Multidisciplinary design optimization of flexible wings using metamodelsPaulo Roberto Caixeta Júnior 11 August 2011 (has links)
A Otimização Multidisciplinar em Projeto (em inglês, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization - MDO) é uma ferramenta de projeto importante e versátil e seu uso está se expandindo em diversos campos da engenharia. O foco desta metodologia é unir disciplinas envolvidas no projeto para que trabalhem suas variáveis concomitantemente em um ambiente de otimização, para obter soluções melhores. É possível utilizar MDO em qualquer fase do projeto, seja a fase conceitual, preliminar ou detalhada, desde que os modelos numéricos sejam ajustados às necessidades de cada uma delas. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um código de MDO para o projeto conceitual de asas flexíveis de aeronaves, com restrição quanto ao fenômeno denominado flutter. Como uma ferramenta para o projetista na fase conceitual, os modelos numéricos devem ser razoavelmente precisos e rápidos. O intuito deste estudo é analisar o uso de metamodelos para a previsão do flutter de asas de aeronaves no código de MDO, ao invés de um modelo convencional, o que pode alterar significativamente o custo computacional da otimização. Para este fim são avaliados três técnicas diferentes de metamodelagem, que foram escolhidas por representarem duas classes básicas de metamodelos, a classe de métodos de interpolação e a de métodos de aproximação. Para representá-las foram escolhidos o método de interpolação por funções de base radial e o método de redes neurais artificiais, respectivamente. O terceiro método, que é considerado um método híbrido dos dois anteriores, é chamado de redes neurais por funções de bases radiais e é uma tentativa de acoplar as características de ambos em um único metamodelo. Os metamodelos são preparados utilizando um código para solução aeroelástica baseado no método dos elementos finitos acoplado com um modelo aerodinâmico linear de faixas. São apresentados resultados de desempenho dos três metamodelos, de onde se pode notar que a rede neural artificial é a mais adequada para previsão de flutter. O processo de MDO é realizado com o uso de um algoritmo genético multi-objetivo baseado em não-dominância, cujos objetivos são a maximização da velocidade crítica de flutter e a minimização da massa estrutural. Dois estudos de caso são apresentados para avaliar o desempenho do código de MDO, revelando que o processo global de otimização realiza de fato a busca pela fronteira de Pareto. / The Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, MDO, is an important and versatile design tool and its use is spreading out in several fields of engineering. The focus of this methodology is to put together disciplines involved with the design to work all their variables concomitantly, at an optimization environment to obtain better solutions. It is possible to use MDO in any stage of the design process, that is in the conceptual, preliminary or detailed design, as long as the numerical models are fitted to the needs of each of these stages. This work describes the development of a MDO code for the conceptual design of flexible aircraft wings, with restrictions regarding the phenomenon called flutter. As a tool for the designer at the conceptual stage, the numerical models must be fairly accurate and fast. The aim of this study is to analyze the use of metamodels for the flutter prediction of aircraft wings in the MDO code, instead of a conventional model itself, what may affect significantly the computational cost of the optimization. For this purpose, three different metamodeling techniques have been evaluated, representing two basic metamodel classes, that are, the interpolation and the approximation class. These classes are represented by the radial basis function interpolation method and the artificial neural networks method, respectively. The third method, which is considered as a hybrid of the other two, is called radial basis function neural networks and is an attempt of coupling the features of both in single code. Metamodels are prepared using an aeroelastic code based on finite element model coupled with linear aerodynamics. Results of the three metamodels performance are presented, from where one can note that the artificial neural network is best suited for flutter prediction. The MDO process is achieved using a non-dominance based multi-objective genetic algorithm, whose objectives are the maximization of critical flutter speed and minimization of structural mass. Two case studies are presented to evaluate the performance of the MDO code, revealing that overall optimization process actually performs the search for the Pareto frontier.
|
113 |
Modelagem de sistemas dinamicos não lineares utilizando sistemas fuzzy, algoritmos geneticos e funções de base ortonormal / Modeling of nonlinear dynamics systems using fuzzy systems, genetic algorithms and orthonormal basis functionsMedeiros, Anderson Vinicius de 23 January 2006 (has links)
Orientadores: Wagner Caradori do Amaral, Ricardo Jose Gabrielli Barreto Campello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:36:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Medeiros_AndersonViniciusde_M.pdf: 896535 bytes, checksum: 48d0d75d38fcbbd0f47f7c49823806f1 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia para a geração e otimização de modelos fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno (TS) com Funções de Base Ortonormal (FBO) para sistemas dinâmicos não lineares utilizando um algoritmo genético. Funções de base ortonormal têm sido utilizadas por proporcionarem aos modelos propriedades como ausência de recursão da saída e possibilidade de se alcançar uma razoável capacidade de representação com poucos parâmetros. Modelos fuzzy TS agregam a essas propriedades as características de interpretabilidade e facilidade de representação do conhecimento. Enfim, os algoritmos genéticos se apresentam como um método bem estabelecido na literatura na tarefa de sintonia de parâmetros de modelos fuzzy TS. Diante disso, desenvolveu-se um algoritmo genético para a otimização de duas arquiteturas, o modelo fuzzy TS FBO e sua extensão, o modelo fuzzy TS FBO Generalizado. Foram analisados modelos locais lineares e não lineares nos conseqüentes das regras fuzzy, assim como a diferença entre a estimação local e a global (utilizando o estimador de mínimos quadrados) dos parâmetros desses modelos locais. No algoritmo genético, cada arquitetura contou com uma representação cromossômica específica. Elaborou-se para ambas uma função de fitness baseada no critério de Akaike. Em relação aos operadores de reprodução, no operador de crossover aritmético foi introduzida uma alteração para a manutenção da diversidade da população e no operador de mutação gaussiana adotou-se uma distribuição variável ao longo das gerações e diferenciada para cada gene. Introduziu-se ainda um método de simplificação de soluções através de medidas de similaridade para a primeira arquitetura citada. A metodologia foi avaliada na tarefa de modelagem de dois sistemas dinâmicos não lineares: um processo de polimerização e um levitador magnético / Abstract: This work introduces a methodology for the generation and optimization of Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy models with Orthonormal Basis Functions (OBF) for nonlinear dynamic systems based on a genetic algorithm. Orthonormal basis functions have been used because they provide models with properties like absence of output feedback and the possibility to reach a reasonable approximation capability with just a few parameters. TS fuzzy models aggregate to these properties the characteristics of interpretability and easiness to knowledge representation in a linguistic manner. Genetic algorithms appear as a well-established method for tuning parameters of TS fuzzy models. In this context, it was developed a genetic algorithm for the optimization of two architectures, the OBF TS fuzzy model and its extension, the Generalized OBF TS fuzzy model. Local linear and nonlinear models in the consequent of the fuzzy rules were analyzed, as well as the difference between local and global estimation (using least squares estimation) of the parameters of these local models. Each architecture had a specific chromosome representation in the genetic algorithm. It was developed a fitness function based on the Akaike information criterion. With respect to the genetic operators, the arithmetic crossover was modified in order to maintain the population diversity and the Gaussian mutation had its distribution varied along the generations and differentiated for each gene. Besides, it was used, in the first architecture presented, a method for simplifying the solutions by using similarity measures. The whole methodology was evaluated in modeling two nonlinear dynamic systems, a polymerization process and a magnetic levitator / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
|
114 |
[en] A RBF APPROACH TO THE CONTROL OF PDES USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING EQUATIONS / [pt] UM MÉTODO BASEADO EM RBF PARA O CONTROLE DE EDPS USANDO EQUAÇÕES DE PROGRAMAÇÃO DINÂMICAHUGO DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA 04 November 2022 (has links)
[pt] Esquemas semi-Lagrangeanos usados para a aproximação do princípio
da programação dinâmica são baseados em uma discretização temporal reconstruída
no espaço de estado. O uso de uma malha estruturada torna essa
abordagem inviável para problemas de alta dimensão devido à maldição da
dimensionalidade. Nesta tese, apresentamos uma nova abordagem para problemas
de controle ótimo de horizonte infinito onde a função valor é calculada
usando Funções de Base Radial (RBFs) pelo método de aproximação de mínimos
quadrados móveis de Shepard em malhas irregulares. Propomos um novo
método para gerar uma malha irregular guiada pela dinâmica e uma rotina
de otimizada para selecionar o parâmetro responsável pelo formato nas RBFs.
Esta malha ajudará a localizar o problema e aproximar o princípio da programação
dinâmica em alta dimensão. As estimativas de erro para a função valor
também são fornecidas. Testes numéricos para problemas de alta dimensão
mostrarão a eficácia do método proposto. Além do controle ótimo de EDPs
clássicas mostramos como o método também pode ser aplicado ao controle
de equações não-locais. Também fornecemos um exemplo analisando a convergência
numérica de uma equação não-local controlada para o modelo contínuo. / [en] Semi-Lagrangian schemes for the approximation of the dynamic programming
principle are based on a time discretization projected on a state-space
grid. The use of a structured grid makes this approach not feasible for highdimensional
problems due to the curse of dimensionality. In this thesis, we
present a new approach for infinite horizon optimal control problems where
the value function is computed using Radial Basis Functions (RBF) by the
Shepard s moving least squares approximation method on scattered grids. We
propose a new method to generate a scattered mesh driven by the dynamics
and an optimal routine to select the shape parameter in the RBF. This mesh
will help to localize the problem and approximate the dynamic programming
principle in high dimension. Error estimates for the value function are also
provided. Numerical tests for high dimensional problems will show the effectiveness
of the proposed method. In addition to the optimal control of classical
PDEs, we show how the method can also be applied to the control of nonlocal
equations. We also provide an example analyzing the numerical convergence
of a nonlocal controlled equation towards the continuous model.
|
115 |
Basis sets for light-matter interaction: from static coherent states to moving GaussiansEidi, Mohammad Reza 06 October 2022 (has links)
This thesis develops a computationally efficient way of employing Gaussian wave packets to study laser-induced electron dynamics in atomic and molecular systems by directly solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). First, we investigate charge migration (treating the nuclei classically), high-order harmonic generation (HHG), and single-isolated attosecond pulse generation in the Hydrogen molecular ion subjected to intense laser fields in a different range of frequencies with a basis of static coherent states (SCS). Then, seeking for a smarter way of constructing and guiding a minimal set of time-dependent basis functions, we introduce a fast and accurate approach for optimizing s-type Gaussian type orbitals (GTOs) and apply it to calculate electronic states of different 1D and 3D time-independent systems. Finally, we apply our optimization approach to time-dependent problems. With our approach we obtain excellent agreement with the exact results for HHG spectra of the 1D Hydrogen atom and molecular ion exposed to intense laser fields, which is not possible even with a much larger basis of static s-type GTOs. / Diese Arbeit sucht nach einem computereffizienten Ansatz für die Verwendung von Gaußschen Wellenpaketen zur Untersuchung der Quantenelektronendynamik in atomaren und molekularen laserinduzierten Systemen durch direkte Lösung der zeitabhängigen Schrödingergleichung (TDSE). Beginnend mit statischen kohärenten Zuständen (SCS) untersuchen wir die Ladungsmigration (wobei wir die Kerne klassisch behandeln), die Erzeugung von Oberwellen höherer Ordnung (HHG) und die Erzeugung von isolierten Attosekundenimpulsen im 3D-Wasserstoffmolekül-Ion \ih, das intensiven Laserfeldern in einem unterschiedlichen Frequenzbereich ausgesetzt ist. Auf der Suche nach einer intelligenteren Methode zur Konstruktion und Führung eines minimalen Satzes von Basisfunktionen stellen wir einen schnellen und genauen Ansatz zur Optimierung von Gauß-Orbitalen (GTOs) vom s-Typ vor und wenden ihn erfolgreich zur Berechnung gewünschter elektronischer Zustände verschiedener 1D- und 3D-Quantensysteme an. Letztendlich erweitern wir unseren Optimierungsansatz auf zeitabhängige Szenarien. Wir demonstrieren, wie diese Methode eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung mit den exakten Ergebnissen in den HHG-Spektren des 1D-Wasserstoffatoms und des 1D-\ih, die intensiven Laserfeldern ausgesetzt sind, erzielt, wo die nicht optimierten s-Typ GTOs nicht übereinstimmen, selbst nach den ersten paar Harmonien im Plateaubereich.
|
116 |
Hierarchical Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Massive Datasets, with Application to Global Mapping of CO<sub>2</sub>Katzfuss, Matthias 12 September 2011 (has links)
No description available.
|
117 |
Modellierung dynamischer Prozesse mit radialen Basisfunktionen / Modeling of dynamical processes using radial basis functionsDittmar, Jörg 20 August 2010 (has links)
No description available.
|
118 |
Couplage d’un schéma aux résidus distribués à l’analyse isogéométrique : méthode numérique et outils de génération et adaptation de maillageFroehly, Algiane 07 September 2012 (has links)
Lors de simulations numériques d’ordre élevé, la discrétisation sous-paramétrique du domaine de calcul peut générer des erreurs dominant l’erreur liée à la discrétisation des variables. De nombreux travaux proposent d’utiliser l’analyse isogéométrique afin de mieux représenter les géométries et de résoudre ce problème.Nous présenterons dans ce travail le couplage du schéma aux résidus distribués limité et stabilisé de Lax-Frieirichs avec l’analyse isogéométrique. En particulier, nous construirons une famille de fonctions de base permettant de représenter exactement les coniques et définies tant sur les éléments triangulaires que quadrangulaires : les fonctions de base de Bernstein rationnelles. Nous nous intéresserons ensuite à la génération de maillages précis pour l’analyse isogéométrique. Notre méthode consiste à créer un maillage courbe à partir d’un maillage linéaire par morceaux de la géométrie. Le maillage obtenu en sortie de notre procédure est non-structuré, conforme et assure la continuité de nos fonctions de base sur tout le domaine. Pour finir, nous décrirons les différentes méthodes d’adaptation de maillages développées : l’élévation d’ordre et le raffinement isotrope. Bien évidemment, la géométrie exacte du maillage courbe d’entrée est préservée au cours des processus d’adaptation. / During high order simulations, the approximation error may be dominated by the errors linked to the sub-parametric discretization used for the geometry representation. Many works propose to use an isogeometric analysis approach to better represent the geometry and hence solve this problem. In this work, we will present the coupling between the limited stabilized Lax-Friedrichs residual distributed scheme and the isogeometric analysis. Especially, we will build a family of basis functions defined on both triangular and quadrangular elements and allowing the exact representation of conics : the rational Bernstein basis functions. We will then focus in how to generate accurate meshes for isogeometric analysis. Our idea is to create a curved mesh from a classical piecewise-linear mesh of the geometry. We obtain a conforming unstructured mesh which ensures the continuity of the basis functions over the entire mesh. Last, we will detail the curved mesh adaptation methods developed : the order elevation and the isotropic mesh refinement. Of course, the adaptation processes preserve the exact geometry of the initial curved mesh.
|
119 |
A Fractional Step Zonal Model and Unstructured Mesh Generation Frame-work for Simulating Cabin FlowsTarroc Gil, Sergi January 2021 (has links)
The simulation of physical systems in the early stages of conceptual designs has shown to be a key factor for adequate decision making and avoiding big and expensive issues downstream in engineering projects. In the case of aircraft cabin design, taking into account the thermal comfort of the passengers as well as the proper air circulation and renovation can make this difference. However, current numerical fluid simulations (CFD) are too computationally expensive for integrating them in early design stages where extensive comparative studies have to be performed. Instead, Zonal Models (ZM) appear to be a fast-computation approach that can provide coarse simulations for aircraft cabin flows. In this thesis, a Zonal Model solver is developed as well as a geometry-definition and meshing framework, both in Matlab®, for performing coarse, flexible and computationally cheap flow simulations of user-defined cabin designs. On one hand, this solver consists of a Fractional Step approach for coarse unstructured bi-dimensional meshes. On the other, the cabin geometry can be introduced by hand for simple shapes, but also with Computational Aided Design tools (CAD) for more complex designs. Additionally, it can be chosen to generate the meshes from scratch or morph them from previously generated ones. / <p>The presentation was online</p>
|
120 |
Tomografía ultrasónica para la evaluación de daño por gradiente en materiales cementantesGallardo Llopis, Carles 25 May 2024 (has links)
[ES] Hoy en día, los materiales cementicios están presentes en la gran mayoría de las infraestructuras de nuestro entorno, como pueden ser el hormigón y el mortero, debido a su bajo coste y sus características mecánicas estructurales y de durabilidad. Pese a todo, estas se ven degradadas por factores externos e internos, reduciendo la viabilidad de estos con el paso del tiempo.
Para inspeccionar estos materiales se han creado múltiples ensayos destructivos (ED) y ensayos no destructivos (END) que indican mediante ciertos parámetros el estado de los materiales de construcción. Dentro de los no destructivos, encontramos los ultrasonidos cuya propagación en estos materiales otorga información sobre su estado y estructura interna. Entre los múltiples ensayos ultrasónicos se encuentra la tomografía ultrasónica cuya base nace gracias a las Tomografías Computarizadas (TC): se ilumina un objeto mediante una fuente y se reciben las señales mediante los receptores. Se rota entorno al objeto bajo estudio combinando las señales mediante los algoritmos tomográficos y obteniendo una reconstrucción del objeto interno sin producirle ningún tipo de daño. No obstante, aunque para determinadas longitudes de onda podemos asumir una trayectoria de rayo recto, los ultrasonidos son ondas dispersivas que se difractan y se reflejan alejándose de esta condición de idoneidad afectando negativamente a las reconstrucciones.
En esta tesis se estudia la tomografía de ultrasonidos aplicada a probetas de mortero. Para ello, previamente se realiza un estudio de los algoritmos de reconstrucción tomográfica donde se hace un recorrido por los principales algoritmos convencionales. Los transformados (FBP y DFT) cuyos resultados son excelentes en caso de que tengamos un nivel elevado de rayos y direcciones que conforman las proyecciones. Los algoritmos de redes neuronales (BPE y RBF) y métodos algebraicos (ART, CART, SART y SIRT) presentan buenos resultados en aquellas situaciones donde se tenga un bajo número de rayos y direcciones o alta presencia de ruido. Se comparan entre ellos mediante proyecciones obtenidas con señales simuladas y se obtienen los mejores resultados para el algoritmo FBP, con lo que las siguientes reconstrucciones reales se llevan a cabo con este método.
La aplicación en la que se centra este trabajo consiste en la detección del frente de carbonatación en probetas cementicias. Es por ello que se diseñan diferentes casos de probetas con daño y sin daño para validar el funcionamiento de un sistema tomográfico. Se diseña y se construye el sistema hardware capaz de la toma automatizada de medidas empleando una configuración de rayos paralelos o de rayos en abanico. Además, se ha adaptado para que sea capaz de inspeccionar tanto con transductores acoplados por aire como inspeccionar el objeto en inmersión (acoplamiento por agua). Se concluye que la tomografía por inmersión ofrece una solución de compromiso entre transferencia de energía y proceso de automatización. Además se implementan dos modelos de redes neuronales entrenados mediante sinogramas simulados para posteriormente reconstruir casos reales. Todos los algoritmos y casos son evaluados tanto en calidad de reconstrucción como en prestaciones. / [CA] Avui dia, els materials cimentants són presents a la majoria de les infraestructures del nostre entorn com poden ser el formigó i el morter, donat el seu baix cost i les seues característiques mecànic estructurals i la seua durabilitat. Malgrat tot, aquestes es veuen degradades per factors externs i interns, reduint la seua viabilitat amb el pas del temps.
Per inspeccionar dits materials s'han creat múltiples assajos destructius (AD) i assajos no destructius (AND) que indiquen mitjançant certs paràmetres l'estat dels materials de construcció. Dins del no destructius trobem els ultrasons, la propagació dels quals per aquests materials ens aporta informació sobre el seu estat i estructura interna. Entre els múltiples assajos ultrasònics, es troba la tomografia ultrasònica, la base de la qual neix gràcies a les Tomografies Computeritzades (TC): s'il·lumina un objecte per mitjà d'una font i es reben les senyals a través dels receptors. Es rota entorn l'objecte en estudi combinant les senyals mitjançant els algoritmes tomogràfics i obtenint una reconstrucció de l'objecte intern sense produir-li cap tipus de dany. No obstant això, i encara que per a determinades longituds d'ona podem assumir una trajectòria recta del raig, els ultrasons són ones dispersives que es difracten i reflecteixen, allunyant-se d'aquesta condició d'idoneïtat i afectant negativament les reconstruccions.
En aquesta tesi s'estudia la tomografia d'ultrasons aplicada a provetes de morter. Amb aquesta finalitat, prèviament es realitza un estudi dels algoritmes de reconstrucció tomogràfica on es fa un recorregut pels principals algoritmes convencionals. Els transformats (FDB i DFT) els resultats dels quals son excel·lents en cas que tinguem un nivell elevat de raigs i direccions que conformen les projeccions. Els algoritmes de xarxes neuronals (BPE i RBF) i mètodes algebraics (ART, CART, SART i SIRT) presenten bons resultats en aquelles situacions on es tingui un baix número de raigs i direccions o una alta presència de soroll. Es comparen entre ells per mitjà de projeccions obtingudes amb senyals simulades i s'obtenen els millors resultats per a l'algoritme FBP, duent-se a terme les següents reconstruccions amb aquest mètode.
L'aplicació en la que es centra aquest treball consisteix en la detecció del front de carbonatació en provetes cimentants. És per això que es dissenyen diferents casos de provetes amb desperfectes i sense desperfectes per validar el funcionament d'un sistema tomogràfic. Es dissenya i es construeix el sistema hardware capaç de la presa automatitzada de mesures emprant una configuració de raigs paral·lels o de raigs en ventall. A més, s'ha adaptat per a que sigui capaç d'inspeccionar tant amb transductors acoblats per aire com inspeccionar l'objecte en immersió (acoblament per aigua). Es conclou que la tomografia per immersió ofereix una solució de compromís entre la transferència d'energia i el procés d'automatització.
A més s'implenten dos models de xarxes neuronals entrenats per mitjà de sinogrames simulats per a posteriorment reconstruir casos reals. Tots els algoritmes i casos són avaluats tant en qualitat de reconstrucció com en prestacions. / [EN] Nowadays, cementitious materials are present in the great majority of our surrounding infrastructures such as concrete and mortar, due to its low cost mechanic-structural features and its lasting. Nevertheless, this characteristics are degraded because of external and internal factors, reducing its viability over time.
In order to inspect this materials, multiple destructive testing (DT) and non-destructive testing (NDT) have been created. This trials show construction materials conditions with certain parameters. In the non-destructive group, we found ultrasounds whose spreading in this materials gives us information about their condition and internal structure.
Among the multiple ultrasonic tests, we can find the ultrasonic tomography which is based in the Computed Tomography Scans (CT) basis: an object is illuminated by a source and signals are received through receivers. Rotation is made around the object under study combining the signals using tomographic algorithms for the purpose of obtaining an internal object reconstruction without damaging it. However we can assume a straight beam path for certain wavelengths, ultrasound are dispersive waves that diffract and reflect, making them less suitable because they worsen the quality of reconstructions.
In this thesis, the ultrasonic tomography applied to mortar specimens is studied. For that, a study of tomographic reconstruction algorithms is carried out and the main conventional algorithms are reviewed. The transforms (FBD and DFT) whose results are excellent in case we have a high level of beams and directions that make up the projections. The neuronal network algorithms (BPE and RBF) and the ones for algebraic methods (ART, CART, SART and SIRT) have good results in situations where a low number of beams and directions or high noise presence are found. A comparation between them is made using projections obtained with simulated signals and the best FBP algorithm results are extracted. The following real reconstructions are carried out with this method.
The application on which this work focuses consists of the detection of the carbonation front in cementitious specimens. That is why different types of specimens with damage and without damage are designed to validate a tomographic system function. A hardware system capable of taking automated measures using a configuration of parallel beams or fan beams is designed and built. Moreover, it has been adapted to be able to inspect both with air-coupled transducers and to inspect the object while submerged (water coupled).
It is concluded that immersion tomography offers a compromise solution between energy transfer and automation process. Two models of neuronal networks trained through simulated sinograms are also implemented to reconstruct real cases afterwards. All the algorithms and cases are evaluated both in reconstruction quality and in features. / Gallardo Llopis, C. (2023). Tomografía ultrasónica para la evaluación de daño por gradiente en materiales cementantes [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194552
|
Page generated in 0.0715 seconds