We’re often warned that the internet will hasten the dating apocalypse. The internet (it is posited) is depriving us of the elusive in-person magic, and modern courtship is now little more than love at first byte. There remains uncertainty, however, about what the independent impact of the internet on the dating market has been. Similar to the internet, the telephone also changed the way we communicate, but its effect on the dating market was mostly complementary to the 'traditional' ways of meeting – i.e. calling your school crush at home. So the question remains: Is the effect of the internet on the dating market complementary (adding your school crush on Facebook) or substitutionary (matching with a stranger on Tinder)? Is the internet any better than the telephone? If all that was known about a random couple is that they met after 2015, I find that there is a 1 in 3 chance that the couple met as strangers online. Lesbian couples who met after 2015 have a 1 in 2 chance of meeting online, whereas gay male couples have a 63% probability of meeting online as strangers. This increased likelihood of same-sex couples meeting online (as opposed to heterosexual couples) confirms the thin-market hypothesis. The key value proposition of the internet is that it reduces search frictions in the dating market – effectively making it easier for individuals to seek out their optimal matching. I find that the internet is primarily displacing only ‘social circles’ as a dating venue – the probability of meeting partners in public or at institutions (like college) is unchanged. In other words – individuals are essentially replacing their friends with Wi-Fi when it comes to mate search.

The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.

The purported costs of provincial autonomy in Canadian securities regulation have been well documented. Proposals for centralizing the securities regulatory regime, whether under a national regulator or through restricting the scope of provincial divergence from national standards, have consistently cited the costliness of the current regime. However, policymakers' cognitive biases lead them from time to time to overemphasize the need for decisive and swift action, which in turn causes them to abandon sound decision-making processes. Provincial autonomy ensures that policymaking with national reach is process-oriented and is more likely to be guided by facts and rational projections. Supporters of centralization discount or ignore these features of decentralization and are too sanguine about the ability of centralized regulators to adhere to process. Any further proposals for reform should properly account for these effects.

Many philosophical subjects attempt to analyze the basis of human welfare. Theories of desert, distribution of property, and happiness tend to dominate philosophical discourse. Mental credit, which is the mental acquisition of credit for one’s accomplishments and the satisfaction one derives from this credit, is absent from this discourse despite its underlying role in the way people think about their lives. Mental credit is an eternal cognitive good that deserves thoughtful attention and pious decisions for implementation. The following theory of mental credit seeks to serve as a unifying theory for the mental calculations that guide life’s most imperative decisions, satisfaction, and impact one has on the world.

Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil widmet sich der Fragestellung inwiefern formelle Gruppeneigentumsrechte Herkunftsgemeinschaften vor unautorisierten Verwendungen ihrer traditionellen kulturellen Ausdrucksweisen (TKAs) schützen können. Kapitel 2 und 3 führen hierzu einen ökonomischen Vergleich fünf so genannter sui generis Rechte zum Schutz jener TKAs durch und leiten Politikempfehlungen ab. Zum einen bilden die Beiträge eine Rangfolge der Transaktionskosten, die bei Verhandlung über Verwendungen der TKAs entstehen können. Zum anderen vergleichen die Kapitel, ob die Schutzpräferenzen der Ursprungsgemeinschaft durch die Modelgesetze geschützt wären. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass ein Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem auftritt sollten staatliche Behörden über zu viel Verhandlungsmacht verfügen. In diesem Fall werden Bürokraten eher ihre eigenen Interessen als die der Eigentümer der TKAs durchsetzen. Letztendlich existiert zwischen beiden Effekten ein klarer Trade-Off: Je mehr ein Gesetz die Schutzinteressen der Ursprungsgemeinschaften schützt desto höher sind seine Transaktions- und somit sozialen Kosten. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit behandelt – auf Basis ökonomischer Laborexperimente – den Fragenkomplex wie Gruppenmitglieder öffentliche Güter im Kontext kulturellen Eigentums – so wie TKAs – bereitstellen. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf dem Einfluss sozialer Identität auf das Ausmaß an positiver sowie negativer Reziprozität der Individuen als Determinanten der sozialen Wohlfahrt. Die bedingte Kooperation der Gruppenmitglieder sowie das gegenseitige Bestrafungsverhalten untereinander bilden hierfür Maße für positive und negative Reziprozität. Kapitel 4 zeigt, dass Individuen unter dem Einfluss sozialer Identität grundsätzlich divergierende Kooperationspräferenzen abhängig davon mit wem sie interagieren aufzeigen. Auf Basis eines Within-Subject-Designs und mehreren ein-Perioden Spielen in Strategiemethode, zeigt der Beitrag, dass Individuen in identitäts-homogenen Gruppen (In-Group) die Präferenz für eine höhere bedingte Kooperation und weniger Eigennutzorientierung als in einer heterogenen Gruppe (Out-Group) zeigen. Zusätzlich neigen Individuen in heterogenen Gruppen eher zu einem vollständigen Trittbrettfahrerverhalten. Somit könnten Politikinstitutionen, die den Zusammenhalt einer Gruppe betonen, die soziale Wohlfahrt steigern. Auf der Basis eines zehn-Perioden-Spiels zeigt Kapitel 5, dass hauptsächlich vergleichsweise höhere Erwartungen an die Kooperation der Mitglieder in einer In-Group als an die in einer Out-Group Wohlfahrtsgewinne in homogenen Gruppen im Zuge mehrperiodischer Interaktionen auslösen. Die bedingte Kooperation – hier die Erwiderung der eigenen Erwartungen an die Kooperation der Gruppenmitglieder durch eigene Beiträge – ist hingegen in In- und Out- Groups ähnlich. Insgesamt belegt dieser Beitrag somit, dass Erwartungen der Individuen der entscheidende Faktor für das Beitragsverhalten der Gruppenmitglieder unter sozialer Identität ist. Kapitel 6 analysiert inwiefern die Möglichkeit einer gegenseitigen Bestrafung die Kooperationsbereitschaft unter dem Einfluss sozialer Identität ändert. Hierzu verwendet der Beitrag ein-Perioden-Spiele in Strategiemethode sowohl mit als auch ohne Bestrafung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Antizipation einer Bestrafung in heterogenen Gruppen zur größten Anhebung der Kooperationsbereitschaft führt, was am deutlichsten durch das Verhalten der Free-Rider ausgelöst wird. Darüber hinaus hebt die Bestrafungsinstitution unterschiede in der Kooperationsbereitschaft zwischen homo- und heterogenen Gruppen auf, die sich typischer Weise zugunsten homogener Gruppen verlagert. Letztlich deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass im Vergleich zu einer Situation in der ausschließlich eine Bestrafungsinstitution vorliegt, eine zusätzliche Identitätszuschreibung die Wohlfahrt zusätzlich erhöht. Mit Fokus auf negativer Reziprozität untersucht Kapitel 7 die Frage inwiefern soziale Identität das Bestrafungsverhalten gegenüber Gruppenmitgliedern beeinflusst, die weniger zum öffentlichen Gut beitragen als der Bestrafende. Hier zeigt sich, dass Mitglieder identitäts-homogener Gruppen seltener und in geringerer Höhe bestrafen, als es in heterogenen Gruppen der Fall ist. Darüber hinaus ist das Bestrafungsverhalten in heterogenen Gruppen signifikant stärker durch Ärger-ähnliche Emotionen motiviert als in homogenen Gruppen. Insgesamt zeigt der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation, dass Identitätszuschreibungen sowohl positive als auch negative Reziprozität beeinflussen und somit die soziale Wohlfahrt bei der Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter – auch im Kontext kulturellen Eigentums – beeinflussen. Diese Ergebnisse sind demzufolge für Verhaltensabschätzungen im Rahmen von Politikempfehlungen relevant, die sich auf Situation mit dem Charakter öffentlicher Güter beziehen.

BACKGROUND: Today’s societal changes, including high rate of change and increasing information flows, are increasing the demand on the individual mental capacity. It becomes increasingly difficult to analytically process all the different dilemmas and everyday decisions as individuals have a limited mental capacity available to make these decisions. Thus, it has been suggested that ego-depleted relies more heavily on intuition, which is less burdensome, when making decision. However little is known about to what extent intuitive decisions differ from analytic. Are ego-depleted individuals more or less likely to maximize outcome in moral dilemmas involving conflicting values? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less willing to cooperate? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less altruistic? Is our intuition more or less in accordance with Homo Economicus?AIM: Starting from a Dual Process perspective on decision-making the aim of this study is to examine how ego depletion affects moral judgment and pro-social decisions.METHOD: A laboratory experiment involving 115 subjects, using real monetary incentives, was conducted among students at Linköping University. Subjects were randomized into one of two treatments. Everything was identical across treatments except for the initial ego-depletion manipulation. Using a standard paradigm for ego-depletion subjects in treatment 1 were put under high cognitive load while subjects in treatment two were put under low cognitive load. Subjects faced 16 questions divided into four different decision tasks: Moral dilemmas, Public Goods game, two types of Dictator Game where the type of sacrifice subjects could make in order to contribute money to charity was varied.RESULTS: Subjects in the high cognitive load treatment made fewer consequentialists moral judgments compared to other subjects (p = 0.075). The effect is especially strong when looking only at high-conflict dilemmas such as Crying Baby. No difference between treatments was found for the public goods games. In the dictator game involving monetary sacrifice subjects donated less money to charity when put under high cognitive load. However the finding was not significant (p = 0.292). No difference was found in the dictator game involving effort as personal sacrifice since almost everyone chooses to donate to charity.CONCLUSION: According to The Dual Process perspective this essay shows that intuitive thinking does not evidently lead to that they makes decision that more or less is in accordance with Homo Economicus. The connection between ego depletion and pro-social decisions is more complex. Further research needs to investigate which different mental shortcuts that individuals uses in various types of pro-social decisions and why intuitive and analytical decision-making differ between different decisions. Further research within the area can identify potential mechanisms and policies that can support individuals’ capacity to make decisions in accordance with their own and society’s preferences.

EUROPEAN TRENDS IN JUDICIAL MEDIATION AND THEIR USE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Abstract This dissertation deals with the phenomenon of judicial mediation. In the first part, it defines the term of mediation as such and determines its essential and additional elements. Further, the text looks into the wide spectrum of cases in which this method of alternative dispute resolution can be applied. The author specifically points out that limiting its use to family matters is rather inappropriate. The following section systematically identifies the individual types, forms and methods of mediation so that each mediation can be customized for the respective case. Finally, the first part ends with a reflection on the current issues connected to criticism of mediation. These are the enforcement of international mediated settlement agreements, the potential conflict with access to justice and the binding nature as well as enforceability of mediation clauses including their stipulation in general terms and conditions. The second part is an analysis of the use of judicial mediation in selected European countries - Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and Spain. Different approaches to the implementation of the mediation directive are described as well as techniques for the promotion of its use. The output of the...

The economic boom that we have been receiving is based on extraordinary macroeconomic figures, all economicactors are involved, the most influential being the level of involvement of the human factor that boosts productivity and increases returns profits to companies. The labor market is really dynamic and form part of this expansionary cycle gear, homogeneously transforming the economy and labor; however, the view of human capital in its environment the use of time, be it economically: leisure, is just one aspect emphasized in labor trials because modeling studies focus on the value of the numbers of companies, market measurements, compared asymmetries between firms, census, etc., but very little importance on the labor supply of families and the reasons that drive people to workon the dynamics of the different modalities used in employment pays off.This time, wich of the part time work, we could find the factors that influence families to join the labor market in part-time days. Thus, the purpose of the study lies in the eye of leisure and its relation to the initiative of working part- time as a single share of the person providing their workforce in the labor market. To have the theoretical basis of this dynamic resort to the theory of labor supply, which imposes the perspective of the study of the family and its members, analyzing the role that the individual and needs to face the labor market, if so, determining how to work part time. The significant element is the labor supply behavior, which is preceded by the decisions of the person, which reveals the actions of the economic function of the choice of the individual consumer and therefore its participation in thelabor market. / Es bachiller en Economía por la Universidad NacionalFederico Villarreal, y diplomado en Gestión de Recursos Humanos por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). De igual modo, es magíster en Rela- ciones Laborales por la PUCP. Se ha desempeñado como jefe de práctica en el Departamento Académico de Ciencias Administrativas de la PUCP. En la actualidad, trabaja en la Dirección de Recursos Humanosde la PUCP. / O boom econômico alcançado está baseado em números macroeconômicos extraordinários; todos os agentes econó-micos estão envolvidos, o mais influente é o nível de envolvimento do fator humano, o que aumenta a produtividade e aumenta os lucros das empresas. O mercado de trabalho é muito dinâmico e faz parte deste ciclo econômico expansivo que transforma homogeneamente a economia e a força de trabalho. No entanto, o capital humano e o uso do tempo de lazer é um aspecto pouco enfatizado no campo trabalhista. Isso ocorre porque a modelagem de estudos incide sobre o valor dos números nas empresas, mensuração do mercado, comparações entre as empresas, censos, etc.; entretanto, não é rentável a importância das famílias na oferta de trabalho nem as razões que levam as pessoas a trabalhar com a dinâmica utilizada em diferentes tipos de trabalhos.Desta vez, através do modo de part-time, nós poderíamos encontrar os fatores que influenciam as famílias para integra- se ao mercado de trabalho a tempo parcial. O objetivo do estudo encontra-se no lazer e sua relação com a iniciativa de trabalhar a tempo parcial como uma participação individual da pessoa no mercado de trabalho. Para ter a base teórica desta dinâmica, usamos a teoria da oferta de trabalho, o que impõe a perspectiva do estudo da família e seus membros. A partir daí, deve-se analisar o papel do indivíduo e as necessidades que o levam a enfrentar o mercado de trabalho, neste caso, o trabalho a tempo parcial. Note-se que o elemento significativo na oferta de trabalho é a conduta que é precedida pelas decisões do indivíduo. Isso revela o papel econômico sobre as escolhas do consumidor e, portanto, suaparticipação no mercado de trabalho.

This paper uses state-level variation in the implementation of the 73rd amendment in India to observe the relationship between political reservations for women in local government and female child mortality. Nationally, reservations for women are not associated with a statistically significant difference in female child mortality. However, a state by state analysis shows variations in the level of impact of reservations on the topic of female child mortality. This paper examines the constraints on female representatives and their level of effectiveness in executing pro-female policies given the political and social environment. The two case studies on Kerala and Haryana explore women office holder’s abilities to administer public goods that favor women and children and the subsequent impact on female child mortality.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-10-26T17:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel_Colling_2018.pdf: 3237401 bytes, checksum: 68655056331b4b1d08a0e7fce8b15c37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-26T17:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel_Colling_2018.pdf: 3237401 bytes, checksum: 68655056331b4b1d08a0e7fce8b15c37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Behavioral economics has recently been gaining more space in academic studies. The theories based on the rationality of the actors have given place to studies that contemplate their cognitive systems, ways of thinking and emotions. In this context, recent studies in the area of knowledge economy have approached the behavioral framework to analyze the performance and influence of institutions in organizations and vice versa. It occurs that in the relations between different groups in a region, the cognitions of the actors are susceptible to dissonances between beliefs and attitudes. Such imbalances are mitigated by the use of cognitive biases. The influence of these dissonances and biases in the relations between groups in the regional development is the theme addressed in this work. In this perspective, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the influence and impacts of cognitive dissonance in the relations between the groups of local actors represented by the Government, University and Companies in the Western Region of the State of Parana in view of the knowledge economy. The question that has been sought to answer is how these cognitive processes can represent barriers to a broader understanding by groups about their role in the region in a development context. In order to answer these questions, the present work has proposed to: characterize the Western Region of the State of Parana and the selected municipalities (Cascavel, Toledo, Foz do Iguaçu, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Palotina and Medianeira) according to the relational approaches of the knowledge economy; research the beliefs of local actors representing government, university, and business with a view to the occurrence of cognitive dissonances between beliefs; study the attitudes of each group of local actors regarding the relational aspects addressed by the knowledge economy in terms of cognitive biases and subcategories of dissonance; and explain the reduction or elimination of cognitive dissonance and the use of heuristics and biases in an integrated way by local actors when considering the relations between the different groups. The methodology used was quantitative and qualitative. Initially data were collected regarding Gross Added Value; Number of establishments per activity; Number of jobs per activity; Municipal expenses by function; HDI; Number of public universities; Number of enrollments and graduates in public higher education; Associations formed by groups; Municipal councils. Then, data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed using the methods of Mean Analysis, Pearson Correlations and Stepwise Regression. The next step was the analysis of qualitative data obtained by semi-structured interviews using discourse analysis according to subcategories of cognitive dissonance and cognitive bias. Finally, quantitative and qualitative data were systematically compared according to the subcategories of cognitive dissonance and cognitive bias. The research results showed that, in fact, there are a number of cognitive barriers caused by the heuristics and biases in the three groups. Such barriers prevent them from thinking about innovative ways of institutional action and relational environment so that it hinders the development of the West region of Parana oriented to the knowledge economy. / A economia comportamental recentemente vem ganhando mais espaço no meio acadêmico. As teorias pautadas na racionalidade dos atores têm dado lugar a estudos que contemplam seus sistemas cognitivos, formas de pensar e emoções. Nesse contexto, os recentes estudos na área da economia do conhecimento têm se aproximado do arcabouço comportamental para analisar a atuação e influência das instituições nas organizações e vice-versa. Ocorre que nas relações entre diferentes grupos em uma região, as cognições dos atores são suscetíveis a dissonâncias entre crenças e atitudes. Tais desequilíbrios são amenizados pela utilização de vieses cognitivos. A influência dessas dissonâncias e vieses nas relações entre grupos para o desenvolvimento regional é o tema tratado neste trabalho. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência e os impactos da dissonância cognitiva nas relações entre os atores locais dos grupos Governo, Universidade e Empresa na Região Oeste do Estado do Paraná tendo em vista a economia do conhecimento. A pergunta que se buscou responder é como esses processos cognitivos podem representar barreiras para uma compreensão mais ampla por parte dos grupos a respeito de seu papel na região em um contexto de desenvolvimento. A fim de responder a esses questionamentos, o presente trabalho se propôs a caracterizar a Região Oeste do Estado do Paraná e os municípios selecionados (Cascavel, Toledo, Foz do Iguaçu, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Palotina e Medianeira) de acordo com as abordagens relacionais da economia do conhecimento; pesquisar as crenças dos atores locais que representam governo, universidade e empresas com vistas à ocorrência de dissonâncias cognitivas entre crenças; estudar as atitudes de cada grupo de atores locais em relação aos aspectos relacionais abordados pela economia do conhecimento em termos de vieses cognitivos e subcategorias de dissonância; e explicar a redução ou eliminação da dissonância cognitiva e a utilização de heurísticas e vieses de maneira integrada por parte dos atores locais quando consideram as relações entre os diferentes grupos. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa e qualitativa. Inicialmente, foram levantados dados referentes ao Valor Adicionado Bruto; Quantidade de estabelecimentos por atividade; Quantidade de empregos por atividade; Despesas municipais por função; IDH; Total de universidades públicas; Quantidade de matrículas e de concluintes no ensino superior público; Associações formadas pelos grupos; Conselhos municipais. Em seguida, foram analisados dados obtidos por meio de questionários com os métodos de Análise de média, Correlações de Pearson e Regressão stepwise. O próximo passo foi a análise dos dados qualitativos levantados por entrevistas semiestruturadas utilizando análise de discurso de acordo com as subcategorias de dissonância cognitiva e vieses cognitivos. Por fim, os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram comparados sistematicamente de acordo com as subcategorias de dissonância cognitiva e vieses cognitivos. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que, de fato, há uma série de barreiras cognitivas causadas pelas heurísticas e vieses presentes nos grupos. Tais barreiras os impedem de pensar em formas de inovação das instituições e do ambiente relacional para que o desenvolvimento da região Oeste do Paraná possa ser orientado para a economia do conhecimento.