Os estudos sobre comprometimento organizacional vêm se expandindo no cenário internacional e nacional e apresentam diferentes focos de investigação. A relação entre o Comprometimento Organizacional e a personalidade no referencial teórico do Modelo dos Cinco Grandes Fatores – Big Five é o objetivo dessa pesquisa. Os participantes foram 269 profissionais entre 17 e 80 anos de idade, oriundos de empresas públicas e privadas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um questionário sócio-demográfico, uma Escala de Comprometimento Organizacional, e as Escalas Fatoriais de Extroversão, Socialização e Abertura. As análises de Regressão apontaram que as variáveis que apresentam maior efeito sobre o Comprometimento Organizacional foram Abertura e alguns subfatores das Escalas de Extroversão e Socialização. Já a natureza das instituições (pública e privada) influenciou no vínculo que os trabalhadores desenvolvem com a organização sendo que esse vínculo é respaldado por diferentes fatores da personalidade. A percepção dos colaboradores quanto ao apoio que as empresas oferecem para o desenvolvimento profissional e o tempo de atividade no mesmo local de trabalho foram as variáveis mais significativas na interação com o Comprometimento Organizacional. / Studies on commitment to organizations are expanding in both national and international scenes and there are multiple focuses of investigation and research. The study of the relationship between commitment to organizations and personality in the context of the Big Five Model is the goal of this research. The participants were 269 professionals, 17 to 80 years old, working in state-controlled companies or in private companies. The instruments used were a social-demographic questionnaire, the Scale of Organizational Commitment, and the factorial Scales of Extraversion, Agreeableness and Openness. An analysis of regression showed that the variables that had most effect on organizational commitment were openness, some sub-factors of extraversion and agreeableness. No significant relationship was found between these construct. The nature of the institution (state-controlled or private) affected the bond between the workers and the organization, mediated by different personality factors. The perception of the workers about the support the companies offer to personal development and the time of activity in the same company were the most significant variables to determine organizational commitment.

Att kvinnor och män bedöms olika enbart baserat på könstillhörighet har tidigare kunnat konstateras i flertalet olika sammanhang. Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka hur personlighetsdragen hos en individ uppfattades beroende på om individen var kvinna eller man, samt huruvida skillnader i uppfattningen av individen gick i linje med generella könsföreställningar. I undersökningen deltog 105 socionomstudenter (M=23,3 år), vilka indelades i två grupper. Grupperna fick lyssna till olika versioner av en och samma inspelade dialog, där individen Kim framställdes med antingen kvinnlig eller manlig röst genom en röstförvrängningsmetod. Detta akustiska material hämtades från ett forskningsprojekt, Raising Awareness through Virtual Experience (RAVE), vid Umeå universitet. Formuläret Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), som mäter personlighetsdrag utifrån femfaktorteorin, användes för att mäta uppfattningen av individen Kim samt generella föreställningar om kvinnor och män. Resultaten visade att en och samma individ uppfattades olika enbart baserat på könstillhörighet, då Kim som kvinna uppfattades mer extrovert, samvetsgrann, emotionellt stabil och öppen än Kim som man. Avseende generella föreställningar om kvinnor och män, ansågs kvinnor generellt sett mer vänliga, samvetsgranna och öppna än män, medan män generellt sett ansågs mer emotionellt stabila än kvinnor. Individen Kim som kvinna och man uppfattades både i linje med generella könsföreställningar och emot. Ett område att vidare undersöka är på vilket sätt könsföreställningar inverkar på oss i bildandet av en uppfattning av en individ. / The fact that women and men are judged differently solely on the basis of their gender has previously been found in several different contexts. The present study aimed at investigating how the personality traits of an individual were perceived depending on whether the individual was a woman or a man, and whether differences in the perception of the individual were in line with gender beliefs. The survey included 105 students at the bachelor of social service (M = 23.3 years), who were divided into two groups. The groups listened to different versions of the same recorded dialogue, where the individual Kim was presented with either female or male voice through a voice morphing method. This acoustic material was gathered from a research project, Raising Awareness through Virtual Experience (RAVE), at Umeå University. The Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), which measures personality traits based on five-factor theory, was used to measure the perception of the individual Kim as well as general beliefs about women and men. The results showed that the individual Kim was perceived differently solely based on gender. Kim as a woman was perceived more extrovert, conscientious, emotionally stable and open than Kim as a man. Regarding general beliefs about women and men, women were considered more agreeable, conscientious and open than men, while men were considered more emotionally stable than women. The individual Kim as a woman and man was perceived both in line with and in opposite of gender beliefs. An area to further investigate is how gender beliefs affect us when forming an opinion of an individual.

Flera modeller och skalor har gjorts genom psykologins historia för att bättreförstå och reflektera kring individens hälsa och dennes perception av den.Studiens syfte var att undersöka samband mellan femfaktorsmodellen,KASAM samt generell mental hälsa med bakgrundsvariablerna kön, ålderoch civilstatus. Totalt 86 högskolestudenter från mellersta Sverige deltog istudien genom att fylla i en enkät innehållande GHQ-12 skala, Shafer’sfemfaktorsskala och Antonovskys KASAM skala. Resultaten visade inget samband mellan generell mental hälsa och de valda bakgrundsvariablerna;negativt samband mellan psykisk ohälsa och KASAM; negativt sambandmellan mental ohälsa och extraversion, positivt samband mellan generellmental ohälsa och neuroticism, inget samband mellan mental hälsa och andrapersonlighetsegenskaper. Totalt kunde 47 % av variationen i generell mentalhälsa förklaras av samtliga prediktorvariablerna. Svagheten med studien varbl.a. urval och andel deltagare samt förståelse av modellerna. Vidarediskuteras resultaten i jämförelse med andra relevanta studier.

Vi har i vår forskningsöversikt inte hittat någon beskrivning på hur ledarskap kan anpassas tillmedarbetares olika personlighetstyper. Vårt syfte med studien var således att ta reda på hurolika typer av ledarskap kan anpassas till anställdas olika personlighetstyper för att uppnåstörsta möjlighet till utveckling av deras motivation. Vilket är en bidragande faktor till ettföretags utveckling och bör därför ligga i ledarens intresse. Med hjälp av två olikapersonlighetsklassificeringsmodeller, teorier om ledarskap och motivation samt empiri hämtatfrån ledare i arbetslivet har vi studerat vad för typ av ledarskap som fungerar för modellernasolika personlighetstyper. Med hjälp av kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har vi använt oss avtvärsnittsdesign samt en öppen och sex semistrukturerade intervjuer för att uppnå studienssyfte.Genom vår studie kan vi på ett tydligt sätt visa på att de personligheter vi utgått ifrån kräverolika typ av ledarskap, motiveras av olika faktorer och att situationen kan ha stor inverkan pånär ett visst ledarskap passar. Resultatet av vår studie har utformats till två tabeller utifrån depersonlighetsklassificeringsmodeller vi använt oss av. Tabellerna presenterar vilkenledarskapsteori som passar till vilken personlighetstyp. Studien resulterade även i ettkonstaterande att ledare bör använda sig av relationsinriktat ledarskap i grunden ochkomplettera det med uppgiftsinriktat ledarskap, för att finna de anställdas motivation och ledadem på ett framgångsrikt sätt. / In the research of this study we found a gap regarding information on how to adapt leadershipto employees of various personalities. Our purpose was now to fill that research gap. In ourstudy on personality-adapted leadership, we found that all kinds of personalities have variouspreferences to be led. Using two different personality classification models, theories ofleadership and motivation as well as empirical evidence drawn from Business leaders, wehave studied which kind of leadership that works best for models of different personalitytypes. With the help of a cross-section design, qualitative methods together with semistructuredinterviews we were able to combine the theories we used with the empiricalevidence. Accordingly, our purpose is to acknowledge how leadership can be adapted todifferent personalities to achieve the greatest opportunity for the development of theirmotivation. This is a contributing factor to the development of a company and shouldtherefore be in the leader’s interest.As a conclusion our study shows how different personalities demand certain kinds ofleadership, that they get motivated by a wide range of factors and that various situations canhave a big effect where a certain leadership is most suitable. The result of our study has led totwo tables based on the personality classification models, which show which leadershiptheory fits the different kinds of personality types. The study also shows that leaders shouldadapt a relationship-oriented leadership and complement it with a task-oriented one in order tofind their employees motivation and be able to lead them in a successful way.

Young African American men who have sex with men (AAMSM) are at greater risk of being infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and less likely to seek HIV testing than are members of other demographic groups. This behavior results in a significant public health threat because young AAMSM with an unrecognized HIV infection are less likely to practice safer sex and, therefore, more likely to pass the infection on to their partners. This study is an examination of the social and personality factors that influence HIV testing rates among young AAMSM, using Aday's model of the social determinants of health and the Big Five model of personality as the theoretical frameworks. A cross-sectional design was employed, and social networks were used to recruit study respondents. Forty-three young AAMSM completed online questionnaires, and multiple regression techniques were used to examine relationships among the variables of interest. Statistical analysis indicated that neither the social risk factors derived from Aday's model nor the Big Five model predicted HIV testing. However, it is unknown whether these nonsignificant findings are attributable to a genuine lack of influence or the unique characteristics of the sample. Given the null results of this study and the mixed findings of prior research, further studies are required to draw conclusions regarding the influence of social and personality factors on HIV testing in this high-risk group. Additional research could be helpful in developing more effective strategies for encouraging HIV testing among young AAMSM. The potential for positive social change lies in slowing the spread of HIV through this vulnerable population and in engaging young AAMSM in the medical system to improve their long-term health prospects.

Research questions:   What are the brand images and brand identities of Renault Trucks, Novembal/Tetra Pak and IKEA? Is there a brand gap? How does country-of-origin have an effect on the perception of the brands? How does the respondent’s sex have an importance in the perception of the brand and the effect of country-of-origin? Purpose:   The purpose of this thesis is to describe, compare and analyze the existence of brand gaps and the effect of country-of-origin with the final intention to provide management recommendations for the studied companies. Method:   A quantitative consumer survey of 42 subjects was collected and analyzed. In addition, interviews were conducted with three Swedish companies, as well as an interview with the Swedish Chamber of Commerce in Lyon. Aaker’s (1997) Big Five model was used in the analysis. Conclusions:    The study demonstrated the brand identities and brand images of the companies. A brand gap is widely present. Aaker’s (1997) model had to be modified and includes new dimensions and traits. Country-of-origin (COO) plays a role in 100% of the consumers’ perception and purchasing process. COO bias, ethnocentrism and animosity are present and play a role in the 42 consumers’ attitudes and purchase decisions in Rhone-Alps. Men      and women have different attitudes and degree of ethnocentrism towards the effect of country-of-origin (COE).

Att besöka olika typer av evenemang har blivit ett alltmer vanligt sätt att förgylla vardagen. Ofta är det ett fåtal personer som ligger bakom planeringen av ett evenemang, men för att lyckas genomföra det på ett framgångsrikt sätt krävs det mer personal, och detta ofta i form av volontärer. Då dessa ställer upp utan finansiell ersättning, är det lätt hänt att det råder en brist på motivation. Avhopp av volontärer är vanligt förekommande och kan ge evenemanget ödesdigra konsekvenser, så det ligger i arrangörens intresse att försöka få dem att stanna och detta genom att hålla dem motiverade. I denna studie har det undersökts vad som skiljer olika personlighetstyper åt när det kommer till motivation. Genom att låta ett antal studenter genomföra ett personlighetstest baserat på modellen The Big Five och sedan genomföra intervjuer med 14 av dem, har det bildats enklarare uppfattning kring hur olika individer motiveras på bästa sätt. Efter att intervjuerna analyserats med hjälp av två personlighetsklassificeringsmodeller samt två motivationsteorier, har vissa skillnader funnits. Studien har fått fram både väntade samband mellan vilken personlighetstyp respondenten klassificerats som och vad denna anser sig motiveras av, men även somliga mer oväntade resultat. / It has become more and more common to visit different kinds of events as a way to glorify the everyday life. Usually, it is only a few people working with planning an event, but to get a successful result more staff is required, and in many cases these are consisting by volunteers. Since these people are helping without any monetary compensation, it can be hard to keep the volunteers motivated, which can be a devastating consequence for the event. Therefore, it is very much in the interest of the arrangers to keep the motivation high throughout the whole event. In this study it has been examined what differs the different personality types when it comes to motivation. By letting a number of students fill out a personality test which was based on The Big Five model and then letting 14 of them go through an interview, a clearer picture has been formed about how different individuals are getting motivated the best way. When the interviews had been analyzed through two different personality models and two motivation theories, some differences have been found. This study has found some relationships between which personality the respondent has been classified as and what they consider themselves to be motivated by. Some findings have been expected while others have been more surprising.

Hierdie is 'n psigobiografiese studie van Generaal Christiaan Rudolph de Wet. 'n Psigobiografiese studie is die bestudering van 'n persoon se volledige lewe met die doel om die persoon beter te verstaan. Psigobiografiese navorsing maak gebruik van psigologiese teorieë wat aangewend word om die biografiese data van 'n persoon se lewe te beskryf en moontlik ook te verklaar. Die individu wat bestudeer word, is gewoonlik 'n bekende, invloedryke, navolgenswaardige, interessante of modelfiguur. Daar is tans 'n oplewing in die veld van psigobiografiese studies, maar daar word nog steeds nie genoeg in die akademiese veld gedoen om psigobiografiese studies te bevorder nie. De Wet (1854-1922) is vir hierdie studie gekies omdat hy 'n interessante, dog komplekse figuur was. Hy het veral tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog in 1899-1902 bekendheid verwerf. As 45-jarige man het De Wet in die Anglo-Boereoorlog geveg en vinnig opgang as 'n militêre leier gemaak. Sy vindingryke ontsnappingspogings het die Britse magte hoofbrekens besorg. Wat De Wet verder uniek maak, is dat hy met net drie maande skoolopleiding in die parlement gedien het, as president verkies is, die hoogste gesag in die Verdedigingsmag gehad het en 'n boek oor sy oorlogsherinneringe geskryf het. Alhoewel daar akademiese werke oor De Wet bestaan, is daar tot op hede nog geen psigobiografiese studie oor hom gedoen nie. Die doel van die studie was om die mens agter die legende na vore te bring. Daar is ook gepoog om moontlike antwoorde en verklarings op onbeantwoorde vrae te gee. Die studie het van beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data gebruik gemaak en kan as 'n psigobiografiese gevalstudie beskryf word. Die Vyf-faktor model van Costa en McCrae (1992) is op die biografiese data van De Wet toegepas om sodoende sy persoonlikheidseienskappe te beskryf. Die bevindinge het interessante persoonlikheidseienskappe van De Wet deur middel van die Vyf-faktor model aan die lig gebring. Volgens die kwalitatiewe navorsingsbevindinge was De Wet 'n vyandige, aksie-gedrewe, bevoegde, prestasie-strewende, selfgedissiplineerde, warm, openhartige, saggeaarde en beskeie persoon. Die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data-ontledings het uiteenlopende persoonlikheidskenmerke by De Wet geïdentifiseer. Die grootste verskille het by die fasette warmte, openhartigheid en altruïsme voorgekom. Die waarde van die studie is dat 'n wetenskaplike persoonlikheidsontleding van De Wet gedoen is. Dit is ook die eerste studie waar 'n teoretiese model op De Wet se persoonlikheid toegepas is. Alhoewel die studie sekere tekortkominge toon, beklemtoon dit terselfdertyd die wenslikheid daarvan om alternatiewe modelle te gebruik tydens die ontleding van persoonlikheidskenmerke. Die studie dui ook op die behoefte aan verdere navorsing, byvoorbeeld soortgelyke ontledings en vergelykings van die persoonlikhede van ander militêre bevelvoerders (De la Rey, Smuts, Beyers, Hertzog).

This study investigated the relationship between conscientiousness, extraversion, and leadership effectiveness among the local government managers in Bisho and East London. Conscientiousness and extraversion were used as independent variables in the study while leadership effectiveness was used as the dependent variable. The data was collected from a sample of 222 local government managers using a self-designed biographical and occupational questionnaire. To measure conscientiousness and extraversion, a 24-item 5-point rating scale adopted from Finchan & Rhodes (2005) was used. To measure leadership effectiveness, a 6-item 5-point derailment rating scale adopted from Lombardo & McCauley (1994) was used. Data analysis was done using various statistical techniques, including t-tests, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Technique and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results indicated that both conscientiousness and extraversion are strongly associated with leadership effectiveness. Conscientiousness was also strongly associated with the individual components of leadership effectiveness, interpersonal relationships; molding a staff; making strategic transitions; follow-through and ability to work independently. Extraversion was also strongly associated with the individual components of leadership effectiveness, molding a staff; making strategic transitions; strategic similarities with management; follow-through and ability to work independently. Although conscientiousness and extraversion combined were found to have an additive effect on leadership effectiveness, conscientiousness accounts for a higher proportion of variance in leadership effectiveness than extraversion. Finally, the results also indicated that age was strongly associated with leadership effectiveness. The study therefore recommends that organisations should use conscientiousness and extraversion when selecting individuals for leadership positions.

De senaste åren har den digitala utvecklingen lett till stor utveckling inom konsumenters köpbeteenden online. I takt med att det uppkommit fler aktörer på marknaden har e-handelsföretag konkurrerat inom pris, fraktalternativ och andra kostnader för att underlätta köpupplevelsen för kunder. Det har lett till att kundens köpbeteende förändras och produkt returerna ökat. Studien undersöker konsumenters returbeteende inom e-handel kopplat till konsumentens personlighet för att hitta samband i beteenden som kan bidra till kunskap kring vilka personlighetsdimensioner som är mer benägna att returnera varor. För att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan konsumentens personlighetsdimensioner och returbeteende testar studien hypoteser utformade efter femfaktorsteorins dimensioner och de legitima- samt opportunistiska returbeteendet. Studien kommer att bidra med vidare forskning inom returbeteende genom en enkätundersökning av svenska konsumenter. Slutsatsen som kan dras i studien är att vissa personlighetsdimensioner kan kopplas till opportunistiskt och legitimt returbeteende. Denna studie har kunnat visa att neuroticism, välvillighet och samvetsgrannhet är viktiga faktorer som påverkar en individs returbeteende. Den har även visat att det finns ett stort behov av framtida forskning inom området, eftersom det finns indikationer till fler samband. / This essay is in Swedish. In recent years, digital developments have led to major developments in consumers' purchasing behavior online. As more players emerged in the market, e-commerce companies have competed on price, shipping options and other costs to facilitate the shopping experience for customers. This has led to a change in the customer's buying behavior and an increase in product returns. The study examines the return behavior of artifacts in e-commerce linked to the consumer's personality in order to find connections in behaviors that can contribute to knowledge about which personality dimensions are more likely to return goods. To investigate whether there is a relationship between the consumer's personality dimensions and return behavior, the study tests hypotheses designed according to the dimensions of the five-factor theory and the legitimate and opportunistic return behavior. The study will contribute to further research in return behavior through a survey of Swedish consumers. The conclusion that can be drawn in the study is that certain personality dimensions can be linked to opportunistic and legitimate return behavior. This study has been able to show that neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness are important factors that influence an individual's return behavior. It has also shown that there is a great need for future research in the area, as there are indications of more connections.